• Eukaryotic elongation factor 1 alpha (eEF1A) is one of the four subunits composing eukaryotic translation elongation factor 1. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The eukaryotic translation elongation factor 1 alpha, currently termed eEF1A, is a member of the G protein family, and one of the four subunits that compose the eukaryotic elongation factor 1 [ 5 , 6 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The cytotoxic action of DT is mediated by catalytic transfer of ADP-ribosyl group from NAD + to the diphthamide residue (modified histidine residue) in eukaryotic translation elongation factor 2 (eEF-2). (org.ua)
  • The gamma subunit of eIF2 is a GTPase that resembles the bacterial translation elongation factor EF-Tu. (nih.gov)
  • The origin recognition complex (ORC) is essential for initiation of eukaryotic chromosome replication as it loads the replicative helicase-the minichromosome maintenance (MCM) complex-at replication origins 1 . (nature.com)
  • In most cases, factors that alter the initiation, elongation, or termination of transcription control the vast array of transcriptional outcomes. (nih.gov)
  • Eukaryotic (and prokaryotic) tRNAs and rRNAs also undergo processing before they can function as components in the protein-synthesis machinery. (openstax.org)
  • FACT (facilitates chromatin transcription, sometimes facilitates chromatin transactions) is a heterodimeric protein complex that affects eukaryotic RNA polymerase II (Pol II) transcription elongation both in vitro and in vivo. (wikipedia.org)
  • Both of these subunits in yeast affect Pol II transcription elongation, and purified human FACT binds specifically to mononucleosomes and the histone H2A/H2B dimer, but not to the H3/H4 tetramer (see: Nucleosome core particle) or Pol II. (wikipedia.org)
  • TFIIS is a transcription elongation factor that consists of three domains. (embl.de)
  • We have previously solved the structures of domains II and III, which stimulate arrested polymerase II elongation complexes in order to resume transcription. (embl.de)
  • Domain I also interacts with the transcriptionally active RNA polymerase II holoenzyme and therefore, may have a function unrelated to the previously described transcription elongation activity of TFIIS. (embl.de)
  • Mapping of domains required for transcription elongation. (embl.de)
  • The RPB9 subunit of RNA polymerase II regulates transcription elongation activity and is required for the action of the transcription elongation factor, TFIIS. (embl.de)
  • To elucidate the relationship between the structure and transcription elongation function of RPB9, we initiated a mutagenesis study on the Saccharomyces cerevisiae homologue. (embl.de)
  • Many proteins involved in eukaryotic transcription are similar in function and in sequence between organisms. (embl.de)
  • Following transcription, the polymerase and its partner factors then reconstructed the nucleosome, aided by an extra protein called FACT, which has a role in safeguarding chromatin architecture. (riken.jp)
  • In addition, after transcription, a wide array of RNA-binding proteins interacts with cis -acting elements located mainly in the 3' untranslated region, determining the fate of mRNAs in eukaryotic cells. (frontiersin.org)
  • Here we show that high-mobility group AT-hook 2 protein (HMGA2) induces DNA nicks at the transcription start site, which are required by the histone chaperone FACT complex to incorporate nucleosomes containing the histone variant H2A.X. Further, phosphorylation of H2A.X at S139 (γ-H2AX) is required for repair-mediated DNA demethylation and transcription activation. (nature.com)
  • In the eukaryotic cell nucleus, chromatin is the physiological template of all DNA-dependent processes including transcription. (nature.com)
  • The histone chaperone FACT (facilitates chromatin transcription) is a heterodimeric complex, consisting of SUPT16 and SSRP1 (Spt16 and Pob3 in yeast) that is responsible for the deposition of H2A/H2B-dimers onto DNA 11 , 12 . (nature.com)
  • After transcription, eukaryotic pre-mRNAs must undergo several processing steps before they can be translated. (openstax.org)
  • The eukaryotic pre-mRNA undergoes extensive processing before it is ready to be translated. (openstax.org)
  • The additional steps involved in eukaryotic mRNA maturation also create a molecule with a much longer half-life than a prokaryotic mRNA. (openstax.org)
  • Eukaryotic mRNAs last for several hours, whereas the typical E. coli mRNA lasts no more than five seconds. (openstax.org)
  • Figure 15.11 Eukaryotic pre-mRNA processing. (openstax.org)
  • The other two elongation factors, SseEF1A3 and SseEF1A4 , represent novel genes that are mainly expressed in gills and skin. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Eukaryotic genes are transcribed in the nucleus by three different RNA polymerases , each principally responsible for one of the major classes of RNA. (basicmedicalkey.com)
  • Figure 1: Structure of RNA polymerase II (gray structure) in complex with elongation factors (cyan structures), before and after passage through the nucleosome. (riken.jp)
  • The before, during and after images revealed how the polymerase, with help from several proteins known as elongation factors, first broke down a nucleosome. (riken.jp)
  • Caenorhabditis elegans Elongation factor protein 4, isoforma protein. (u-tokyo.ac.jp)
  • Peptidyl-tRNAs are released by ribosome recycling aspect and elongation factor-G [4,5] or fall-off at a rate depending on the attached tRNA [6]. (adenylate-cyclase.com)
  • The human ortholog of MEF2 is the Elongation Factor Gene (EF-G) 2, which has previously been shown to play a specific role in mitochondrial ribosome recycling. (prolekarniky.cz)
  • Despite the fact that these molecular pathways, vary and depend on both sex and the type of cancer, I briefly discuss the possible roles of three hormonal systems, the adipose derived hormones, the Insulin-Like Growth Factor (IGF) axis and sex steroids, in linking obesity and cancer risk. (benthamscience.com)
  • The power of PCR is based on the fact that the amount of matrix DNA is not, in theory, a limiting factor. (intechopen.com)
  • The Co-chaperone Cns1 and the Recruiter Protein Hgh1 Link Hsp90 to Translation Elongation via Chaperoning Elongation Factor 2. (opencampus.net)
  • The superfamily of G proteins includes three main classes: Ras-like GTPases, G α subunits of heterotrimeric G proteins, and the translation elongation factors. (biomedcentral.com)
  • 2005 In fact GFAP and vimentin knockout mice have revealed that these IF proteins are essential for astrocyte motility both in vivo and in vitro (Lepekhin et al. (biongenex.com)
  • Still, you get the idea that in this eu-karyote, with the smallest of all phototrophic genomes, organelle division is a reliable and well-regulated process coordinating components of bacterial as well as eukaryotic origin. (asmblog.org)
  • Biochemical and structural studies reveal significant functional similarities among bacterial, archaeal, and eukaryotic RNA polymerases. (nih.gov)
  • CDK8 is a positive regulator of transcriptional elongation within the serum response network. (colorado.edu)
  • In cells, FACT is enriched on parts of the genome involved in actively elongating Pol II, as seen in fluorescent-antibody staining of Drosophila polytene chromosomes and chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assays on Drosophila Kc cell extracts. (wikipedia.org)
  • Thus, the deposition of H2A.X into chromatin seems to be mediated by the FACT complex 14 . (nature.com)
  • Berbenetz, N. M., Nislow, C. & Brown, G. W. Diversity of eukaryotic DNA replication origins revealed by genome-wide analysis of chromatin structure. (nature.com)
  • FACT consists of 140 and 80 kilodalton (kDa) subunits. (wikipedia.org)
  • Eukaryotic cells pack an awful lot of DNA into a tiny space. (riken.jp)
  • The genetic information in eukaryotic cells is stored in linear DNA molecules known as chromosomes [ 1 ]. (actanaturae.ru)
  • Introduction The cytoskeleton composed of actin microfilaments microtubules and intermediate filaments (IFs) is a fundamental element of eukaryotic cells. (biongenex.com)
  • 1982 Herrmann and Wiche 1987 Moreover microtubule-associated motors promote the transport of IFs along microtubules in fibroblasts and neuronal cells and contribute to axon elongation (Liao and Gundersen 1998 Yabe et al. (biongenex.com)
  • Eukaryotic cells rely on de novo nucleation mechanisms to generate actin filaments in order to elicit spatial and temporal remodeling of their actin cytoskeleton. (biomedcentral.com)
  • DT could be extremely cytotoxic for eukaryotic cells. (org.ua)
  • Tight control of the cell cycle in eukaryotic cells exists to control proliferation, differentiation or apoptosis. (benthamscience.com)
  • In cell biology , a mitochondrion (from Greek mitos thread + khondrion granule) is an organelle found in most eukaryotic cells , including those of plants , animals , fungi , and protists . (fact-archive.com)
  • Despite the fact that Pth activity is universal, the highly conserved Pth1 enzyme in bacteria differs considerably in the several Pth systems found in eukaryotes. (adenylate-cyclase.com)
  • In bacteria and in eukaryotic organelles mitochondria and chloroplasts (remote descendants of bacteria), this Met is N α -terminally formylated (Nt-formylated) through a "pretranslational" mechanism. (microbialcell.com)
  • Mitochondria are highly dynamic organelles that provide essential metabolic functions and represent the major bioenergetic hub of eukaryotic cell. (hindawi.com)
  • Mitochondria are the energy producing organelles in eukaryotic cell providing ATP through oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS). (hindawi.com)
  • The Chaperone FACT and Histone H2B Ubiquitination Maintain S. pombe Genome Architecture through Genic and Subtelomeric Functions. (opencampus.net)
  • in vitro and contributed to the elongation of IFs along microtubules. (biongenex.com)
  • Further, no sequence or structural homology exists amongst Pth1 as well as other eukaryotic Pth enzymes and their cleavage mechanisms are unrelated [11?4]. (adenylate-cyclase.com)
  • Bulleted lists, for instance, were only used because it is impossible to automatically integrate independent facts into a continuous text. (wikigenes.org)
  • Eukaryotic protein-coding sequences are not continuous, as they are in prokaryotes. (openstax.org)
  • The FACT complex mainly interacts with H2B mediating the deposition of H2A/H2B-dimers containing different H2A variants 13 . (nature.com)
  • Interestingly, the analogous residues in TFIIS are also critical for elongation activity. (embl.de)
  • In bacteria, the rate of polypeptide chain elongation is nearly an order of magnitude higher than in eukaryotes. (microbialcell.com)
  • promote both cell division and cell elongation, causing shoots to elongate so plants can grow taller and leaves can grow bigger. (dummies.com)