Several initiation factors form a complex with the small 40S ribosomal subunit and Met-tRNAiMet called the 43S preinitiation complex (43S PIC). (wikipedia.org)
The hydrolysis of eIF2-GTP provides the conformational change to change the scanning complex into the 48S Initiation complex with the initiator tRNA-Met anticodon base paired to the AUG. After the initiation complex is formed the 60s subunit joins and eIF2 along with most of the initiation factors dissociate from the complex allowing the 60S subunit to bind. (wikipedia.org)
eIF3 independently binds the 40S ribosomal subunit, multiple initiation factors, and cellular and viral mRNA. (wikipedia.org)
eIF3 may use the eIF4F complex, or alternatively during internal initiation, an IRES, to position the mRNA strand near the exit site of the 40S ribosomal subunit, thus promoting the assembly of a functional pre-initiation complex. (wikipedia.org)
Violin plots show distribution of expression levels for Eukaryotic translation initiation factor 3 subunit L (SMED30003623) in cells (dots) of each of the 12 neoblast clusters. (stowers.org)
Expression of Eukaryotic translation initiation factor 3 subunit L (SMED30003623) in the t-SNE clustered sub-lethally irradiated X1 and X2 cells. (stowers.org)
Violin plots show distribution of expression levels for Eukaryotic translation initiation factor 3 subunit L (SMED30003623) in cells (dots) of each of the 10 clusters of sub-leathally irradiated X1 and X2 cells. (stowers.org)
ATF3 contributes to induction of the CHOP transcriptional factor in response to amino acid starvation, and loss of ATF3 function significantly lowers stress-induced expression of GADD34, an eIF2 protein phosphatase regulatory subunit implicated in feedback control of the eIF2 kinase stress response. (northwestern.edu)
Eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2 (EIF-2) functions in the early steps of protein synthesis by forming a ternary complex with GTP and initiator tRNA and binding to a 40S ribosomal subunit. (thermofisher.com)
The beta subunit catalyzes the exchange of GDP for GTP, which recycles the EIF-2 complex for another round of initiation. (thermofisher.com)
In response to amino acid deprivation or UV irradiation, GCN2 phosphorylates the alpha subunit of eukaryotic initiation factor 2 (eIF2a) at Ser51 and induces a delay in entry to S phase of the cell cycle. (rndsystems.com)
The RNA helicase eIF4A and the scaffold protein eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4G (eIF4G) and the capping protein eIF4E are part of the complex that loads the mRNAs onto the 40 S ribosomal subunit, together with eIF3. (biosyn.com)
Cap-dependent translation initiation begins when the 40 s ribosomal subunit encounters a start codon as it scans along the 5′UTR. (nature.com)
At the start codon, peptide synthesis initiates when the 40 s subunit acquires the 60 s subunit with other translation initiation factors. (nature.com)
Resumption of scanning leads to translation of downstream reading frames only if the necessary translation initiation factors are reacquired by the 40 s subunit before reaching the downstream start codon. (nature.com)
crystal structure of the eukaryotic 40s ribosomal subunit in complex with initiation factor 1. (berkeley.edu)
The N-terminal domain of eukaryotic translation initiation factor 3 subunit 12. (eu.org)
Instead, they appear to be involved in specialized pathways, such as 'eIF2-independent' translation initiation or re-initiation, respectively. (wikipedia.org)
In this report, we explore the role of a family of protein kinases that phosphorylate eukaryotic initiation factor 2 (eIF2) in coordinating stress gene responses. (northwestern.edu)
We find that expression of activating transcription factor 3 (ATF3), a member of the ATF/CREB subfamily of basic-region leucine zipper (bZIP) proteins, is induced in response to endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress or amino acid starvation by a mechanism requiring eIF2 kinases PEK (Perk or EIF2AK3) and GCN2 (EIF2AK4), respectively. (northwestern.edu)
Structure of the delta dII IRES eIF2-containing 48S initiation complex, closed conformation. (expasy.org)
The transcription factors regulated by eIF2α control the activity of genes involved in processes that help reduce the stress on the cell. (medlineplus.gov)
The eIF2 protein is called an initiation factor because it is involved in starting (initiating) protein synthesis. (medlineplus.gov)
As one of three primary UPR effectors, PERK directly phosphorylates eukaryotic initiation factor 2α (eIF2α), which consequently inhibits initiation of general translation and reduces ER burden ( 15 ). (spandidos-publications.com)
EIF4G6
eIF4G is an essential translation factor that exerts strong control over protein synthesis. (nih.gov)
Engineered changes in eIF4G abundance amplify noise, demonstrating that minimum stochasticity coincides with physiological abundance of this factor. (nih.gov)
Plasmid-mediated synthesis of eIF4G imposes increased global gene expression stochasticity and reduced viability because the intrinsic noise for this factor influences total cellular gene noise. (nih.gov)
The 'closed-loop' model explains that the induction of 5'- to 3'-proximity of mRNAs requires the initiation factors eIF4E, eIF4G, and PABP. (biosyn.com)
HEAT repeat domain, found in protein phosphatase 2a and initiation factor eIF4G. (eu.org)
MIF4G domain-like, found in eukaryotic initiation factor eIF4G, translation initiation factor eIF-2b epsilon and nuclear cap-binding protein CBP80. (eu.org)
Kinase3
Markedly, we found that suppression of HIF-1α accumulation by celastrol correlated with strong dephosphorylation of mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) and its effectors, ribosomal protein S6 kinase (p70S6K) and eukaryotic initiation factor 4E (eIF4E) and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), pathways known to regulate HIF-1α expression at the translational level. (spandidos-publications.com)
Further mechanistic studies revealed that these functions were controlled by the eukaryotic initiation factor (eIF) 4E and the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) interacting protein kinase (MNK) signaling pathways, which regulate which mRNAs will be translated. (lu.se)
EIF4A5
Additional factors of the eIF4F complex (eIF4A, E, and G) recruit the 43S PIC to the five-prime cap structure of the mRNA, from which the 43S particle scans 5'-->3' along the mRNA to reach an AUG start codon. (wikipedia.org)
In order to test this, we generated a paclitaxel-resistant TNBC cell line which demonstrated an elevated level of eIF4A along with increased levels of cancer stemness markers (ALDH activity and CD44), pluripotency transcription factors (SOX2, OCT4, and NANOG) and drug transporters (ABCB1, ABCG2, and ABCC1). (utoledo.edu)
Furthermore, genetic ablation of eIF4A resulted in reduced expression of ALDH1A1, pluripotency transcription factors and drug transporters. (utoledo.edu)
This model also correctly predicts a plateau-like response of translation to super-physiological increases in abundance of the other cap-complex factors, eIF4E and eIF4A. (nih.gov)
Title: Identification of the Drosophila eIF4A gene as a target of the DREF transcription factor. (genscript.com)
Proteins3
Eukaryotic initiation factors (eIFs) are proteins or protein complexes involved in the initiation phase of eukaryotic translation. (wikipedia.org)
In addition, after transcription, a wide array of RNA-binding proteins interacts with cis -acting elements located mainly in the 3' untranslated region, determining the fate of mRNAs in eukaryotic cells. (frontiersin.org)
The motif is conserved in essential proteins throughout the eukaryotic domain of life and also in human viruses, suggesting that the motifs are required for basic cellular function. (eu.org)
EIF4E1
Eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E (eIF4E) is a cellular target for cadmium toxicity. (cdc.gov)
Protein synthesis3
Eukaryotic initiation factor of protein synthesis. (uams.edu)
Under some conditions, eIF2B increases protein synthesis by helping to recycle molecules called GTP, which carry energy to the initiation factor. (medlineplus.gov)
Under other conditions, it slows protein synthesis by binding tightly to the initiation factor, which converts the eIF2B protein into an inactive form and prevents recycling of GTP. (medlineplus.gov)
Ribosomal1
The encoded protein, which is insoluble and found both in the nucleus and in the cytoplasm, can function as a translation initiation factor and prevent the association of the 40S and 60S ribosomal subunits. (absave.com)
Childhood ataxia with central nervous system hypomyelination (CACH), or vanishing white matter leukoencephalopathy (VWM), is a fatal brain disorder caused by mutations in eukaryotic initiation factor 2B (eIF2B). (yeastgenome.org)
Saccharomyces1
We performed mutagenesis to introduce changes equivalent to 12 human CACH/VWM mutations in three subunits of the equivalent factor from yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) and analyzed effects on cell growth, translation, and gene expression in response to stresses. (yeastgenome.org)
Homologous3
Chronic ER stress promotes apoptosis, at least in part through the UPR-induced transcription factor C/EBP homologous protein (CHOP). (jci.org)
The present study investigated the effects of GSK2606414 on proliferation, apoptosis, and the expression of activating transcription factor 4 (ATF4), CCAAT/enhancer‑binding protein homologous protein (CHOP) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in human retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells under endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress. (spandidos-publications.com)
ATF4 induces expression of the proapoptotic transcription factor CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein homologous protein (CHOP), which mediates PERK-induced apoptosis ( 16 ). (spandidos-publications.com)
Genes1
This compound markedly decreased the hypoxia-induced accumulation of HIF-1α protein dose-dependently, whereas it did not affect the expressions of HIF-1β and topoisomerase-I (topo‑I). Furthermore, celastrol prevented hypoxia-induced expression of HIF-1 target genes for vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and erythropoietin (EPO). (spandidos-publications.com)
Inhibitor1
Translation elongation factor 1A2 (TEF1A2) is a tumor marker and an inhibitor of cadmium -induced apoptosis. (cdc.gov)
Moreover, it has been shown that variants destroying stop codons in translated uORFs are under strong negative selection, presumably because the resultant translational readthrough can decrease start codon recognition and translation initiation at the coding sequence (CDS) 10 . (nature.com)
Complex6
Part of eukaryotic translation initiation factor 3 complex, eIF3m. (nih.gov)
The aggregation, arrangement and bonding together of a set of components to form the eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4F complex. (mcw.edu)
As initiation proceeds, eIF-2 forms a ternary complex with Met-tRNAi and GTP. (uams.edu)
Background: The exon junction complex (EJC), which contains four core components, eukaryotic initiation factor 4AIII (eIF4AIII), MAGO/NASHI (MAGO), Y14/Tsunagi/RNA-binding protein 8A, and Barentsz/Metastatic lymph node 51, is formed in both nucleus and cytoplasm, and plays important roles in gene expression. (ncu.edu.tw)
Mutations linked to leukoencephalopathy with vanishing white matter impair the function of the eukaryotic initiation factor 2B complex in diverse ways. (medlineplus.gov)
2004) Mutations causing childhood ataxia with central nervous system hypomyelination reduce eukaryotic initiation factor 2B complex formation and activity. (yeastgenome.org)
Eukaryotes1
In higher eukaryotes the factor consists of three subunits: alpha, beta, and gamma. (uams.edu)
MeSH1
Eukaryotic Initiation Factor-2" is a descriptor in the National Library of Medicine's controlled vocabulary thesaurus, MeSH (Medical Subject Headings) . (uams.edu)
Subunits1
In mammals, eIF3 is the largest initiation factor, made up of 13 subunits (a-m). (wikipedia.org)
IRES1
Molecular architecture of 40S translation initiation complexes on the hepatitis C virus IRES. (expasy.org)
CHOP1
These findings suggest that CHOP is a fundamental factor that links protein misfolding in the ER to oxidative stress and apoptosis in β cells under conditions of increased insulin demand. (jci.org)
Cellular2
Hypoxia-inducible factor-1 (HIF-1) is the central mediator of cellular responses to low oxygen and vital to many aspects of cancer biology. (spandidos-publications.com)
PP2A-mediated protein dephosphorylation is involved in a broad range of cellular processes including cell-cycle progression, cytoskeletal dynamics, and growth factor signalling. (eu.org)
Vascular endoth1
In addition, RPE cells proliferate and secrete various proangiogenic factors, including vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), which serves an important role in AMD-associated CNV ( 4 ). (spandidos-publications.com)
Contributes1
Contributes to translation initiation factor activity. (nih.gov)
Roles1
Important roles in the initiation and maintenance of postoperative pain are played by the functional control of kainate (KA) and α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole propionate (AMPA) receptors in the rat dorsal horn (DH). (bvsalud.org)
Tumor1
Hypoxia is an important micro-environmental factor in promoting tumor progression. (spandidos-publications.com)
Cells1
The Combination of piR-823 and Eukaryotic Initiation Factor 3 B (EIF3B) Activates Hepatic Stellate Cells via Upregulating TGF-β1 in Liver Fibrogenesis. (nih.gov)
CDNA1
Full-length cDNA clones encoding deoxyhypusine synthase (DHS) and eucaryotic initiation factor 5A (eIF-5A) have been isolated from a cDNA expression library prepared from tomato leaves (Lycopersicon esculentum, cv. (cornell.edu)
Guanine1
A guanine nucleotide exchange factor that acts to restore EIF-2 to its GTP bound form . (dictionary.net)
Activity1
Exposure to a variety of growth factors has also been shown to increase HIF-1 activity in normoxic and hypoxic conditions. (spandidos-publications.com)