Eukaryotic protein kinase superfamily. Medical search. Frequent questions

Protein kinases possess a catalytic subunit which transfers the gamma phosphate from nucleoside triphosphates (almost always ATP) to the side chain of an amino acid in a protein, resulting in a conformational and/or dynamic changes affecting protein function. (wikipedia.org)
CDC2 is a catalytic subunit of the highly conserved protein kinase complex known as M-phase promoting factor (MPF) , which is essential for G1/S and G2/M phase transitions of eukaryotic cell cycle. (caslab.com)
In humans there exist five isoforms of the B56 type regulatory subunit and they bind to their interacting proteins through a conserved LxxIxE motif. (eu.org)
Protein dephosphorylation by the PP2A phosphatase is mainly achieved through the interaction of its regulatory subunit with the associated proteins. (eu.org)
The N-terminal domain of eukaryotic translation initiation factor 3 subunit 12. (eu.org)
Protein Phosphatase 2A (PP2A) is a widely expressed family of protein phosphatases made of a core dimer, composed of a catalytic (C) subunit and a structural (A) subunit, in association with a third variable regulatory (B) subunit. (ac.be)

Apoptosis-related protein-1 acts as a tumor suppressor in cholangiocarcinoma cells by inducing cell cycle arrest via downregulation of cyclin-dependent kinase subunits. (nih.gov)

Phosphagen (guanidino) kinases are enzymes that transphosphorylate a high energy phosphoguanidino compound, like phosphocreatine (PCr) in the case of creatine kinase (CK) or phosphoarginine in the case of arginine kinase, which is used as an energy-storage and -transport metabolite, to ADP, thereby creating ATP. (nih.gov)
Protein kinases are a group of enzymes that move a phosphate group onto proteins, in a process called phosphorylation. (wikipedia.org)
Eukaryotic protein kinases are enzymes that belong to a very extensive family of proteins which share a conserved catalytic core common with both serine/threonine and tyrosine protein kinases. (wikipedia.org)
In the past, most of the attention was focused primarily on protein kinases and on their regulation, mainly because phosphatases were then viewed as simple housekeeping enzymes. (ac.be)
But advances in the understanding of protein phosphatases make now clear that these enzymes are precisely regulated and are as important as kinases in the regulation of cellular processes involving protein phosphorylation. (ac.be)
The MEROPS database is an information resource for peptidases (also termed proteases, proteinases and proteolytic enzymes) and the proteins that inhibit them. (biokeanos.com)
It has been demonstrated that the adenyl moiety of ATP plays a direct role in the regulation of ATP binding and/or phosphoryl transfer within a range of kinase and synthetase enzymes. (biomedcentral.com)
The role of the C8-H of ATP in the binding and/or phosphoryl transfer on the enzyme activity of a number of kinase and synthetase enzymes has been elucidated. (biomedcentral.com)

The catalytic subunits of protein kinases are highly conserved, and the structures of over 280 of the approximately 500 human kinase domains have been determined, leading to large screens to develop kinase-specific inhibitors for the treatments of a number of diseases. (wikipedia.org)
Nearly all these proteins are subunits of known or predicted multiprotein complexes, in agreement with the balance hypothesis of evolution of gene copy number. (biomedcentral.com)
K + channel subunits containing one pore domain can be assigned into one of two superfamilies: those that possess six transmembrane (TM) domains and those that possess only two TM domains. (embl.de)

Orthologous to human EIF2AK3 (eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2 alpha kinase 3). (zfin.org)

HEAT repeat domain, found in protein phosphatase 2a and initiation factor eIF4G. (eu.org)
MIF4G domain-like, found in eukaryotic initiation factor eIF4G, translation initiation factor eIF-2b epsilon and nuclear cap-binding protein CBP80. (eu.org)
Predicted to enable eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2alpha kinase activity. (zfin.org)
2006 There has been remarkable progress in the last 20 years in defining the molecular mechanisms that regulate initiation of DNA synthesis in eukaryotic cells. (usc.edu)
Transition of the preRC to an active initiation complex is regulated by cyclin-dependent kinases and other signaling molecules, which promote further protein assembly and activate the mini chromosome maintenance helicase. (usc.edu)

Levels of cellular protein phosphorylation are modulated both by protein kinases and phosphatases. (rupress.org)
Although the importance of kinases in this process has long been recognized, an appreciation for the complex and fundamental role of phosphatases is more recent. (rupress.org)
Through extensive biochemical and genetic analysis, we now know that pathways are not simply switched on with kinases and off with phosphatases. (rupress.org)
Furthermore, kinases and phosphatases may work together to modulate the strength of a signal. (rupress.org)
Adding further complexity to this picture is the fact that both kinases and phosphatases can function in signaling networks where multiple kinases and phosphatases contribute to the outcome of a pathway. (rupress.org)
To fully understand this complex and essential regulatory process, the kinases and phosphatases mediating the changes in cellular phosphorylation must be identified and characterized. (rupress.org)
A variety of approaches, including biochemical purification, gene isolation by homology, and genetic screens, have been successfully used for the identification of putative protein kinases and phosphatases. (rupress.org)
Protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) belongs to the superfamily of phosphoprotein phosphatases (PPPs) and catalyzes protein dephosphorylation by hydrolyzing Ser/Thr-linked phosphate ester bonds ( Heroes,2013 ). (eu.org)
Although intracellular signal transduction is often portrayed as a protein kinase 'domino effect', the counterbalancing function of phosphatases, and thus the control of phosphatase activity, is equally relevant to proper regulation of cellular function. (ac.be)

STP, serine/threonine protein phosphatase. (rupress.org)
The reversible phosphorylation of proteins on serine, threonine, and tyrosine residues represents a fundamental strategy used by eukaryotic organisms to regulate a host of biological functions, including DNA replication, cell cycle progression, energy metabolism, and cell growth and differentiation. (rupress.org)
4 While proteins can be phosphorylated on nine amino acids, serine, threonine and tyrosine phosphorylation are by far the most predominant in eukaryotic cells. (ac.be)

Besides CK and AK, the most studied members of this family are also other phosphagen kinases with different substrate specificities, like glycocyamine kinase (GK), lombricine kinase (LK), taurocyamine kinase (TK) and hypotaurocyamine kinase (HTK). (nih.gov)
VCaB45 is an "in vitro" substrate of casein kinase II (a ubiquitous eukaryotic kinase), the phosphorylation resulting in a partial activation of calcium-binding activity. (lookformedical.com)

Phosphorylation usually results in a functional change of the target protein by changing structure, dynamics, enzyme activity, cellular location, or association with other proteins. (wikipedia.org)
Protein phosphorylation can regulate enzyme function, mediate protein-protein interactions, alter subcellular localization, and control protein stability. (rupress.org)
Reversible protein phosphorylation is an essential regulatory mechanism in eukaryotes. (eu.org)
The calcium-binding activity of a vacuole-associated, dehydrin-like protein is regulated by phosphorylation. (lookformedical.com)
Although viewed as a constitutive housekeeping enzyme in the past, PP2A is a highly regulated phosphatase and is emerging as an important regulator of multiple cellular processes involving protein phosphorylation. (ac.be)
1 Reversible protein phosphorylation is an important regulatory mechanism that controls the activities of a myriad of proteins and is thus involved in virtually every major physiological process. (ac.be)

crystal structure of salmonella typhimurium yegs, a putative lipid kinase homologous to eukaryotic sphingosine and diacylglycerol kinases. (berkeley.edu)

The protein kinase domain is a structurally conserved protein domain containing the catalytic function of protein kinases. (wikipedia.org)

diacylglycerol kinase gamma [Sou. (gsea-msigdb.org)

Phosphagen (guanidino) kinases mostly found in eukaryotes. (nih.gov)
Sequencing the genomes of multiple, taxonomically diverse eukaryotes enables in-depth comparative-genomic analysis which is expected to help in reconstructing ancestral eukaryotic genomes and major events in eukaryotic evolution and in making functional predictions for currently uncharacterized conserved genes. (biomedcentral.com)
Phyletic analysis showed that the MORC proteins are widely distributed in eukaryotes, being present in most major crown group lineages (except fungi), apicomplexans and heteroloboseans, suggesting a relatively early origin in eukaryotes [ 5 ]. (beds.ac.uk)

Other KOGs show a variety of phyletic patterns, which points to major contributions of lineage-specific gene loss and the 'invention' of genes new to eukaryotic evolution. (biomedcentral.com)
Parsimonious scenarios of eukaryotic genome evolution and gene sets for ancestral eukaryotic forms were reconstructed. (biomedcentral.com)
The gene set of the last common ancestor of the crown group consists of 3,413 KOGs and largely includes proteins involved in genome replication and expression, and central metabolism. (biomedcentral.com)
Using contextual information from conserved gene neighborhoods we show that these proteins primarily function in restriction-modification systems, in conjunction with diverse superfamily II DNA helicases and endonucleases. (beds.ac.uk)
This gene belongs to the non-CT (non cancer/testis) subgroup of the melanoma-associated antigen (MAGE) superfamily. (nih.gov)

Using a combination of ATP deuterated at the C8 position (C8D-ATP) as a molecular probe with site directed mutagenesis (SDM) of conserved amino acid residues in shikimate kinase and adenylate kinase active sites, we have elucidated a mechanism by which the ATP C8-H is induced to be labile in the broader kinase family. (biomedcentral.com)
We have demonstrated the mechanism by which the enzyme activities of Group 2 kinases, shikimate kinase (SK) and adenylate kinase 1 (AK1), are controlled by the C8-H of ATP. (biomedcentral.com)

transmembrane protein 170B [Sourc. (gsea-msigdb.org)

The conserved PP2 domain was identified in the proteins encoded by six genes from several cucurbits, celery (Apium graveolens), and Arabidopsis that are specifically expressed in the sieve element-companion cell complex. (lookformedical.com)

The approximately 40% of KOGs that are represented in six or seven species are enriched in proteins responsible for housekeeping functions, particularly translation and RNA processing. (biomedcentral.com)
Analyzing the diversity of these proteins in vascular plants led to the identification of PP2-like genes in species from 17 angiosperm and gymnosperm genera. (lookformedical.com)
Has 0 Blast hits to 0 proteins in 0 species (source: NCBI BLink). (yokohama-cu.ac.jp)
To elucidate the evolutionary history of the Rho family, we have analyzed over 20 species covering major eukaryotic clades from unicellular organisms to mammals, including platypus and opossum, and have reconstructed the ontogeny and the chronology of emergence of the different subfamilies. (xenbase.org)

Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ(PPARγ) is a member of the nuclear receptor superfamily of ligand-activated transcription factors [ 10 ]. (biomedcentral.com)

What is now clear is that certain membrane lipids can function as messenger signals that regulate cell growth, proliferation, inflammation, and programmed cell death processes, while other membrane lipids appear to cluster together in bilayers to form microdomains that regulate the spatial distribution and lateral interactions of membrane proteins. (umn.edu)
Mechanosensitive membrane proteins: Usual and unusual suspects in mediating mechanotransduction. (stanford.edu)
This Viewpoint, which accompanies a Special Issue focusing on membrane mechanosensors, discusses unifying and unique features of both established and emerging mechanosensitive (MS) membrane proteins, their distribution across protein families and phyla, and current and future challenges in the study of these important proteins and their partners. (stanford.edu)
MS membrane proteins are essential for tissue development, cellular motion, osmotic homeostasis, and sensing external and self-generated mechanical cues like those responsible for touch and proprioception. (stanford.edu)
As the field continues to grow, so too will the list of proteins suspected to function as mechanosensors and the diversity of known MS membrane proteins. (stanford.edu)
The trimeric Sec61/SecY complex is a protein-conducting channel (PCC) for secretory and membrane proteins. (cipsm.de)

These conserved KOGs are often essential for survival and might approximate the minimal set of essential eukaryotic genes. (biomedcentral.com)
The KOG analysis reveals a conserved core of largely essential eukaryotic genes as well as major diversification and innovation associated with evolution of eukaryotic genomes. (biomedcentral.com)

The acquisition of additional modular domains in the amino-terminal extensions of other PP2-like proteins could reflect divergence from its phloem function. (lookformedical.com)
These are all highly similar proteins, with only small amino acid changes causing the diversity of the voltage-dependent gating mechanism, channel conductance and toxin binding properties. (embl.de)
Comprehensive analysis of chemotactic activity of the eukaryotic protozoon Tetrahymena pyriformis and consensus sequences of appearance of amino acids in the primordial soup suggest that there was a good correlation between the chemotactic character of these relative simple organic molecules and their development on the Earth. (wikidoc.org)
EvoRator2: predicting site-specific amino acid substitutions based on protein structural information using deep learning Journal of Molecular Biology: 435(14):168155. (tau.ac.il)
Variations in the amino acids are reflected by small conformational changes in the tertiary structure that contribute to the broad range of biological activities in these proteins. (frontiersin.org)
These mechanisms were developed using structurally conserved amino acid residues within hydrogen-bonding distance of a nucleotide in the active sites of crystallised kinases of a particular mechanistic class. (biomedcentral.com)

2 Protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) is a very abundant - it accounts for as much as 1% of total cellular proteins - ubiquitous and remarkably conserved enzyme. (ac.be)
The intrinsic catalysis rate mediated by each kinase enzyme is complex, yielding apparent K M values ranging from less than 0.4 μM to more than 1 mM for ATP in the various kinases. (biomedcentral.com)
The lability of the C8-H mediated by active site residues co-ordinated to the purine ring of ATP therefore plays a significant role in explaining the broad K M range associated with kinase steady state enzyme activities. (biomedcentral.com)

The eukaryotic ribosome consists of 4 ribosomal RNAs (rRNAs) and 80 ribosomal proteins (RPs). (au.dk)
Plastid-specific ribosomal proteins (PSRPs) have been proposed to play roles in the light-dependent regulation of chloroplast translation. (cipsm.de)

Furthermore, contextual associations of the prokaryotic MORCs and their relatives suggest that their eukaryotic counterparts are likely to carry out chromatin remodeling by DNA superstructure manipulation in response to epigenetic signals such as histone and DNA methylation. (beds.ac.uk)
The DNA in the cell is packaged with histone proteins into chromatin. (usc.edu)
Posttranslational modifications of histone H3, mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase p38 expression and PPAR-γ expression were examined by western blotting. (biomedcentral.com)

the phosphorylated protein binds up to 100-fold more calcium than the dephosphorylated protein. (lookformedical.com)

eukaryotic elongation factor 2 ly. (gsea-msigdb.org)

Such proteins include sphingolipid transfer proteins that function as transporters to shuttle sphingolipids between intracellular membranes as well as lipid-binding domains (e.g. (umn.edu)

These superhelical structures present an extensive solvent-accessible surface that is well suited to binding large substrates such as proteins and nucleic acids. (eu.org)

The co-chaperone Hep1 is required to prevent the aggregation of mitochondrial Hsp70 proteins. (cipsm.de)

These sphingolipid transfer proteins were initially identified as glycolipid transfer proteins (GLTPs) due to their specificity for transferring glycosphingolipids between membranes. (umn.edu)

CDK1, also named as CDC2, belongs to the protein kinase superfamily, CMGC Ser/Thr protein kinase family and CDC2/CDKX subfamily.CDC2 plays a key role in the control of the eukaryotic cell cycle. (caslab.com)
We identify the prokaryotic MORCs and establish that the MORC family belongs to a larger radiation of several families of GHKL proteins (paraMORCs) in prokaryotes. (beds.ac.uk)

Domains and repeats with an ARM-like fold have been found in a number of proteins, including: ARM repeat domain, found in beta-catenins, importins, karyopherin and exportins. (eu.org)
Additionally, the prokaryotic homologs contained a C-terminal α+β domain with the same secondary structure as the S5-fold domain that is also found in a subset of the GHKL superfamily, namely the topoisomerase ATPase domains, MutL and Hsp90. (beds.ac.uk)
The prokaryotic and eukaryotic MORC homologs were unified to the exclusion of the other GHKL proteins by a specific GhXhhpXXRhl motif (h: hydrophobic, p: polar, X: any) in the S5-fold domain (Fig. 1 ). (beds.ac.uk)
Notably, our work revealed that human GLTP forms a novel structural fold among known proteins leading the Protein Data Bank to designate the human GLTP-fold as the founding prototype of the GLTP superfamily. (umn.edu)
These methods dramatically increase the likelihood of producing proteins that cannot fold or assemble appropriately. (cipsm.de)

Recent biochemical and structural studies revealed La-related protein 1 (LARP1) as a key new player in RP production. (au.dk)
SCOPe: Structural Classification of Proteins - extended. (berkeley.edu)
Although thought to be associated with structural P-protein, PP2 is translocated in the assimilate stream where its lectin activity or RNA-binding properties can exert effects over long distances. (lookformedical.com)
Their presence in cereals and gymnosperms, both of which lack structural P-protein, also supports a wider role for these proteins. (lookformedical.com)
The common ancestor of these GHKL proteins, MutL and topoisomerase ATPase modules appears to have catalyzed structural reorganization of protein complexes and concomitant DNA-superstructure manipulations along with fused or standalone nuclease domains. (beds.ac.uk)
The database gives access to protein sequences, nucleic acid sequences and structural information on conopeptides. (biokeanos.com)
SUPERFAMILY is a database of structural and functional annotation for all proteins and genomes. (biokeanos.com)
The Protein Data Bank is the single worldwide archive of structural data of biological macromolecules. (biokeanos.com)

The results provide quantitative support for major trends of eukaryotic evolution noticed previously at the qualitative level and a basis for detailed reconstruction of evolution of eukaryotic genomes and biology of ancestral forms. (biomedcentral.com)

The provenance and biochemical roles of eukaryotic MORC proteins have remained poorly understood since the discovery of their prototype MORC1, which is required for meiotic nuclear division in animals. (beds.ac.uk)

IgE inhibition immunoblots showed that native Api g 5 other than the deglycosylated protein completely inhibited IgE binding to high molecular weight allergens in protein extracts from birch pollen, mugwort pollen, and celery. (lookformedical.com)
The GPCRDB is a molecular-class information system that collects, combines, validates and stores large amounts of heterogenous data on G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). (biokeanos.com)
The GTPase superfamily: conserved structure and molecular mechanism. (xenbase.org)

The findings have proven to be important for current understanding how the spatial organization of lipids in membranes can regulate proteins that translocate onto membranes to function. (umn.edu)

A multiple alignment of the eukaryotic MORCs with these prokaryotic homologs showed that both versions contained all four conserved motifs required for adenosine and phosphate binding in the GHKL superfamily (Fig. 1 ). (beds.ac.uk)
The prokaryotic MORC proteins were widely, but sporadically, distributed in several distantly related bacteria such as proteobacteria, cyanobacteria and actinobacteria, as well as certain crenarchaea and euryarchaea [ 7 ]. (beds.ac.uk)

Membrane traffic is a fundamental process by which a third of the mammalian proteins are transported from their site of synthesis, the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), through a series of anatomically separated membranous compartments until they reach their cellular destinations in correctly processed forms. (oncotarget.com)

The ribosome is an essential unit of all living organisms that commands protein synthesis, ultimately fuelling cell growth (accumulation of cell mass) and cell proliferation (increase in cell number). (au.dk)
The SWISS-MODEL Repository is a database of annotated 3D protein structure models generated by the SWISS-MODEL homology-modelling pipeline for protein sequences of selected model organisms. (biokeanos.com)

PP2A-mediated protein dephosphorylation is involved in a broad range of cellular processes including cell-cycle progression, cytoskeletal dynamics, and growth factor signalling. (eu.org)
The motif is conserved in essential proteins throughout the eukaryotic domain of life and also in human viruses, suggesting that the motifs are required for basic cellular function. (eu.org)

Eukaryotic cells, including human cells, surround themselves with bilayer membranes, i.e. thin, flexible layers that are only two molecules thick. (umn.edu)
PDBsum provides an overview of every macromolecular structure deposited in the Protein Data Bank (PDB), giving schematic diagrams of the molecules in each structure and of the interactions between them. (biokeanos.com)

A beta-hairpin comprising the nuclear localization sequence sustains the self-associated states of nucleosome assembly protein 1. (colorado.edu)

The MORC family contains a combination of a gyrase, histidine kinase, and MutL (GHKL) and S5 domains that together constitute a catalytically active ATPase module. (beds.ac.uk)

He further utilized the model organism, Schizosaccharomyces pombe , to investigate the role of the SPN/FACT complex in eukaryotic DNA replication. (usc.edu)
Replication origins in the DNA nucleate the ordered assembly of protein factors to form a prereplication complex (preRC) that is poised for DNA synthesis. (usc.edu)

We determined subnanometer-resolution cryo-electron microscopy structures of eukaryotic ribosome-Sec61 complexes. (cipsm.de)

PHAT domain, found in the RNA-binding protein Smaug. (eu.org)
Pumilo repeat domain, found in Pumilo protein. (eu.org)
The helical domain of phosphoinositide 3-kinase. (eu.org)
Here we report the selection of camelid-derived single-domain antibodies (nanobodies) that modulate the conformation and spectral properties of the green fluorescent protein (GFP). (cipsm.de)
These proteins contain two related domains known as the chromo- and the chromoshadow-domain. (cipsm.de)

Eukaryotic cells can be thought of as assemblies of functional modules operating through specialized physical structures, or organelles, that support a variety of processes such as metabolism, membrane transport, cell division, autophagy, and apoptosis [ 1 - 3 ]. (oncotarget.com)
Here we demonstrate that PSRP1 is not a bona fide ribosomal protein, but rather a functional homologue of the Escherichia coli cold-shock protein pY. (cipsm.de)

This protein is abundantly expressed in nearly all eukaryotic cells [26]. (pkc-inhibitor.com)
We have since focused our efforts on specific proteins that can bind and transfer sphingolipids between membrane surfaces and that may help formation and maintain 'raft' microdomains in cells. (umn.edu)
We began to elucidate the importance of GLTPs for eukaryotic cells by using PCR approaches to clone GLTPs from various mammals as well as plants and fungi. (umn.edu)
Laminin-5-integrin interaction signals through PI 3-kinase and Rac1b to promote assembly of adherens junctions in HT-29 cells. (xenbase.org)

To unravel the provenance and relationships of the MORC family, we initiated sequence profile searches using the PSI-BLAST program seeded with eukaryotic MORC proteins. (beds.ac.uk)
Gapped BLAST and PSI-BLAST: a new generation of protein database search programs. (xenbase.org)

It is a component of the kinase complex that phosphorylates the repetitive C-terminus of RNA polymerase II. (caslab.com)
The activity of LARP1 is regulated by the mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1): a eukaryotic protein kinase complex that integrates nutrient sensing with mRNA translation, particularly that of TOP mRNAs. (au.dk)
actin related protein 2/3 complex. (gsea-msigdb.org)

High-mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) is a nuclear protein that can also act as an extracellular trigger of inflammation, proliferation, and migration in eye diseases. (pkc-inhibitor.com)
HMGB1 is a DNA-binding nuclear protein discovered over 30 years ago [9C11]. (pkc-inhibitor.com)

Rafts appear to function as organizing regions for signaling kinases as well as target sites for certain viruses and bacteria. (umn.edu)

The evolutionary origin of the MORC family also remains unclear, as their specific relationship to other conserved eukaryotic members of the GHKL superfamily remain unstudied. (beds.ac.uk)
EvoRator: prediction of residue-level evolutionary rates from protein structures using machine learning. (tau.ac.il)

Anatomy17

Organisms12

Chemicals and Drugs149

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment16

Phenomena and Processes55

Disciplines and Occupations1

Information Science5

Subunit6

Cyclin Depend1

Enzymes8

Subunits3

Translation initiation factor 2 alpha1

Initiation5

Phosphatases9

Serine3

Substrate2

Phosphorylation6

Homologous1

Catalytic1

Diacylglycerol1

Eukaryotes3

Gene5

Adenylate2

Transmembrane1

Arabidopsis1

Species4

Receptor1

Membrane proteins6

Genes2

Amino6

Enzyme3

Ribosomal proteins2

Histone3

Binds1

Elongation1

Intracellular1

Nucleic acids1

Mitochondrial1

Specificity1

Belongs2

Fold5

Structural8

Genomes1

Biochemical1

Molecular3

Regulate1

Prokaryotic2

Endoplasmic reticulum1

Organisms2

Cellular2

Molecules2

Nucleosome assembly protein1

ATPase1

Replication2

Ribosome1

Domain5

Functional2

Cells4

Blast2

Complex3

Nuclear2

Bacteria1

Evolutionary2