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Peptide Initiation FactorsEukaryotic Initiation Factor-4EEukaryotic Initiation Factor-2Eukaryotic Initiation FactorsEukaryotic Initiation Factor-4GEukaryotic Initiation Factor-4FProtein BiosynthesisEukaryotic Initiation Factor-3Peptide Chain Initiation, TranslationalEukaryotic CellsEukaryotic Initiation Factor-2BEukaryotic Initiation Factor-4ARNA CapseIF-2 KinaseReticulocytesRibosomesPoly(A)-Binding ProteinsRNA, MessengerRNA Cap AnalogsEukaryotic Initiation Factor-1Molecular Sequence DataEukaryotic Initiation Factor-5PhosphorylationCodon, InitiatorBase SequenceRNA-Binding Proteins5' Untranslated RegionsRNA Cap-Binding ProteinsAmino Acid SequenceRNA, Transfer, MetProtein KinasesTOR Serine-Threonine KinasesProtein BindingSaccharomyces cerevisiaeProkaryotic Initiation Factor-2Polyribosomes3' Untranslated RegionsRabbitsRibosomal Protein S6 KinasesPhosphoproteinsGuanosine TriphosphateCell-Free SystemHeLa CellsRNA StabilityCarrier ProteinsProteinsBinding SitesSaccharomyces cerevisiae ProteinsRibosomal Protein S6Nucleic Acid ConformationMutationTranscription, GeneticRibosome Subunits, Small, EukaryoticActivating Transcription Factor 4Prokaryotic Initiation Factor-3Guanosine DiphosphateRibosomal Protein S6 Kinases, 70-kDaSirolimusRNA, Transfer, Amino AcylCell LineKineticsPolyadenylationSequence Homology, Amino AcidProtein-Serine-Threonine KinasesRNA, ViralRNA, Double-StrandedProtein Structure, TertiarySignal TransductionMacromolecular SubstancesCloning, MolecularRNA, TransferGuanine Nucleotide Exchange FactorsRNA, FungalHeminPoly ASequence AlignmentEndoplasmic ReticulumRibosome Subunits, Large, EukaryoticProtein Synthesis InhibitorsEscherichia coliRibosomal ProteinsGene Expression RegulationProtein SubunitsCodon, TerminatorHemeRecombinant ProteinsMolecular WeightAdaptor Proteins, Signal TransducingEdeineTranscription Factor CHOPModels, MolecularPlasmidsConserved SequencePotyvirusNuclear Cap-Binding Protein ComplexTriticumLysinePeptide Elongation Factor 2MethionineBlotting, Western
Binding proteinEIF4GTranslation initiation factorsScaffold proteinGenesEIF4ERibosomal subunitCytoplasmEIF4AMessenger RNABindsDegradationProteinsMechanismPolyMammalianRibosomeStabilityGene2016InhibitEIFsTerminationCodonsEndothelial cellsComplexNucleotideInteractionMolecularNucleusTranscription factorNewlyTumorCellLungChemicalTransportDevelopmentUniqueStartHighPlants
Binding protein3
  • The poly(A)-binding protein (PAB or PABP), which is found complexed to the 3' poly(A) tail of eukaryotic mRNA, is required for poly(A) lengthening and the termination of translation. (wikipedia.org)
  • Here we demonstrate that the epitope-tagged RNA binding protein, PABP, expressed separately in tumor cells and endothelial cells can be used to discriminate their respective mRNA targets from mixtures of these cells without significant mRNA reassortment or exchange. (biomedcentral.com)
  • In this study, we define a model system for using poly (A) binding protein (PABP) to recover mRNAs from specific cell-types in mixed cell cultures. (biomedcentral.com)
EIF4G10
  • PABPC1 binds to the poly(A) tail and interact with eIF4G, which stabilizes the circularization of mRNAs. (wikipedia.org)
  • The RNA helicase eIF4A and the scaffold protein eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4G (eIF4G) and the capping protein eIF4E are part of the complex that loads the mRNAs onto the 40 S ribosomal subunit, together with eIF3. (biosyn.com)
  • The 'closed-loop' model explains that the induction of 5'- to 3'-proximity of mRNAs requires the initiation factors eIF4E, eIF4G, and PABP. (biosyn.com)
  • Although eIF4A is an ATP-dependent RNA helicase that binds the MA3 domain of eIF4G to promote translation initiation, binding of eIF4A to the MA3 domains of PDCD4 inhibits protein synthesis. (biomedcentral.com)
  • eIF4F, which is composed of eIF4E, eIF4A, and eIF4G, is required to promote 40 S subunit binding to an mRNA. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The interaction of eIF4G with eIF4E bound to the 5′-cap and PABP bound to the poly(A) tail circularizes an mRNA and stimulates translation by promoting 40 S subunit recruitment [ 10 , 11 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • eIF4G is an essential translation factor that exerts strong control over protein synthesis. (nih.gov)
  • We observe an asymmetric, approximately bell-shaped, relationship between the average intracellular abundance of eIF4G and rates of cell population growth and global mRNA translation, with peak rates occurring at normal physiological abundance. (nih.gov)
  • Engineered changes in eIF4G abundance amplify noise, demonstrating that minimum stochasticity coincides with physiological abundance of this factor. (nih.gov)
  • Plasmid-mediated synthesis of eIF4G imposes increased global gene expression stochasticity and reduced viability because the intrinsic noise for this factor influences total cellular gene noise. (nih.gov)
Translation initiation factors5
  • Although the bacterial 30 S ribosomal subunit can identify the initiation codon through base-pairing between the 3′-end of its16 S ribosomal RNA subunit and the Shine-Dalgarno sequence upstream of the initiation codon, the 40 S ribosomal subunit of the eukaryotic 80 S ribosome requires several translation initiation factors (eIFs) for its binding to an mRNA and to identify the initiation codon [ 1 - 3 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The role of translation initiation factors in plants recessive resistance to viruses. (ac.ir)
  • Resistance to Plum pox virus strain C in Arabidopsis thaliana and Chenopodium foetidum involves genome-linked viral protein and other viral determinants and might depend on compatibility with host translation initiation factors. (ac.ir)
  • Recessive resistance to plant viruses: potential resistance genes beyond translation initiation factors. (ac.ir)
  • Eukaryotic translation initiation factors (eIFs) are crucial in the initiation of protein translation. (cbmed.at)
Scaffold protein1
  • PDCD4 is composed of two MA3 domains that share similarity with the single MA3 domain present in the eukaryotic translation initiation factor (eIF) 4G, which serves as a scaffold protein to assemble several initiation factors needed for the recruitment of the 40S ribosomal subunit to an mRNA. (biomedcentral.com)
Genes3
  • The RNA polymerase enzyme transcribes genes into primary transcript mRNA (known as pre-mRNA) leading to processed, mature mRNA. (iiab.me)
  • TFBMs act as binding sites for transcription factors and coordinate the expression of the genes in whose promoter regions they appear. (biomedcentral.com)
  • BAF60 binds nucleosome-free regions of multiple G box-containing genes, opposing in cis the promoting effect of the photomorphogenic and thermomorphogenic regulator Phytochrome Interacting Factor 4 (PIF4) on hypocotyl elongation. (biomedcentral.com)
EIF4E2
  • While eIF4E binds to the 5′-cap structure, eIF4A is an ATP-dependent RNA helicase that hydrolyzes ATP in order to unwind secondary structure present in the 5′-leader of an mRNA that would otherwise inhibit 40S subunit scanning during its search for the initiation codon [ 2 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • This model also correctly predicts a plateau-like response of translation to super-physiological increases in abundance of the other cap-complex factors, eIF4E and eIF4A. (nih.gov)
Ribosomal subunit1
  • The m 7 G-cap of the mRNA is recognized by the 43S translation preinitiation complex comprised of the 40S ribosomal subunit and the eIF2-GTP-Met-tRNAi ternary complex. (biorxiv.org)
Cytoplasm2
  • supplied by OMIM] PABPC1 is usually diffused within the cytoplasm and concentrated at sites of high mRNA concentration such as stress granules, processing bodies, and locations of high translational activity. (wikipedia.org)
  • Eukaryotic pre-mRNA, however, requires several processing steps before its transport to the cytoplasm and its translation by the ribosome. (iiab.me)
EIF4A1
  • It can also compete with eukaryotic translation initiation factor (eIF)4G and RNA for eIF4A binding and trap eIF4A in an inactive conformation to inhibit translation initiation via its two highly conserved MA3 domains [3] - [6] . (plos.org)
Messenger RNA4
  • Messenger RNA (mRNA) regulates cell proliferation. (biosyn.com)
  • Messenger RNA ( mRNA ) is a large family of RNA molecules that convey genetic information from DNA to the ribosome, where they specify the amino acid sequence of the protein products of gene expression. (iiab.me)
  • A 5' cap (also termed an RNA cap, an RNA 7-methylguanosine cap, or an RNA m 7 G cap) is a modified guanine nucleotide that has been added to the "front" or 5' end of a eukaryotic messenger RNA shortly after the start of transcription. (iiab.me)
  • In eukaryotic organisms most messenger RNA (mRNA) molecules are polyadenylated at the 3' end, but recent studies have shown that short stretches of uridine (oligouridylation) are also common. (iiab.me)
Binds2
  • The protein PABP1 binds mRNA and facilitates a variety of functions such as transport into and out of the nucleus, degradation, translation, and stability. (wikipedia.org)
  • In the nucleus PABP1 binds to the poly(A) tails of pre-mRNAs to facilitate stability, export, transport, and degradation. (wikipedia.org)
Degradation4
  • This structure is required for the prevention of mRNA degradation via NMD. (wikipedia.org)
  • The brief existence of an mRNA molecule begins with transcription, and ultimately ends in degradation. (iiab.me)
  • [1] The poly(A) tail and the protein bound to it aid in protecting mRNA from degradation by exonucleases. (iiab.me)
  • mRNA can also be polyadenylated in prokaryotic organisms, where poly(A) tails act to facilitate, rather than impede, exonucleolytic degradation. (iiab.me)
Proteins10
  • Poly(A)-binding proteins and mRNA localization: who rules the roost? (wikipedia.org)
  • A molecule of eukaryotic mRNA and the proteins surrounding it are together called a messenger RNP. (iiab.me)
  • In addition, after transcription, a wide array of RNA-binding proteins interacts with cis -acting elements located mainly in the 3' untranslated region, determining the fate of mRNAs in eukaryotic cells. (frontiersin.org)
  • Some defense proteins such as beta-glucosidase aggregating factor were strongly down regulated and may be regulated directly by opaque2 . (biomedcentral.com)
  • RNA-binding proteins can be used as reporters to elucidate components of operational mRNA networks and operons involved in regulating cell-type specific gene expression in tissues and tumors. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Here we demonstrate that RNA-binding proteins can be used to isolate mRNA populations representing total cell mRNA from specific types of cells, as well as discrete mRNA subpopulations that represent post-transcriptionally regulated subsets of mRNAs that encode functionally related proteins. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Our lab has devised biochemical and immunological approaches to gene expression profiling by using RNA-binding proteins as reporters of discrete mRNA subsets in metazoan cells [ 8 - 10 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • For example, we identified subpopulations of mRNAs that are associated with ELAV/Hu RNA-binding proteins that are expressed in specific cell types [ 10 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • While we and other labs have demonstrated the isolation of mRNA subsets that are potentially co-regulated using RNA binding proteins as reporters of gene expression, methods have not been described that provide information about coordinated posttranscriptional regulation within specific types of cells during tumorigenesis and development. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Moreover, because many different mRNA-binding proteins in specific cell types are known to interact with unique subpopulations of mRNAs encoding functionally related proteins [ 9 - 15 ] they can be informative of the dynamic effects of cells on one another. (biomedcentral.com)
Mechanism3
  • The extensive processing of eukaryotic pre-mRNA that leads to the mature mRNA is the RNA splicing, a mechanism by which introns or outrons (non-coding regions) are removed and exons (coding regions) are joined together. (iiab.me)
  • The scanning mechanism of eukaryotic translation initiation. (ac.ir)
  • Conservation of the RNA helicases suggests that mRNA structurome remodelling is a general mechanism for stress-induced translation across kingdoms. (biorxiv.org)
Poly2
  • The first two, RRM1 and RRM2, bind both α-importin and the poly(A) tail of processed mRNA. (wikipedia.org)
  • The eukaryotic polypeptide chain releasing factor (eRF3/GSPT) carrying the translation termination signal to the 3'-Poly(A) tail of mRNA. (wikipedia.org)
Mammalian2
  • Translation initiation on structured mammalian mRNAs requires DHX29, a DExH protein that comprises a unique 534-aa-long N-terminal region (NTR) and a common catalytic DExH core. (bvsalud.org)
  • The mechanisms involved in the stress-induced translation have been investigated for a small number of key transcription factors (for example, yeast general control nondepressible 4 (GCN4) 12 and mammalian activating transcription factor 4 (ATF4) 13 ), whose translation is normally inhibited by the uORFs in the 5' leader sequences of their mRNAs. (biorxiv.org)
Ribosome2
  • Following transcription and processing of an mRNA, the ribosome is responsible for performing protein synthesis. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Moreover, recent global ribosome-sequencing (Ribo-seq, sequencing of ribosome-protected RNA fragments) studies have shown that uORFs are a prevalent feature in eukaryotic mRNAs, not limited to these few well-studied examples 19 - 21 . (biorxiv.org)
Stability2
  • The 3' regulatory regions have a great diversity of cis -regulatory elements directly involved in polyadenylation, stability, transport and mRNA translation, essential to achieve the desired levels of gene expression. (frontiersin.org)
  • Polyadenylation is essential for the stability of the transcript, preventing the mRNA from being the target of posttranscriptional gene silencing (PTGS) via RNA-dependent RNA polymerase 6 (RDR6) in plants ( Luo and Chen, 2007 ). (frontiersin.org)
Gene6
  • Specifically, the PDCD4 protein combines directly with the mRNA coding region of the target gene ( MYB/c-MYB ) to block translation [2] . (plos.org)
  • In case of Plasmodium, due to relative paucity of the transcription factors, it is postulated that post-transcriptional regulation plays an important role in stage-specific gene expression. (nccs.res.in)
  • During transcription, RNA polymerase makes a copy of a gene from the DNA to mRNA as needed. (iiab.me)
  • These include the upregulation of immune gene Csf1 (colony stimulating factor 1) in primary sensory neurons. (elifesciences.org)
  • The cdc25 gene product is a tyrosine phosphatase that acts as an initiator of M-phase in eukaryotic cell cycles by activating p34 cdc2 . (biologists.com)
  • In order to understand how different cell types influence one another's gene expression, it will be necessary to monitor the mRNA profiles of each cell type independently and to dissect the mechanisms that regulate their gene expression outcomes. (biomedcentral.com)
20161
  • The polyadenylation site (PAS), point from which the pre-mRNA is cleaved and polyadenylated, is defined by surrounding cis- elements ( Tian and Manley, 2016 ). (frontiersin.org)
Inhibit1
  • Anti-epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) therapy is an effective way to inhibit proliferation of many cancer types such as non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and colorectal cancer [ 1 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
EIFs1
Termination1
  • Polyadenylation is also important for transcription termination, export of the mRNA from the nucleus, and translation. (iiab.me)
Codons2
  • As in DNA, mRNA genetic information is in the sequence of nucleotides, which are arranged into codons consisting of three base pairs each. (iiab.me)
  • Upon stress, phosphorylation of eukaryotic Initiation Factor 2α (eIF2α) decreases the available ternary complex, resulting in reduced translation initiation from the start codons of uORFs (uAUGs) and prolonged scanning of the preinitiation complex to translate the downstream main open reading frames (mORFs) to promote cell survival 12 - 15 . (biorxiv.org)
Endothelial cells3
  • En face co-immunostaining of the mouse aortic arch revealed a low level of PDCD4 in endothelial cells undergoing pulsatile shear stress. (plos.org)
  • Application of unidirectional pulsatile shear stress to human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) decreased PDCD4 protein but not mRNA level. (plos.org)
  • 2012 ). In vitro , flavopiridol suppresses the interaction between leukocytes and endothelial cells in the model of murine hepatitis, which is a crucial step in the initiation of inflammation (Schmerwitz et al. (researchsquare.com)
Complex4
  • A trimeric peptide initiation factor complex that associates with the 5' MRNA cap structure of RNA ( RNA CAPS ) and plays an essential role in MRNA TRANSLATION . (nih.gov)
  • Shortly after the start of transcription, the 5' end of the mRNA being synthesized is bound by a cap-synthesizing complex associated with RNA polymerase. (iiab.me)
  • This enzymatic complex catalyzes the chemical reactions that are required for mRNA capping. (iiab.me)
  • The preinitiation complex then scans along the 5' leader sequence of the mRNA to initiate translation at a start codon 1 - 3 . (biorxiv.org)
Nucleotide3
  • The 5'- terminal ends of cellular mRNAs contain an m7GpppN cap, in which N can be any nucleotide. (biosyn.com)
  • In some instances, an mRNA will be edited, changing the nucleotide composition of that mRNA. (iiab.me)
  • Using in planta nucleotide-resolution mRNA structurome probing, we discovered that this stress-induced switch in translation is mediated by highly structured regions detected downstream of uAUGs in TE-up transcripts. (biorxiv.org)
Interaction1
  • By reconstituting translation in vitro using highly purified components, we show that this translation block occurs at the initiation stage and that translation inhibition depends on NS5-RNA interaction, primarily through association with the 5' replication promoter region. (bvsalud.org)
Molecular2
  • This mature mRNA is then translated into a polymer of amino acids: a protein, as summarized in the central dogma of molecular biology. (iiab.me)
  • Most of these transcriptomic studies monitor the steady state levels of expressed mRNAs in order to derive the "molecular signatures" of tumors [ 2 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Nucleus1
  • This feature prevents mRNA from going back into the nucleus. (wikipedia.org)
Transcription factor2
  • They are likely to have conserved DNA sequence elements, called transcription factor binding motifs (TFBMs), in their promoter regions. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The bZIP ELONGATED HYPOCOTYL 5 (HY5) transcription factor is another major regulator of thermo- and photomorphogenesis. (biomedcentral.com)
Newly1
  • With the success of COVID-19 vaccines, newly created mRNA vaccines against other infectious diseases are beginning to emerge. (mdpi.com)
Tumor2
  • Protein biosynthesis can directly target the translation of specific mRNA and foster cell viability, invasion, formation of metastasis and tumor proliferation. (cbmed.at)
  • Methods have been devised to generate mRNA samples from specific types of tumor cells. (biomedcentral.com)
Cell2
  • The "life cycle" of an mRNA in a eukaryotic cell. (iiab.me)
  • mRNA or protein expression of GPR119 was detected in 9 cancer cell lines and 19 tissue samples. (biomedcentral.com)
Lung2
  • Influence of eukaryotic translation initiation factor 6 (eIF6) on non-small lung cancer development and progression. (cbmed.at)
  • d - i Type IV collagen protein and mRNA expression in the lung. (biomedcentral.com)
Chemical1
  • Figure 1: Chemical structures of mRNA Cap0, Cap1, and Cap2. (biosyn.com)
Transport1
  • Eukaryotic mRNA molecules often require extensive processing and transport, while prokaryotic mRNA molecules do not. (iiab.me)
Development1
  • The unprecedently speedy development of mRNA vaccines against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) was enabled with previous innovations in nucleoside modifications during in vitro transcription and lipid nanoparticle delivery materials of mRNA. (mdpi.com)
Unique1
  • Unique features of mRNA vaccine platforms and future perspectives are discussed. (mdpi.com)
Start1
  • One notable difference, however, is that eukaryotic RNA polymerase associates with mRNA-processing enzymes during transcription so that processing can proceed quickly after the start of transcription. (iiab.me)
High1
  • Mutations in the eIF (iso) 4G translation initiation factor confer high resistance of rice-to-Rice yellow mottle virus. (ac.ir)
Plants1