Eukaryotic ribosomal rnas interactions rna small nuclear. Medical search. Frequent questions

The concept of messenger RNA emerged during the late 1950s, and is associated with Crick's description of his "Central Dogma of Molecular Biology", which asserted that DNA led to the formation of RNA, which in turn led to the synthesis of proteins. (wikipedia.org)
Light effects on the expression of nuclear genes for plastid proteins and for the 18S, 5.8S and 25S ribosomal RNAs are discussed, together with some recent information concerning the expression of chloroplast genes in developing plastids. (ncsu.edu)
Box C/D RNAs are associated with four snoRNP core proteins: NOP56, NOP58, fibrillarin, and 15.5 kDa [ 5 - 7 ]. (hindawi.com)
Box C/D RNAs contain the following functional elements: boxes C and D, which are essential for snoRNA interaction with specific proteins, and a guide sequence that determines the nucleotide to be modified (Figure 1(a) ). (hindawi.com)
Numerous fundamental cellular processes, including virtually every aspect of gene expression and regulation, depend on the cooperation of RNAs and proteins. (fu-berlin.de)
Specific RNAs and proteins associate to build up some of the most complex macromolecular machineries of living cells, such as ribosomes and spliceosomes, which mediate particular steps of gene expression. (fu-berlin.de)
RNAs and proteins can also engage in more transient interactions, for example during co-transcriptional regulation of RNA polymerases or during post-transcriptional regulation of (pre-)mRNA life cycles. (fu-berlin.de)
We investigate the molecular mechanisms, by which RNAs and proteins cooperate to bring about the biological functions of selected RNPs involved in transcription and pre-mRNA splicing. (fu-berlin.de)
The messenger RNAs (mRNAs) produced from transcription are further used to encode functional proteins or make non-coding RNAs, such as tRNA, rRNA, and miRNA. (sciencefacts.net)
DNA methyltransferases are not limited to catalyzing DNA methylation, but also take part in the regulation of gene expression through interactions with other proteins that repress transcription and modify chromatin structure. (caister.com)
During ribosomal RNA processing, ribosomal proteins are incorporated into the pre-ribosomal subunits to form the mature 40S and 60S subunits. (biomedcentral.com)
Plastid-specific ribosomal proteins (PSRPs) have been proposed to play roles in the light-dependent regulation of chloroplast translation. (cipsm.de)
the next seven years showing that the mitosome functions in the biosynthesis of essential cytosolic and nuclear Iron/Sulphur (Fe/S) proteins . (ncl.ac.uk)
Small chromosomal proteins (approx 12-20 kD) possessing an open, unfolded structure and attached to the DNA in cell nuclei by ionic linkages. (lookformedical.com)
tRNA nucleotidyltransferase (N2), proteasome subunit (EC 3.4.25.1) (N3), probable exosome complex RNA-binding proteins 1 (N4), huge ribosomal subunit proteins Retigabine tyrosianse inhibitor L37 Ae (N5) huge ribosomal subunit proteins L15electronic (N7), ribonuclease P (tRNA processing) proteins element 3 (EC 3.1.26.5) (N8), ribonuclease P protein element 2 (EC 3.1.26.5) (N9), prefoldin, chaperonin cofactor (N10), and a predicted exosome subunit containing the IMP4 domain within small nuclear ribonucleoprotein (N11). (cancercurehere.com)
The m 6 A-modified RNAs then recruit m 6 A-binding proteins (readers) that guide these RNAs for RNA biogenesis processes such as pre-mRNA splicing, nuclear export, stabilization, degradation, and translation. (molcells.org)
This is done by a complex of proteins and RNAs called spliceosome. (stemcelldaily.com)
Each RNA polymerase requires the assistance of several other proteins or protein complexes, called general (or basal) transcription factors, which must assemble into a complex on the promoter in order for RNA polymerase to bind and start transcription. (stemcelldaily.com)

Small nucleolar RNAs (snoRNA) are commonly known to be involved in the processing of precursor ribosomal RNA (pre-rRNA) and small nuclear RNAs (snRNAs). (hindawi.com)
2017). Eukaryotic RNAPIII transcribes transfer RNAs (tRNAs), ribosomal 5S rRNA, and other small non-coding RNAs required for protein synthesis to control cell division and proliferation events essential for organ/tissue development (Li et al. (plantae.org)
de la Cruz, J., Kressler, D., Tollervey, D. & Linder, P. Dob1p (Mtr4p) is a putative ATP-dependent RNA helicase required for the 3′ end formation of 5.8S rRNA in Saccharomyces cerevisiae . (nature.com)
RNA polymerase I (RNAP I) synthesizes pre-rRNA 45S, which matures into the ribosome 's 28S, 18S, and 5.8S subunits. (sciencefacts.net)
RNA polymerase produces all types of RNA, including messenger RNA (mRNA), transfer RNA (tRNA), ribosomal RNA (rRNA), microRNA (miRNA), and even non-coding RNAs and ribozymes. (sciencefacts.net)
In the eukaryotic cells the production of ribosomes takes place in the nucleolus, a specialized subnuclear compartment where the RNA Polymerase I (RNA Pol I) catalyses the ribosomal RNA synthesis (rRNA). (biomedcentral.com)
Ribosomal RNA is synthesised as precursor 47S pre-rRNA which is subjected to specific and highly regulated processing steps that allow to mature 18S, 5.6S and 28S RNAs. (biomedcentral.com)
Tumor suppressors, oncogenes and alternatively deregulated upstream signalling pathways can directly influence the RNA polymerase I activity inducing hyper activation of rRNA transcription in cancer cells. (biomedcentral.com)

The short-lived nature of bacterial RNAs, together with the highly complex nature of the cellular mRNA population, made the biochemical isolation of mRNA very challenging. (wikipedia.org)
This problem was overcome in the 1960s by the use of reticulocytes in vertebrates, which produce large quantities of mRNA that are highly enriched in RNA encoding alpha- and beta-globin (the two major protein chains of hemoglobin). (wikipedia.org)
Subsequent studies showed that (i) every cell has multiple species of tRNA, each of which is associated with a single specific amino acid, (ii) that there are a matching set of enzymes responsible for linking tRNAs with the correct amino acids, and (iii) that tRNA anticodon sequences form a specific decoding interaction with mRNA codons. (wikipedia.org)
Nuclear and cytoplasmic mRNAs for several phytochrome-regulated genes were examined in Pisum seedlings in order to investigate possible light effects on mRNA partitioning between the nucleus and cytoplasm. (ncsu.edu)
mRNA steady state levels of the chlorophyll a/b-binding protein of photosystem II, ferredoxin I, the small and large subunits of ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase, and pEA214 and pEA207, two other light-responsive genes, were determined during chlorophyll photooxidation. (ncsu.edu)
To expand understanding of the role of snoRNAs in control of gene expression, in this study we tested the ability of artificial box C/D RNAs to affect the maturation of target pre-mRNA. (hindawi.com)
The artificial box C/D RNA directed to the branch point adenosine of the second intron, as well as the analogue directed to the last nucleotide of the second exon of the HSPA8 pre-mRNA caused the most prominent influence on the level of HSPA8 mRNAs. (hindawi.com)
Inasmuch as artificial box C/D RNAs decreased viability of transfected human cells, we propose that natural snoRNAs as well as their artificial analogues can influence the maturation of complementary pre-mRNA and can be effective regulators of vital cellular processes. (hindawi.com)
Uppercase letters in the target pre-mRNA sequences correspond to exons, and small letters indicate the intron sequences. (hindawi.com)
Using such an approach, it was shown that introducing sequences complementary to a selected pre-mRNA into box C/D RNA structures allowed knockdown of the target mRNA [ 13 ]. (hindawi.com)
Because alternative RNA splicing allows different types of mRNA molecules to be created from a single gene, it generates the diversity of protein function and structure that is essential to complex organisms. (genomicglossaries.com)
RNA-like oligonucleotides that are complementary to a portion of a target mRNA molecule. (genomicglossaries.com)
More specifically, antisense oligonucleotides that are useful as reagents for target validation , or as drugs, are engineered molecules that differ from natural RNA but that have a base sequence that is recognized as being complementary to a very specific mRNA sequence. (genomicglossaries.com)
A complementary RNA sequence that binds to a naturally occurring (sense) mRNA molecule, thus blocking its translation. (genomicglossaries.com)
Co-transcriptional pre-mRNA processing relies on reversible phosphorylation of the carboxyl-terminal domain (CTD) of Rpb1, the largest subunit of RNA polymerase II (RNAP II). (cipsm.de)
Transcription is the process of copying genetic information from DNA into RNA, especially mRNA, by the enzyme RNA polymerase. (stemcelldaily.com)
It is the first step of gene expression, in which a particular segment of DNA is copied into RNA (especially mRNA) by the enzyme RNA polymerase. (stemcelldaily.com)
This releases the upstream portion of the transcript, which will serve as the initial RNA prior to further processing (the pre-mRNA in the case of protein-encoding genes). (stemcelldaily.com)

Synthesis of AR1 RNA was dependent on T-DNA transfer and TGMV DNA replication, demonstrating that it is a plant transcription product. (ncsu.edu)
RNA synthesis is terminated intrinsically, when the elongation complex transcribes a stable RNA hairpin followed by a uridine-rich stretch, or with the aid of transcription termination factor ρ. (fu-berlin.de)
RNP-based processive anti-termination underlies the switching from immediate-early to delayed-early gene expression in other lambdoid phages as well as ribosomal RNA synthesis in Escherichia coli . (fu-berlin.de)
Huang YH, Said N, Loll B, Wahl MC (2019) Structural basis for the function of SuhB as a transcription factor in ribosomal RNA synthesis. (fu-berlin.de)
Mutation of the maize FLOURY3 ( FL3 ) gene, encoding one of 17 subunits forming the RNAPIII complex that regulates gene expression involved in storage protein synthesis, results in small and floury endosperm (Li et al. (plantae.org)
After second- strand cDNA synthesis, T7 RNA polymerase was used to generate aRNA. (genomicglossaries.com)
It is part of the active center responsible for RNA synthesis. (sciencefacts.net)
It contains the other part of the active center responsible for RNA synthesis and the rest of the elements for non-sequence-specific interactions with DNA and nascent RNA. (sciencefacts.net)
Nucleolar activity is also influenced by the interaction between pathways activated from extracellular signals in order to coordinate ribosome synthesis and cell proliferation [ 6 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
e.g. they bind selectively to DNA, stimulate transcription resulting in tissue-specific RNA synthesis and undergo specific changes in response to various hormones or phytomitogens. (lookformedical.com)
Nuclear antigen with a role in DNA synthesis, DNA repair, and cell cycle progression. (lookformedical.com)
The complementary structure immediately suggested to Watson and Crick how DNA could (and does) replicate, and further explains how information from DNA is transferred to RNA for protein synthesis. (rainis.pics)
Elongation involves the synthesis of RNA by RNA polymerase along the DNA template. (stemcelldaily.com)
RNA synthesis occurs in the 5' → 3' direction with the RNA polymerase catalyzing a nucleophilic attack by the 3-OH of the growing RNA chain on the alpha-phosphorus atom on an incoming ribonucleoside 5-triphosphate. (stemcelldaily.com)

DNase I sensitivity of ribosomal RNA Genes in chromatin and nucleolar dominance in wheat. (ncsu.edu)
Ribosomal RNA genes at different nucleolar organizer (NOR) loci in hexaploid wheat are expressed at different levels. (ncsu.edu)
The snoRNA-dependent modifications are catalyzed by small nucleolar ribonucleoprotein particles (snoRNPs). (hindawi.com)
van Hoof, A., Lennertz, P. & Parker, R. Yeast exosome mutants accumulate 3′-extended polyadenylated forms of U4 small nuclear RNA and small nucleolar RNAs. (nature.com)
This gene product is a component of a nucleolar small nuclear ribonucleoprotein (snRNP) particle thought to participate in the first step in processing preribosomal RNA. (nih.gov)

Cytosine methylation in ribosomal DNA and nucleolus organiser expression in wheat. (ncsu.edu)
rRNAs and snRNAs are the main natural targets of 2′-O-methylation that is mediated by box C/D RNAs. (hindawi.com)
N 6 -methyladenosine (m 6 A) is a methylation modification of adenosine on RNA. (molcells.org)
The MACOM complex does not have catalytic activity, but it is necessary for efficient m 6 A methylation by recruiting RNA substrates and stabilizing the MAC-MACOM complex in the nucleus and nuclear speckles. (molcells.org)
Epigenetics refers to heritable changes in gene expression without changing the nucleotide sequence of the gene, including DNA methylation, histone modifications, and RNA modifications. (beds.ac.uk)

These molecules were termed soluble (sRNA) and were later renamed transfer RNA (tRNA). (wikipedia.org)
Wang, X., Jia, H., Jankowsky, E. & Anderson, J.T. Degradation of hypomodified tRNA(iMet) in vivo involves RNA-dependent ATPase activity of the DExH helicase Mtr4p. (nature.com)

Bacteria transcribe their genomes with the help of multi-subunit RNA polymerases (RNAPs), which comprise two large β and β' subunits that form the active site, two regulatory α subunits and an ω subunit that supports RNAP assembly. (fu-berlin.de)
2019). In maize, the interaction of FL3 with other subunits of RNAPIII is critical for proper functionality of RNAPIII transcription events and normal endosperm development. (plantae.org)
The core enzyme (ββ′α 2 ω) consists of five subunits: two alpha (α) subunits of 36 kDa, a beta (β) subunit of 150 kDa, a beta prime subunit (β′) of 155 kDa, and a small omega (ω) subunit. (sciencefacts.net)
ω is the smallest of all subunits that helps assemble and provide stability to the core enzyme. (sciencefacts.net)
EIF5B (Eukaryotic Translation Initiation Factor 5B) is a conserved eukaryotic translation factor that mediates association of the 40S and 60S ribosomal subunits during eukaryotic translation initiation, and modulates the cell cycle progression by regulating the translation of upstream open reading frames (uORF)-containing mRNAs such as p27 and p21 [ 3 ]. (techscience.com)

Many eukaryotic precursor messenger RNAs (pre-mRNAs) bear coding regions (exons) interspersed with non-coding intervening sequences (introns). (fu-berlin.de)

Eukaryotes have three types of RNA polymerases (I, II and III), each responsible for transcribing different types of RNA. (stemcelldaily.com)
Eukaryotic RNA polymerases do not terminate transcription at a specific site but rather transcription can stop at varying distances downstream of the gene. (stemcelldaily.com)

The results illustrate a complex set of interactions regulating expression of the nuclear and chloroplast genomes. (ncsu.edu)
ISWI slides nucleosomes along DNA, enabling the structural changes of chromatin required for the regulated use of eukaryotic genomes. (cipsm.de)
Functionally related genes are commonly found clustered in prokaryotic and eukaryotic genomes,12C17 and predicting gene function based on physical proximity to other genes has been used successfully in a number of studies. (cancercurehere.com)

In bacteria, a single RNA polymerase transcribes all types of RNAs. (sciencefacts.net)
The RNA polymerase transcribes one strand, the antisense (-) strand, of the DNA template. (stemcelldaily.com)

The bacterial genes encoding chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT) and beta-glucuronidase (GUS) were transiently expressed in leaf discs from the AR1 promoter in TGMV A. The levels of AR1 and GUS RNAs were similar in leaf discs after adjusting for viral DNA copy number, while CAT RNA was less abundant. (ncsu.edu)
The geminivirus transient expression system allows rapid analysis of RNAs transcribed from foreign genes and can serve as a preliminary screen in the construction of transgenic plants. (ncsu.edu)
Chromatin structure and expression of plant ribosomal RNA genes. (ncsu.edu)
This study indicates that chloroplast genes are often grouped into multigene transcriptional units which can be cotranscribed, and that light-stimulated plastid development involves changes in the relative abundance of the overlapping RNAs of different length that result from transcription of these genes or gene clusters. (ncsu.edu)
Transcripts from each of five light-regulated genes exhibited different responses to a variety of light treatments, but for each transcript we observed a characteristic linear relationship between nuclear and cytoplasmic levels over a wide range of total transcript abundance. (ncsu.edu)
Some miRNAs are hosted in pri-miRNAs annotated as long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) and defined as MIRHGs (for miRNA Host Genes). (mdpi.com)
We describe the first report of RNA sequencing of 5' capped (Pol II) RNAs isolated from acutely hepatitis C virus (HCV) infected Huh 7.5 cells that provides a general approach to identifying differentially expressed annotated and unannotated genes that participate in viral-host interactions. (mdpi.com)
Synthetic antisense RNAs are used to effect the functioning of specific genes for investigative or therapeutic purposes. (genomicglossaries.com)
The sigma (σ) factor of the RNA polymerase is encoded by nuclear genes. (sciencefacts.net)
The vast majority of these co-happening genes are linked to RNA modification and degradation, ie, probable exosome complicated exonuclease 2 (EC 3.1.13. (cancercurehere.com)
Further, RNA-seq analyses identified 343 EXOSC9-target genes, among which, APOBEC3G contributed to defects in stress resistance and P-body formation in MDA-MB-231 cells. (bvsalud.org)

The α 2 ββ'ω core enzyme cooperates with transcription factors and responds to signals on DNA templates and nascent RNAs to achieve full functionality in vivo . (fu-berlin.de)
Also, it contains some elements for non-sequence-specific interactions with DNA and nascent RNA. (sciencefacts.net)
Expression of the Escherichia coli tryptophanase operon depends on ribosome stalling during translation of the upstream TnaC leader peptide, a process for which interactions between the TnaC nascent chain and the ribosomal exit tunnel are critical. (cipsm.de)

The ability to work out the genetic code emerged from the convergence of three different areas of study--(i) new methods to generate synthetic RNA molecules of defined composition to serve as artificial mRNAs, (ii) development of in vitro translation systems that could be used to translate the synthetic mRNAs into protein, and (iii) experimental and theoretical genetic work which established that the code was written in three letter "words" (codons). (wikipedia.org)
Different mRNAs are characterized by different nuclear-cytoplasmic `partitioning coefficients', indicating that post-transcriptional events play a significant role in regulating the accumulation of these mRNAs during light induction. (ncsu.edu)
Bioinformatics analysis revealed that some of these orphan RNAs were complementary to pre-mRNAs or mature mRNAs [ 10 ]. (hindawi.com)
RNA polymerase II (RNAP II) produces precursors of mRNAs and most snRNA and microRNAs. (sciencefacts.net)

The growing RNA chain is extended one nucleotide at a time in the 5'→3' direction using nucleoside triphosphates ( ATP , CTP, UTP, and GTP). (sciencefacts.net)
Once RNA polymerase attaches to the promoter (where RNA polymerase begins transcribing a gene), it moves along the DNA template in the 5 to 3' direction, adding nucleotides to the growing RNA chain. (sciencefacts.net)

Eukaryotes have many different nuclear RNAPs, and each recognizes a different promoter sequence, synthesizing some form of the RNA or the other. (sciencefacts.net)
The discovery of a tiny mitochondrion in microsporidia (Figures 1 and 2) was an important piece of evidence that led to current ideas that the mitochondrial endosymbiosis occurred at the origin of eukaryotes. (ncl.ac.uk)
Transcription in eukaryotes is the elaborate process that eukaryotic cells use to copy genetic information stored in DNA into units of transportable complementary RNA replica. (stemcelldaily.com)

In these processes, transcript-borne regulatory RNAs alone or in conjunction with protein factors assemble on the surface of RNAP and accompany the enzyme during further transcription by an RNA looping mechanism, rendering the elongation complex resistant to pause and/or termination signals downstream of the original modification site. (fu-berlin.de)
RNA helicase activity of Mtr4p is critical for biological functions of the enzyme, but the molecular basis for RNA unwinding is not understood. (nature.com)
RNA which contains an intron sequence that has an enzyme- like catalytic activity. (genomicglossaries.com)
RNA polymerase (RNA Pol or RNAP) is the enzyme that synthesizes RNA from a template of DNA, a process known as transcription. (sciencefacts.net)
The activity of this enzyme is under the control of two main factors, UBF and SL1 both components of the complex that stabilizes RNA Pol I on rDNA promoter [ 1 , 2 ]. (biomedcentral.com)

Johnson, S.J. & Jackson, R.N. Ski2-like RNA helicase structures: common themes and complex assemblies. (nature.com)
We determined subnanometer-resolution cryo-electron microscopy structures of eukaryotic ribosome-Sec61 complexes. (cipsm.de)
In this section, we examine the structures of DNA and RNA and how these structures relate to the functions of these molecules. (rainis.pics)

Here, single-molecule high-resolution optical trapping measurements reveal that Mtr4p unwinds RNA duplexes by 3′-to-5′ translocation on the loading strand, that strand separation occurs in discrete steps of 6 base pairs and that a single Mtr4p molecule performs consecutive unwinding steps. (nature.com)

We further show that RNA unwinding by Mtr4p requires interaction with upstream RNA duplex. (nature.com)

However, whether and how EXOSC9, a component of the RNA exosome complex, regulates adaptation to stress conditions and tumorigenicity in cancer cells remain unclear. (bvsalud.org)
Phase transition of fibrillarin LC domain regulates localization and protein interaction of fibrillarin. (nih.gov)

RNA molecules which hybridize to complementary sequences in either RNA or DNA altering the function of the latter. (genomicglossaries.com)
It results in a complementary, antiparallel RNA strand called a primary transcript. (stemcelldaily.com)

The smk7 kernels showed compromised biogenesis of small noncoding RNAs such as tRNAs and 5S rRNAs, confirming that NRPC2 is a part of the RNAPIII machinery. (plantae.org)

EF-P is present in all bacteria and orthologous to archaeal and eukaryotic initiation factor 5A, yet the biological function has so far remained enigmatic. (cipsm.de)
In this study, we investigated the functional role of eukaryotic initiation factor 5B (EIF5B) in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and the underlying mechanisms. (techscience.com)

Schneider, C. & Tollervey, D. Threading the barrel of the RNA exosome. (nature.com)
Bernstein, J., Patterson, D.N., Wilson, G.M. & Toth, E.A. Characterization of the essential activities of Saccharomyces cerevisiae Mtr4p, a 3′>5′ helicase partner of the nuclear exosome. (nature.com)
Schmidt, K. & Butler, J.S. Nuclear RNA surveillance: role of TRAMP in controlling exosome specificity. (nature.com)
RNA degradation by the exosome is promoted by a nuclear polyadenylation complex. (nature.com)
Callahan, K.P. & Butler, J.S. TRAMP complex enhances RNA degradation by the nuclear exosome component Rrp6. (nature.com)
Thus, drugs targeting activity of the RNA exosome complex or EXOSC9 might be useful for cancer treatment. (bvsalud.org)

If smORFs present within lncRNAs can encode functional small peptides, they can also constitute cis -regulatory elements involved in lncRNA decay. (mdpi.com)
Here we demonstrate that PSRP1 is not a bona fide ribosomal protein, but rather a functional homologue of the Escherichia coli cold-shock protein pY. (cipsm.de)
With the accurate identification of m7G modifications within RNAs, their functional roles in the regulation of gene expression and different physiological functions have been revealed. (beds.ac.uk)

In this review, we will focus on how the signal transduction pathways, which play key roles in diverse physiological and pathological conditions, coordinate cellular processes through m 6 A. Given that m 6 A also controls signaling pathways through RNA modification or acting as a ligand, understanding the crosstalk between signal transduction networks and m 6 A RNA processing will provide us insights into the complex biological systems. (molcells.org)

Recruitment of 53BP1 to chromatin flanking double strand breaks (DSBs) requires γH2AX/MDC1/RNF8-dependent ubiquitination of chromatin and interaction of 53BP1 with histone H4 methylated on lysine 20 (H4K20me). (cipsm.de)

Nucleotides that contain ribose are called ribonucleotides and are found in RNA. (rainis.pics)

SncRNAs are less than 200 nt in length, consisting of microRNAs (miRNAs), Piwi-interacting RNAs (piRNAs), endogenous small interfering RNAs (endo-siRNAs or esiRNAs) and transcription initiation RNAs (tiRNAs) [ 6 ]. (ijbs.com)
Endogenous antisense RNAs function as regulators of gene expression by a variety of mechanisms. (genomicglossaries.com)

87(5): 1663-1667] Specifically, the investigators started by priming whole cerebellar RNA with a synthetic oligonucleotide containing a T7 RNA polymerase promoter sequence. (genomicglossaries.com)
Tumor suppressors such as retinoblastoma (pRB) and p53 negatively regulate RNA polymerase I and interfere with the assembly of transcriptional machinery on the rDNA promoter. (biomedcentral.com)
Other transcription factors and RNA polymerase then assemble on the promoter to form a pre-initiation complex (PIC). (stemcelldaily.com)

Erko had worked with Carl Woese in pioneering the use of ribosomal RNA sequences to investigate evolutionary relationships among prokaryotes. (ncl.ac.uk)

Rediscovery of the nucleolinus, a dynamic RNA-rich organelle associated with the nucleolus, spindle, and centrosomes. (mbl.edu)
In this context, during any sort of stress condition the alternative reading frame protein p14ARF subtracts MDM2, an E3 ubiquitin ligase, from the interaction with p53 in manner to free and stabilise p53 level in the nucleolus of the cell where it inhibits RNA polymerase I activity [ 3 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
It is associated with the U3, U8, and U13 small nuclear RNAs and is located in the dense fibrillar component (DFC) of the nucleolus. (nih.gov)

For example, elongating RNAP frequently enters an elemental paused state, and pausing can be stabilized by an RNA hairpin invading the RNA exit tunnel or by RNAP backtracking. (fu-berlin.de)
Figure 2: Mtr4p unwinding rates versus tether tension and nucleotide composition for unwinding the 16-bp RNA hairpin. (nature.com)
A beta-hairpin comprising the nuclear localization sequence sustains the self-associated states of nucleosome assembly protein 1. (colorado.edu)

Notably, circRNAs display cell-type, tissue-type and developmental-stage specific expression patterns in eukaryotic transcriptome, which reveals their significant regulatory functions in gene expression. (ijbs.com)
Epigenetic modification of the transcribed RNA can be another layer of gene expression regulation. (molcells.org)
The detection of RNA modifications is fundamental to the study of m7G modifications in the regulation of gene expression. (beds.ac.uk)

Structurally, it is similar to bacterial RNAP and eukaryotic RNAP II. (sciencefacts.net)
Chloroplast in eukaryotic cells contains an RNAP similar to bacterial RNAP. (sciencefacts.net)

High-throughput sequencing refers to the use of antibody immunoprecipitation or chemical methods to accurately locate the site of m7G modification in RNA. (beds.ac.uk)

A set of 53 cloned pea chloroplast DNA fragments representing approximately 90% of the chloroplast genome was used to probe Northern blots of total pea RNA, resulting in a nearly complete chloroplast transcription map. (ncsu.edu)

The RNA helicase Mtr4p modulates polyadenylation in the TRAMP complex. (nature.com)

Circular RNAs (circRNAs), a novel type of non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs), are ubiquitously expressed in eukaryotic cells during post-transcriptional processes. (ijbs.com)

Anderson, J.T. & Wang, X. Nuclear RNA surveillance: no sign of substrates tailing off. (nature.com)

Pausing and termination can be further modulated by elongation factors, such as N-utilization substances A and G. Some regulatory factors or RNAs can stably insulate RNAP from the destabilizing effects of terminators over long distances (processive anti-termination). (fu-berlin.de)
RNA polymerase IV (RNAP IV) produces siRNA in plants. (sciencefacts.net)
RNA polymerase V (RNAP V) has RNAs involved in siRNA-directed heterochromatin formation in plants. (sciencefacts.net)

In study by Ono and coworkers, such an antisense element was placed into HBII-180C box C/D RNA instead of the structural element referred to as the M box [ 13 ]. (hindawi.com)

At the time, "yeast nucleic acid" (RNA) was thought to occur only in plants, while "thymus nucleic acid" (DNA) only in animals. (wikipedia.org)
Bernstein, J. & Toth, E.A. Yeast nuclear RNA processing. (nature.com)
A new yeast poly(A) polymerase complex involved in RNA quality control. (nature.com)

In vitro selection of RNAs that undergo autolytic cleavage with Pb2+. (colorado.edu)

In 1933, while studying virgin sea urchin eggs, Jean Brachet suggested that DNA is found in cell nucleus and that RNA is present exclusively in the cytoplasm. (wikipedia.org)
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small regulatory non-coding RNAs, resulting from the cleavage of long primary transcripts (pri-miRNAs) in the nucleus by the Microprocessor complex generating precursors (pre-miRNAs) that are then exported to the cytoplasm and processed into mature miRNAs. (mdpi.com)

However, several lnc pri-miRNAs contain translatable small open reading frames (smORFs). (mdpi.com)

The protease not only releases small peptides, such as the amyloid-β peptide, which drives Alzheimer's disease pathogenesis, but also intracellular domains, which can have critical functions in nuclear signaling. (cipsm.de)

For background information, see the articles on RNA and nucleic acid. (wikipedia.org)
Nucleic acids, DNA and RNA, can be considered as the information molecules of the cell. (rainis.pics)

Biochemical fractionation experiments showed that radioactive amino acids were rapidly incorporated into small RNA molecules that remained soluble under conditions where larger RNA-containing particles would precipitate. (wikipedia.org)

α subunit also contains elements for interaction with the regulatory factors. (sciencefacts.net)
Protein conformation is critically linked to function and often controlled by interactions with regulatory factors. (cipsm.de)

The term nucleotide refers to the building blocks of DNA (deoxyribonucleoside triphosphate, dNTP) and RNA (ribonucleoside triphosphate, NTP). (rainis.pics)

The conserved Saccharomyces cerevisiae Ski2-like RNA helicase Mtr4p plays essential roles in eukaryotic nuclear RNA processing. (nature.com)
Sloan, K.E., Bohnsack, M.T., Schneider, C. & Watkins, N.J. The roles of SSU processome components and surveillance factors in the initial processing of human ribosomal RNA. (nature.com)

All transcripts detected were more abundant (as a fraction of total cellular RNA) in light grown plants than in plants entirely in the dark. (ncsu.edu)
However, it has been proven that more than 62% of genomic DNA serves as a template for transcription, which indicates that there are abundant non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) in human transcriptome [ 2 , 3 ]. (ijbs.com)

M7G modification, known as one of the common post-transcriptional modifications of RNA, is present in many different types of RNAs. (beds.ac.uk)
With the rapid development of sequencing technology, m7G has become a new research hotspot of RNA modification. (beds.ac.uk)

Not only is m7G involved in the normal physiological metabolism of RNA, but recent research also shows that m7G and related regulators appear to be considerably dysregulated in tumors [ 12 ]. (beds.ac.uk)

Numerous key discoveries in biology have emerged from studies of RNA (ribonucleic acid), including seminal work in the fields of biochemistry, genetics, microbiology, molecular biology, molecular evolution and structural biology. (wikipedia.org)
Moreover, RNA-protein complexes (RNPs) provide glimpses at the molecular ancestry of modern cells, which most likely evolved from an RNA-dominated world. (fu-berlin.de)
Molecular formula of common RNA modifications. (beds.ac.uk)

Most promoters for RNA polymerase II also have a conserved sequence called the TATA box, which is recognized by a subunit of the transcription factor TFIID. (stemcelldaily.com)
Its central region resembles an RNA-binding domain and contains an RNP consensus sequence. (nih.gov)

Unlike linear RNAs, circRNAs form covalent-closed continuous loops without 5' to 3' polarities and poly (A) tails. (ijbs.com)

EXOSC9-mediated stress resistance and P-body formation were found to depend on the intact RNA-binding motif of this protein. (bvsalud.org)
Finally, EXOSC9 also promoted xenografted tumor growth of MDA-MB-231 cells in an intact RNA-binding motif-dependent manner. (bvsalud.org)

For many regions of the genome, we have detected multiple overlapping transcripts including both small, gene-sized RNAs and large transcripts covering entire gene clusters. (ncsu.edu)
Nuclear-Cytoplasmic Partitioning of Phytochrome-Regulated Transcripts in Pisum sativum. (ncsu.edu)

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Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment21

Phenomena and Processes81

Disciplines and Occupations2

Information Science5

Health Care1

Proteins18

RRNA8

MRNA18

Synthesis14

Nucleolar5

Methylation5

TRNA2

Subunits5

Precursor1

Polymerases2

Genomes3

Polymerase transcribes2

Genes11

Nascent3

MRNAs4

Growing RNA chain2

Eukaryotes3

Enzyme5

Structures3

Loading strand1

Upstream1

Regulates2

Complementary2

Biogenesis1

Initiation factor2

Exosome6

Functional3

Biological1

Chromatin1

Nucleotides1

Endogenous2

Promoter3

Prokaryotes1

Nucleolus3

Hairpin3

Gene expression3

Bacterial2

Immunoprecipitation1

Chloroplast1

Modulates1

Processes1

Substrates1

RNAP3

Antisense1

Yeast3

Vitro1

Nucleus2

MiRNAs1

Functions1

Nucleic2

Molecules1

Regulatory factors2

Ribonucleoside1

Roles2

Abundant2

Modification2

Regulators1

Molecular3

Sequence2

Unlike1

Motif2

Transcripts2