• The carbonated water, known as tonic water, is produced by the process of quinine. (whyskin.com)
  • Tonic water has long been used to treat malaria and other similar diseases. (whyskin.com)
  • Tonic Water is a carbonated drink that has been sweetened with sugar and flavoured with quinine. (whyskin.com)
  • Tonic water contains 83 mg of quinine per litre-a much lower concentration than the 500-1000 mg in the therapeutic dose of quinine tablets. (whyskin.com)
  • At the heart of tonic water is cinchona bark. (matadornetwork.com)
  • The only thing that kept the average British colonialist in India from an agonizing death was the quinine inside their daily gin and tonic. (matadornetwork.com)
  • Since it is no longer used as a medicine for Malaria, tonic today contains much less quinine. (barrhill.com)
  • Tonic water, originally developed as a prophylactic anti-malarial drug, got it's bitter taste from quinine. (infomory.com)
  • Colonials stationed on the Indian subcontinent found that the potently bitter tonic water prescribed to fight malaria went down better with a slug of gin and a bit of lime. (functionalnerds.com)
  • Jenever (or Genever) was invented by the Dutch sometime in the 17th century and was marketed as a health tonic all over Europe. (functionalnerds.com)
  • Quinine water is an older name for what is more commonly referred to these days as tonic water . (delightedcooking.com)
  • They made her a tonic, which was primarily the ground up bark of the quinquina tree that made its home in the Andes. (delightedcooking.com)
  • Drinking quinine water, also known as tonic water, has some reputed health benefits. (delightedcooking.com)
  • First patented in the mid-1800s in England, tonic water is a popular carbonated beverage that contains quinine. (delightedcooking.com)
  • Since World War II, when the Japanese interrupted the world's flow of quinine water from Java, synthetic quinine has replaced quinine bark in most of the world's tonic water. (delightedcooking.com)
  • As we detail in our gin guide , tonic water was conceived as a way of taking administering quinine. (bespokeunit.com)
  • The tonic water was then combined with gin to make it more palpable as quinine is very bitter. (bespokeunit.com)
  • Further rise in consumption of tonic water can drive the Quinine Sulphate Market during the forecast period. (verifiedmarketresearch.com)
  • Quinine is a flavor component of tonic water and bitter lemon drink mixers. (verifiedmarketresearch.com)
  • Cinchona bark is still used to produce quinine for tonic water, though making this at home is not recommended - careful measurement is needed, with overdose leading to 'cinchonism': symptoms include ringing of the ears, headache, blurred vision, dizziness, nausea, confusion and diarrhoea. (cam.ac.uk)
  • The quinine in tonic is extracted from cinchona bark and was traditionally used to help fight and prevent malaria. (newharbourdistillery.com)
  • If we go back in history then in colonial India, British soldiers used Quinone to treat malaria which eventually leads to the tonic water invention. (squarepepper.co.uk)
  • Q Tonic, on the other hand, is made with all-natural, organic, hand-picked Peruvian quinine from the bark of the cinchona tree. (squarepepper.co.uk)
  • Note, in large doses it can be fatal, so it's dosage in tonic waters is regulated There a condition known as cinchonism which results from an overdose of quinine, with symptoms including nausea, vomiting, dizziness etc. (squarepepper.co.uk)
  • Tonic water was used to mask the bitter flavour of quinine for British Empire troops (the French developed Dubbonet for the same reason by the way), and since Gin was a daily ration for the armed forces too in some locations and so the G & T was born and civilisation took a step forward. (squarepepper.co.uk)
  • Q Tonic Water is a superior tonic water, made with organic agave and handpicked premium quinine From the 2020 Winter Fancy Food Show (booth 6565) Brands A well made G &T is one of the gifts of Western Civilisation to the world. (squarepepper.co.uk)
  • Quinquina also refers to Peruvian bark, which originates from South America. (wikipedia.org)
  • Up until the mid-19th century, equatorial South America was still the only known source of cinchona, and thus, quinine. (matadornetwork.com)
  • In search of the challenges posed by malaria, Honigsbaum travelled in South America and elsewhere, tracing the routes of explorers and visiting new laboratories. (timeshighereducation.com)
  • In 1700s a Spanish scientist confirmed that quinine helps fight malaria and Europeans started sending ships to South America to load up on the trees. (barrhill.com)
  • Quinine was introduced in Europe in the 1600s by Jesuit missionaries from South America. (infomory.com)
  • North painted this month's cover image, "Foliage, Flowers, and Seed-vessels of a Peruvian Bark Tree," while traveling in South America during the early 1870s. (cdc.gov)
  • It originated in South America, where it occurs naturally in the bark of the cinchona tree. (uct.ac.za)
  • Made from the bark of the cinchona tree in South America, quinine had been used for centuries by indigenous people to treat malaria (and still is! (readersdigest.ca)
  • Quinine is an alkaloid synthesized from the bark of cinchona, a tree native to South America. (sciencehistory.org)
  • Cinchona is native to South America, and is named for the (probably false) story that its bark cured the wife of the Count of Chinchón. (cam.ac.uk)
  • Other reports said that 'a pronounced antibiotic effect has been observed in South America, where fresh leaves, after being ground, are used as a poultice for furuncles, and in folk medicine in Europe for treatment of erysipelas' (Kabelik, et al. (druglibrary.org)
  • Quinine is a large and complex molecule, and the most important alkaloid in the cinchona bark. (infomory.com)
  • For centuries, the only known treatment was quinine, an alkaloid found in the bark of the evergreen cinchona tree, which grows in the tropical forests of Peru and Bolivia. (txhtc.org)
  • The liquid is given its name because it has a small amount of quinine, a crystalline alkaloid , in it. (delightedcooking.com)
  • An alkaloid derived from the bark of the cinchona tree. (verifiedmarketresearch.com)
  • The bark of the Fever Tree contains quinine , an alkaloid which is produced as a defence against insects. (cam.ac.uk)
  • By 1944, synthetic quinine was made by R.B. Woodward and W. Doering. (infomory.com)
  • however, in recent years some forms of malaria have developed resistance to synthetic quinine and the cinchona tree has once again become the center of attention. (txhtc.org)
  • The difference between natural and synthetic quinine is negligible, but a few boutique companies have begun producing products using actual bark, touting it as a more natural and healthier alternative. (delightedcooking.com)
  • It was known then as the "miracle bark" or "fever tree", as it proved to be effective in the treatment of fevers associated with malaria. (infomory.com)
  • It was brought to Europe by the mid-17th century and continued to prove effective in reducing fevers associated with malaria. (readersdigest.ca)
  • Meanwhile, the French instead developed an aromatised wine, which contained large quantities of quinine. (bespokeunit.com)
  • Confederate Surgeon General Samuel P. Moore, the man in charge of creating an entire medical infrastructure for the South, needed large quantities of quinine to relieve Southern soldiers of fevers, and he needed them fast. (sciencehistory.org)
  • He takes us through the complicated history of the search for quinine, a compound with seemingly magical properties that could quickly alleviate malaria's symptoms. (timeshighereducation.com)
  • Literally, quinine causes these parasites to disappear from the bloodstream, thereby alleviating symptoms of the disease. (infomory.com)
  • However, a relapse of symptoms may occur when quinine treatment is stopped. (infomory.com)
  • Homeopathy is the only surviving alternative medicine that was born in Europe Dr. Samuel Hahnemann from Meissen, Germany, discovered that cinchona bark, or quinine, produced gentle symptoms of malaria He came up with the concept that like treats like" and that what would make a healthy particular person sick could make an sick person nicely. (esthetic-tunisie.com)
  • Physicians of the time did not connect mosquitoes to malaria, but they did know quinine was a sure way to ease its symptoms. (sciencehistory.org)
  • Infection with malaria parasites may result in a wide variety of symptoms, ranging from absent or very mild symptoms to severe disease and even death. (malaria.com)
  • Antimalarial drugs taken for prophylaxis by travelers can delay the appearance of malaria symptoms by weeks or months, long after the traveler has left the malaria-endemic area. (malaria.com)
  • In countries where cases of malaria are infrequent, these symptoms may be attributed to influenza, a cold, or other common infections, especially if malaria is not suspected. (malaria.com)
  • What symptoms does quinine treat? (answerlib.org)
  • And an ancient Chinese medical text blamed the symptoms of malaria on "three demons-one carrying a hammer, another a pail of water, and the third a stove. (forkingpaths.co)
  • In this review, the evolution of psychiatric effects attributed to malaria is described, from the historical perspective in which a broad range of symptoms were attributed to the disease, to the current understanding of the more limited psychiatric effects of cerebral malaria (CM) and post-malaria syndromes. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Lastly, the psychiatric effects of anti-malarial drugs, particularly of the quinoline class, are reviewed, including a discussion regarding the potential confounding effect that these may have had on symptoms historically associated with malaria. (biomedcentral.com)
  • During this era, mild chronic or intermittent malaria infection had also become associated with symptoms of "neurasthenia", including depression, irritability, anxiety, and insomnia [ 10 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Today, many anti-malarial drugs still contain quinine, but many other substances are now available for malaria treatment. (infomory.com)
  • And aside from anti-malarial drugs, quinine is also used for the treatment of muscle cramps. (infomory.com)
  • This review concludes with a discussion of the potentially confounding role of the adverse effects of anti-malarial drugs, particularly of the quinoline class, in the unique attribution of certain psychiatric effects to malaria, and of the need for a critical reevaluation of the literature in light of emerging evidence of the chronic nature of these adverse drug effects. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Yet similarly, anti-malarial drugs, particularly of the quinine-like class of quinolines commonly used in treatment and prevention of disease, are also increasingly recognized to exert potentially chronic psychiatric adverse effects that may also contribute to this global burden of morbidity [ 2 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • This review, inspired by an earlier seminal work [ 3 ], synthesizes over a century of critical literature from psychiatry and malariology-ranging from anecdotal historical observations to evidence from modern randomized controlled trials-to explore the evolving understanding of the psychiatric effects of malaria and of anti-malarial drugs. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Originally known as "Jesuit's Bark," after the Spanish missionaries who brought it back to Europe from the country now known as Peru, cinchona bark contains several alkaloids. (matadornetwork.com)
  • Its bark produces several alkaloids, including quinine, which has potent antimalarial properties, and quinidine, which has antiarrhythmic properties. (cdc.gov)
  • The bark?and its active ingredient, quinine powder?was a powerful medicine. (shahidulnews.com)
  • Quinquina is named after quinine, the active ingredient in cinchona bark that was discovered by Charles Marie de La Condamine in the 1740s to be the only effective treatment against malaria. (bespokeunit.com)
  • In the 2005 report, the WHO estimated that there were 350-500 new cases every year, and that at least 1 million people in Africa alone died annually from malaria . (digpodcast.org)
  • In regions like sub-Saharan Africa, where the parasite thrived year-round, members of the population developed sickle cell anemia, a red blood cell mutation that protected the carrier from malaria, while creating its own set of health challenges. (digpodcast.org)
  • The devastation of malaria kept Europeans armies out of the interior of Africa for decades, as the Dutch, Portuguese, and English had no immunities to the parasite and its debilitating fevers. (digpodcast.org)
  • Most of the people who die from malaria are in Africa, and most of them children. (michael-lawrence-wilson.com)
  • Malaria is one of the major reasons that Africa resisted European colonialism for so long. (michael-lawrence-wilson.com)
  • With one person '" typically, a child under the age of five in sub-Saharan Africa '" dying from the disease every 30 seconds, and with climate change threatening to expand the 'malaria belt' (the global tropical region in which malaria is found), the race is on to meet the United Nations' Millennium Development Goal of reducing the incidence of malaria by next year. (uct.ac.za)
  • As Foreign Legion troops stationed in North Africa refused to drink quinine, they often caught malaria. (bespokeunit.com)
  • It was instrumental in allowing Europeans to combat malaria and colonise Africa, and was used to produce quinine until more efficient drugs were synthesised in the 1940s. (cam.ac.uk)
  • Its anti-malarial properties from quinine famously protected the British from malaria in India and Africa, a complicated sort of honor in the way that the project of global empire is complicated (and if you want a fun read about the follies of empire you … personal taste, here's my take on the waters. (squarepepper.co.uk)
  • What allowed Britain, a small island far off in the northern reaches of Europe, to rule over the vast semi-continent of India for so long is a subject of some debate. (shahidulnews.com)
  • By the 1840s British citizens and soldiers in India were using 700 tons of cinchona bark annually for their protective doses of quinine. (shahidulnews.com)
  • It was originally used as a prophylactic against malaria and was served to British troops in India and other tropical areas. (whyskin.com)
  • Europeans eventually devised a way to extract a water-soluble version of the active alkaloids in the bark, which industrious Britons in India began mixing with water, sugar, and gin to mask its bitter flavor. (matadornetwork.com)
  • By the time the British military stepped in to seize India as a colony for themselves, Britons in India were already consuming 700 tons of cinchona bark every year. (matadornetwork.com)
  • Markham's efforts to establish "red bark" tree plantations in India were less productive of quinine but more effective from a humanitarian perspective. (timeshighereducation.com)
  • British soldiers were issued quinine medicine to take every day in places like India to ward off malaria. (delightedcooking.com)
  • When the British began to rule India in the 19 th century, they suffered hugely from malaria. (newharbourdistillery.com)
  • But when Italian priests accompanied Spanish invaders in central America, bringing with them the malarial mosquitoes and introducing the disease to the Amazonian basin and Andean mountains, the Inca introduced the Europeans to a game-changing treatment: the powdered bark of a Peruvian tree, which has been called quina-quina, cascarilla, or most commonly today, Cinchona. (digpodcast.org)
  • MN587 Foliage, Flowers, and Seed-vessels of a Peruvian Bark Tree, oil on card. (cdc.gov)
  • The Peruvian bark tree, also known as the Jesuit Tree or the fever tree, is a cinchona 1 of the family Rubiaceae, native to the western forests of the South American Andes. (cdc.gov)
  • In each case, because of widespread use of the drugs, the malaria parasites have evolved resistance. (timeshighereducation.com)
  • When a mosquito bites an infected person, a small amount of blood is taken in which contains microscopic malaria parasites. (malaria.com)
  • In many parts of the world, the parasites have developed resistance to a number of malaria medicines. (malaria.com)
  • As quinquina contained the additional ingredients used to combat malaria and other fevers, they soon became the most prevalent. (bespokeunit.com)
  • Quinine, the alkaline derived from the bark of the quina-quina tree, would prove the most effective treatment for malarial fever and infection in human history. (digpodcast.org)
  • Marissa: For centuries the wealthy of malarial cities like Rome fled to cooler climes in the malaria season, and the poor suffered the fevers and weakness of the parasitic infection. (digpodcast.org)
  • Quinine is fairly awful stuff: when I took it to fight a particularly bad malaria infection, it caused vomiting and a painfully loud ringing of the ears. (michael-lawrence-wilson.com)
  • In the 17th?century, the Spanish had discovered that indigenous peoples in what is now Peru used a kind of bark to address various ?fevers. (shahidulnews.com)
  • Not long after French scientists Pierre Joseph Pelletier and Joseph Bienaimé Caventou isolated quinine from cinchona bark in 1820, the governments of Bolivia, Columbia, Ecuador, and Peru unsuccessfully attempted to embargo the exportation of cinchona seeds, seedlings, or trees. (cdc.gov)
  • The story goes that the Countess of Chinchon, living in Peru, came down with a dreadful case of malaria. (delightedcooking.com)
  • There was a limited amount of quinquina bark available, so prices soon went through the roof, and eventually smugglers got some seeds out of Peru and to Holland. (delightedcooking.com)
  • The Bora of Peru strip pieces of bark only from the lower one to two-and-a-half meters of the trunk. (dhushara.com)
  • Although the bark and wood of trees is seldom edible, extracts from them have given rise to some of the world's most important medicines. (txhtc.org)
  • Malaria is one of the world's deadliest diseases, killing perhaps a million people each year. (michael-lawrence-wilson.com)
  • The Dutch then set up massive quinquina plantations in Java, and for the next few centuries supplied most of the world's quinine. (delightedcooking.com)
  • And it was only in the 1820s, when quinine was isolated in crystalline form by J.B. Caventou and P.J. Pelletier. (infomory.com)
  • as it was known, quickly became a favored treatment for malaria in Europe. (shahidulnews.com)
  • By the beginning of the 19th century, the imperialist aspirations of Europeans required an effective malaria treatment. (digpodcast.org)
  • One of those is quinine, which was, at the time, the only known treatment for malaria. (matadornetwork.com)
  • Historically, quinine was used as treatment for malaria, and some other conditions. (infomory.com)
  • With treatment from quinine not being permanent, many other alternatives were sought after World War II. (infomory.com)
  • For centuries it was the treatment of choice against malaria '" until new drugs with fewer side effects came along. (uct.ac.za)
  • Food and Drug Administration has approved it only for curing malaria, but doctors can legally prescribe this medication for any type of treatment they find it appropriate for. (verifiedmarketresearch.com)
  • Quinine, the only treatment for malaria, was sourced from tropical tree bark and ridiculously expensive as a result. (jstor.org)
  • Quinine is approved for treatment of malaria , but was also commonly prescribed to treat leg cramps and similar conditions. (answerlib.org)
  • Quinine is a common treatment for malaria. (answerlib.org)
  • A small branch in the upper right corner provides our only close look at the much-valued and bitter tasting bark. (cdc.gov)
  • Some quinquinas are: Bonal Gentiane Quina Byrrh Cocchi Americano Contratto Americano Rosso Dubonnet Lillet Blanc Mattei Cap Corse Quinquina Blanc and Rouge MAiDENii St. Raphaël Alma de Trabanco- Quinquina en Rama Wikimedia Commons has media related to Quinquina. (wikipedia.org)
  • The bark of the quinquina tree was exported in massive amounts to Europe. (delightedcooking.com)
  • In areas where malaria is common, adults often have a degree of resistance to the disease, but still get sick enough now and then to miss many days of work, suffering from agonizing aches, fevers and chills. (michael-lawrence-wilson.com)
  • Falciparum malaria is such a dangerous disease that having improved resistance more than offsets the risks of having children whose lives are shortened by inheriting two copies of the gene. (michael-lawrence-wilson.com)
  • Aspirin is a derivative of salicylic acid, which comes from the bark of the white willow, Salix alba . (txhtc.org)
  • For example, the first synthetic drug, aspirin, was derived from salicylic acid found in the bark of the willow tree. (qherb.net)
  • Quinine eventually found its way to Europe and was the antimalarial drug of choice for centuries, until newer, more effective molecules with improved tolerance were developed. (uct.ac.za)
  • Likewise, quinine, better known as an antimalarial drug, is extracted from the bark of cinchona trees and used in treating malaria. (qherb.net)
  • It is said that quinine has benefited more people over the centuries than any other drug in the fight against infectious diseases. (uct.ac.za)
  • Although early descriptions of the psychiatric effects of malaria first appeared in the ancient medical literature of Hippocrates and Galen [ 4 , 5 ], it was only many centuries later that descriptions of these effects became relatively common. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The disciplines of psychiatry and malariology were united briefly in the early to mid twentieth century in the historical practice of malariotherapy, in which patients were intentionally inoculated with malaria for its presumed therapeutic neuropsychiatric effects. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Called the "miracle cure" when it finally arrived in Europe, it was used to cure King Charles II, King Louis XIV and the Queen of Spain, among countless others. (txhtc.org)
  • It became a sort of miracle drug, even curing King Louis XIV of malaria. (delightedcooking.com)
  • Eventually it became clear that cinchona bark could be used not only to treat malaria, but also to prevent it. (shahidulnews.com)
  • After the Jesuits learned about cinchona and brought it to Europe, its bark was widely used there to treat fevers starting in the 17th century. (cdc.gov)
  • Quinine was first used to treat malaria by the Quechua Indians and in the 16th Century the Spanish Conquistadores realized its potential. (txhtc.org)
  • Which disease is quinine often used to treat? (answerlib.org)
  • Because malaria is life-threatening, the risks associated with quinine use are considered acceptable when used to treat that condition. (answerlib.org)
  • Is quinine used to treat fever? (answerlib.org)
  • Even if it is no longer the first choice in treating malaria, quinine is uniquely positioned as our molecule of choice to seek out haem in the parasite. (uct.ac.za)
  • Even more interesting, is what did they think the Spanish wanted it for, malaria supposedly being one of the diseases introduced to the Americas by the European invasion? (unauthorised.org)
  • Quinine and a host of related compounds are found in the bark of trees of the genus Cinchona, which grow on the eastern and western slopes of the Andes in some of the most forbidding and inaccessible landscapes on earth. (timeshighereducation.com)
  • Northerners had intercepted quinine in the heads of girls' dolls and found it stuffed within the intestines of slaughtered animals. (sciencehistory.org)
  • He was one of the first Europeans to travel to the places where he found and collected specimens of trees and plants that are now held on record at such esteemed institutes like the Royal Botanical Gardens of Kew, Dublin's Trinity College and the University of Manchester. (theguayusa.co)
  • Because the malaria parasite is found in red blood cells of an infected person, malaria can also be transmitted through blood transfusion, organ transplant, or the shared use of needles or syringes contaminated with blood. (malaria.com)
  • Such descriptions grew particularly detailed in the aftermath of World War I (WWI), where malaria, epidemic on the Macedonian front between 1916 and 1918, was unexpectedly found to be the leading cause of psychiatric disorders among soldiers of the Allied powers fighting there [ 6 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • We found that neurons that responded exclusively to sucrose were disengaged while additional quinine-exclusive neurons were recruited. (bvsalud.org)
  • The trees were sought by early European explorers of the region, starting with the Marquis de la Condamine and Alexander von Humboldt in the 18th century. (timeshighereducation.com)
  • Cinchona is a large and diverse genus, and the trees make different amounts and qualities of quinine. (timeshighereducation.com)
  • Between 1755 and 1758 the customs registered exports of 717 156 kg of quinine, therefore, calculating that 15 trees are necessary for producing 12 kg of quintina, we can estimate that around 900 000 trees were felled within three years in this region. (tkwb.org)
  • WWII changed everything, Japanese troops took control of Java and Germans seized a quinine warehouse in Amsterdam. (barrhill.com)
  • A woodcut from the March 11, 1865, Harper's Weekly shows quinine rations being distributed to Union troops. (sciencehistory.org)
  • In 1856, nineteen-year-old Londoner William Perkin was trying to synthesize quinine from coal tar in his home laboratory. (jstor.org)
  • Though it has been synthesized in the laboratory, quinine country that punches above it weight, its New Zealand. (squarepepper.co.uk)
  • Until recently, all prescription drugs were derived from plant substances, including opium, quinine for malaria, cocaine for anesthesia, and most medications for treating high blood pressure. (qherb.net)
  • Even today, malaria infects around 216 million people per year and is responsible for more than 440,000 deaths annually, according to the World Health Organization . (matadornetwork.com)
  • The people there sold them some cinchona bark as a cure. (unauthorised.org)
  • Malaria is said to have killed more people than all of the wars and plagues in history combined. (txhtc.org)
  • Before the discovery of such drugs, and for the many millions of people in poor countries who still don't have adequate access to them, malaria has served as a powerful source of selection pressure on human populations. (michael-lawrence-wilson.com)
  • I'm glad to see there are as many people educated about quinine as I am. (delightedcooking.com)
  • Usually, people get malaria by being bitten by an infective female Anopheles mosquito. (malaria.com)
  • Malaria, which has now been relegated to the poorest parts of the world, killed as many as 300 million people in the 20th century. (forkingpaths.co)
  • So as Europeans established colonies in the tropics, they faced a serious and often mortal threat from the mosquito-borne disease. (shahidulnews.com)
  • Because of its physical properties, quinine becomes fluorescent when exposed to ultraviolet light . (delightedcooking.com)
  • In fact, quinine is so sensitive that it will turn slightly fluorescent even when exposed to normal sunlight, because of the small amount of ultraviolet light hitting it. (delightedcooking.com)
  • Second, quinine is highly fluorescent. (uct.ac.za)
  • Therefore, it became a popular, albeit foul-tasting medicine, particularly during the height of European colonialism in the 19th century. (bespokeunit.com)
  • Before aspirin came in bottles, aches and pains could be cured by walking to the nearest river and finding a piece of willow bark to chew on. (txhtc.org)
  • In the decades after the bark of the tree was exported to Europe, every state with imperialist aspirations wanted access to quinine. (digpodcast.org)
  • Mark Honigsbaum's fascinating, handsomely produced and well-written book puts malaria, and the search for its cure, in historical perspective. (timeshighereducation.com)
  • The crude red-bark extract was cheap and surprisingly effective. (timeshighereducation.com)
  • During the Black Plague in Europe, juniper was regarded as one of the most effective remedies for the disease and also prized for its perfume and medicinal qualities. (functionalnerds.com)