AnatomyOrganismsDiseasesChemicals and DrugsAnalytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and EquipmentPhenomena and ProcessesDisciplines and OccupationsInformation ScienceHealth Care
Cell CycleCell Cycle ProteinsEukaryotic CellsCheckpoint Kinase 2S PhaseG1 PhaseMitosisCell Cycle CheckpointsDisease ProgressionG2 PhaseProtein-Serine-Threonine KinasesGenes, cdcDNA DamageCyclinsCell DivisionM Phase Cell Cycle CheckpointsMolecular Sequence DataPhosphorylationCyclin-Dependent KinasesCell ProliferationDNA ReplicationProtein KinasesSaccharomyces cerevisiaeRetinoblastoma ProteinNuclear ProteinsDNA-Binding ProteinsSaccharomyces cerevisiae ProteinsCDC2 Protein KinaseCyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p27G2 Phase Cell Cycle CheckpointsCyclin-Dependent Kinase 2MutationSignal TransductionApoptosisCell Line, TumorCyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p21Amino Acid SequenceCell LineSpindle ApparatusCyclin D1Cyclin BHeLa CellsCyclin Ecdc25 PhosphatasesTumor Suppressor ProteinsTumor Suppressor Protein p53Cyclin ASchizosaccharomycesBase SequenceModels, BiologicalCDC2-CDC28 KinasesProtein BindingTranscription FactorsCell NucleusE2F Transcription FactorsCyclin B1Ataxia Telangiectasia Mutated ProteinsFungal ProteinsCyclin-Dependent Kinase 4S Phase Cell Cycle CheckpointsSchizosaccharomyces pombe ProteinsFlow CytometryHydroxyureaRNA, MessengerE2F1 Transcription FactorCells, CulturedG0 PhaseTranscription, GeneticDNAKinetochoresNocodazoleBlotting, WesternTumor Cells, CulturedDNA RepairGene Expression RegulationRNA, Small InterferingTime FactorsCarrier ProteinsG1 Phase Cell Cycle CheckpointsTransfectionCell SurvivalUbiquitin-Protein Ligase ComplexesSequence Homology, Amino AcidHistonesCyclin DRNA InterferenceFibroblastsAnaphase-Promoting Complex-CyclosomeInterphaseRecombinant Fusion ProteinsDown-RegulationChromosome SegregationProtein Structure, TertiaryGene Expression Regulation, NeoplasticTranscription Factor DP1AnaphaseMicrotubule-Associated ProteinsProto-Oncogene ProteinsRepressor ProteinsEnzyme Inhibitors
PathwaysProteinsProteinSpindleInitiationProliferationPathwayRegulationKinaseBudding yeastMitochondrialChromosomesCdk1Disease progressionMechanismsCDKsPhosphorylationSynthesisBiolMitosisProliferating cell nuDegradationInterphaseDifferentiationGenomeInhibitGeneticMitochondriaIntracellularDevelopment and progressionBiologyMolecularCytoskeletonPhasesHighly regulatedFission2021HelicaseAutophagyReplicativeApoptosisDephosphorylationMechanismProkaryotesOccursGenomicWee1CancerReplication forkMeioticControlMammalian cellsMitotic cell divisionUndergoMeiosis
Pathways9
  • Eukaryotic cells respond to DNA damage by activating signaling pathways that promote cell cycle arrest and DNA repair. (kegg.jp)
  • Cell division is intimately connected to an evolutionarily conserved DNA damage response (DDR), which involves DNA repair pathways that reverse DNA lesions, as well as checkpoint pathways that inhibit cell cycle progression while repair occurs. (unimi.it)
  • The term "oncotarget" encompasses all molecules, pathways, cellular functions, cell types, and even tissues that can be viewed as targets relevant to cancer as well as other diseases. (oncotarget.com)
  • Functional and pathway enrichment analysis showed that up-regulated genes were significantly involved in cell cycle, oocyte meiosis, DNA replication and p53 signaling pathway, while down-regulated genes were enriched in Huntington's disease,metabolic pathways. (oncotarget.com)
  • Studies from a number of laboratories in the past decade have revealed that the central pathways deregulated in cancer often serve to coordinately regulate both classic oncogenic signaling pathways controlling cell proliferation and cell survival with pathways controlling cell metabolism. (aacrjournals.org)
  • Maintaining genomic integrity is of utmost importance to eukaryotic cells, which have evolved sophisticated mechanisms to ensure speed, accuracy, and an adequate pool of nucleotide and replication factors as well as high-fidelity repair pathways to correct errors occurring during DNA replication. (bmj.com)
  • CK2 is responsible for the phosphorylation of many substrates in various pathways within a cell, using ATP or GTP as the phosphate source [ 4 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • In this review, we highlight that many of the key regulatory pathways of the cell are recruited by motifs and that the ease of motif acquisition has resulted in large networks of co-regulated biomolecules. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Furthermore, GSEA and immune infiltrating analyses showed that the signature had close interactions with immune-related pathways and was closely related to CD8 T cells and monocytes in the tumor environment. (scielo.br)
Proteins22
  • Along with the anaphase-promoting complex, SCF has important roles in the ubiquitination of proteins involved in the cell cycle. (wikipedia.org)
  • Instead, FBP affinity for protein substrates is regulated through cyclin-CDK-mediated phosphorylation of target proteins. (wikipedia.org)
  • The eukaryotic cell cycle is regulated through the synthesis, degradation, binding interactions, post-translational modifications of regulatory proteins. (wikipedia.org)
  • Of these regulatory proteins, two ubiquitin ligases are crucial for progression through cell cycle checkpoints. (wikipedia.org)
  • Well-characterized cell cycle substrates of SCF complexes include: cyclin family proteins: Cyclin D, Cyclin E transcriptional regulators: Myc, E2f1, p130 cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors (CKIs): p27Kip1, p21, Wee1 centriole proteins: Cep250, Ninein There are approximately seventy human FBPs, several of which are involved in cell cycle control as a component of SCF complexes. (wikipedia.org)
  • Recent breakthroughs have uncovered more and more DNA replication licensing machinery proteins (ORC, Cdc6, Cdt1, geminin, etc.) functioning in other cell cycle events, including centrosome replication, mitotic events, transcription and so on. (intechopen.com)
  • 4 While proteins can be phosphorylated on nine amino acids, serine, threonine and tyrosine phosphorylation are by far the most predominant in eukaryotic cells. (ac.be)
  • Fig. 1 ), which in turn attracts to the kinetochore other SAC proteins that collectively prevent mitotic progression ( 3 ). (rupress.org)
  • In proliferating cells, CDK1-mediated FOXO1 phosphorylation at the G2-M phase represses FOXO1 interaction with 14-3-3 proteins and thereby promotes FOXO1 nuclear accumulation and transcription factor activity, leading to cell death of postmitotic neurons. (arigobio.cn)
  • The cell synthesizes molecules, such as ribonucleic acid (RNA) and various proteins. (sciencing.com)
  • Chromosome association of minichromosome maintenance proteins in Drosophila mitotic cycles. (colorado.edu)
  • Recently, the signaling proteins involved in LPLI-induced proliferation merit special attention, some of which are regulated by mitochondrial signaling. (biomedcentral.com)
  • LPLI-induced cell cycle progression can be regulated by the activation or elevated expressions of cell cycle-specific proteins. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Recently, a large number of signaling proteins reported play an important key role in the process of LPLI-induced cell proliferation, probably due to the fact that the molecular events they are involved in are the basic response of the cells to extracellular stimuli. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The presence of replication stress activates the DNA damage response and downstream checkpoint proteins including ataxia telangiectasia and Rad3 related kinase (ATR), checkpoint kinase 1 (CHK1), and WEE1-like protein kinase (WEE1), which trigger cell cycle arrest while protecting and restoring stalled replication forks. (bmj.com)
  • Any obstacles encountered by cells in this process can lead to 'replicative stress' ( Figure 1 ), 1 which may be overcome by replicative stress response proteins, but deficiencies in this response result in accumulated errors in DNA replication and loss of genomic integrity, which lead to cell death. (bmj.com)
  • Endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS) is a self-protective mechanism resulting from an imbalance in quality control of unfolded proteins when cells are stressed, which plays an active role in lung cancer development, but the relationship between ERS and the pathological characteristics and clinical prognosis of LUAD patients remains unclear. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Cells express a pool of thousands of different proteins that need to be tightly controlled for proper cellular structure, organization, and function. (hindawi.com)
  • Three different protein prenyltransferases (farnesyltransferase and geranylgeranyltransferases I and II) catalyze the attachment of prenyl lipid anchors 15 or 20 carbons long to the carboxyl termini of a variety of eukaryotic proteins. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The α subunits of protein prenyltransferases consist of tetratricopeptide repeats and are part of the tetratricopeptide repeat superfamily [ 5 ], which also includes functionally diverse proteins involved in transcription, co-chaperoning, protein transport, cell-cycle control and phosphorylation. (biomedcentral.com)
  • A substantial portion of the regulatory interactions in the higher eukaryotic cell are mediated by simple sequence motifs in the regulatory segments of genes and (pre-)mRNAs, and in the intrinsically disordered regions of proteins. (biomedcentral.com)
  • ATR/Mec1 phosphorylates a variety of proteins substrates after that, a lot of which promote DNA replication conclusion and therefore cell success (11, 12). (colinsbraincancer.com)
Protein18
  • In response to DNA damage, the checkpoint kinase ATM phosphorylates and activates Chk2, which in turn directly phosphorylates and activates p53 tumor suppressor protein. (kegg.jp)
  • ATR-Chk1-mediated protein degradation of Cdc25A protein phosphatase is also a mechanism conferring intra-S-phase checkpoint activation. (kegg.jp)
  • The precise regulations of pre-RC protein levels and assembly are effective ways to prevent reassembly of de novo MCM2-7 onto the replicated origins to re-license and re-replicate the genomic DNA in the subsequent phases of the same cell cycle ( Figure 1) . (intechopen.com)
  • Although viewed as a constitutive housekeeping enzyme in the past, PP2A is a highly regulated phosphatase and is emerging as an important regulator of multiple cellular processes involving protein phosphorylation. (ac.be)
  • But advances in the understanding of protein phosphatases make now clear that these enzymes are precisely regulated and are as important as kinases in the regulation of cellular processes involving protein phosphorylation. (ac.be)
  • Silencing of the spindle assembly checkpoint involves two protein phosphatases, PP1 and PP2A-B56, that are thought to extinguish checkpoint signaling through dephosphorylation of a checkpoint scaffold at kinetochores. (rupress.org)
  • Cdk1 (cyclin-dependent kinase 1), also known as p34Cdc2 (cell division control protein kinase 2) depends on cyclin A and B and is triggered by a positive feedback loop at the end of G2 phase, which is the key event that initiates mitotic entry. (arigobio.cn)
  • Cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs), are members of the serine-threonine protein kinase family and are responsible for taking control of cell cycle regulation in eukaryotic cells. (spandidos-publications.com)
  • A ubiquitously expressed telomere-binding protein that is present at TELOMERES throughout the CELL CYCLE. (lookformedical.com)
  • As at the G 1 checkpoint, cell size and protein reserves are assessed. (openstax.org)
  • However, if the stress on the ER is chronic or severe and quality control of protein folding cannot be met, ER activates its stress receptor, the unfolded protein response, which triggers programmed cell death [ 9 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The divisome is a protein complex in bacteria that is responsible for cell division, constriction of inner and outer membranes during division, and peptidoglycan (PG) synthesis at the division site. (mathisfunforum.com)
  • A tubulin-like protein, FtsZ plays a critical role in formation of a contractile ring for the cell division. (mathisfunforum.com)
  • The General Control Nonderepressible 2 (GCN2) kinase is a conserved member of the integrated stress response (ISR) pathway that represses protein translation and helps cells to adapt to conditions of nutrient shortage. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The chromosomal locations and number of exons from protein prenyltransferase genes in the major eukaryotic model organisms are shown in Table 2 . (biomedcentral.com)
  • CK2 (casein kinase 2) is a serine/threonine-selective protein kinase that has been involved in a variety of cellular processes such as DNA repair, cell cycle control and circadian rhythm regulation. (biomedcentral.com)
  • We observe that each gene and its products have a unique set of DNA, RNA or protein motifs that encode a regulatory program to define the logical circuitry that guides the life cycle of these biomolecules, from transcription to degradation. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Computed structures of core eukaryotic protein complexes. (ifom.eu)
Spindle6
  • Musacchio, A. The molecular biology of spindle assembly checkpoint signaling dynamics. (nature.com)
  • Silencing the spindle assembly checkpoint: Let's play Polo! (rupress.org)
  • Luckily, eukaryotic cells not only possess an error-correction machinery deputed to rectify faulty attachments ( 2 ), but they also have a safeguard device, called the spindle assembly checkpoint (SAC), that temporarily halts cells in mitosis to provide them with the necessary time window to fix the errors. (rupress.org)
  • Attachment of each kinetochore to a spindle fiber is assessed at the M checkpoint. (openstax.org)
  • The centrosomes which help in the arrangement of microtubules to form spindle fibers, move to the opposite poles of the cell. (androbose.in)
  • We report that CK2 is essential for porcine oocyte meiotic maturation by regulating spindle assembly checkpoint (SAC). (biomedcentral.com)
Initiation9
  • In this chapter, we mainly discuss the coordination regulations between DNA replication initiation and other cell cycle events that ensure genomic integrity. (intechopen.com)
  • DNA replication occurs once and only once per cell cycle mainly regulated by DNA replication initiation factors in eukaryotic cells. (intechopen.com)
  • Low power laser irradiation (LPLI) promotes proliferation of multiple cells, which (especially red and near infrared light) is mainly through the activation of mitochondrial respiratory chain and the initiation of cellular signaling. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Both the initiation and inhibition of cell division are triggered by events external to the cell when it is about to begin the replication process. (openstax.org)
  • Moving forward from this initiation point, every parameter required during each cell cycle phase must be met or the cycle cannot progress. (openstax.org)
  • DDK regulates replication initiation by controlling the multiplicity of Cdc45-GINS binding to Mcm2-7. (yeastgenome.org)
  • In most metazoans, GCN2 is one of the four known kinases that phosphorylate eukaryotic initiation factor 2, α subunit (eIF2α) to inhibit translation initiation [ 19 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • SUMO-Chain-Regulated Proteasomal Degradation Timing Exemplified in DNA Replication Initiation. (ifom.eu)
  • The second part of the review discusses potential host-directed interventional strategies based on existing translational and clinical knowledge of infection-induced inflammation, as well as cancer initiation/progression models. (frontiersin.org)
Proliferation14
  • The cell cycle is the process of accurate self-reproduction and proliferation of a cell. (intechopen.com)
  • Misregulation of the cell cycle may result in malignant cell proliferation, tumorigenesis or cell death. (intechopen.com)
  • New anticancer therapy strategies refer to the inhibition of CDK-cyclin complexes as an important target to prevent uncontrolled proliferation and induce apoptosis in cancer cells ( 2 ). (spandidos-publications.com)
  • Natural polyamines, putrescine, spermidine and spermine, play essential roles in the regulation of cell growth and proliferation. (spandidos-publications.com)
  • Cell proliferation includes a series of events that is tightly regulated by several checkpoints and layers of control mechanisms. (frontiersin.org)
  • In conclusion, we provide useful experimental approaches and bioinformatics to identify informative and predictive genes at the single-cell level, which opens up new means to describe and understand cell proliferation and subpopulation dynamics. (frontiersin.org)
  • However, most of our knowledge about cell proliferation comes from studies that average data from large and mixed cell populations. (frontiersin.org)
  • In addition, previous studies have shown that lysosomes may play important roles in cancer development and progression through the abovementioned biological processes and that the functional status and spatial distribution of lysosomes are closely related to cancer cell proliferation, energy metabolism, invasion and metastasis, immune escape and tumor-associated angiogenesis. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Cell proliferation is a very important physiological effect for low power laser irradiation (LPLI) used in clinical practice. (biomedcentral.com)
  • However, the mechanisms of cell proliferation induced by LPLI are poorly understood. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Each cell is programmed for a certain number of cell divisions and at the end of that time proliferation halts. (lookformedical.com)
  • Lipotoxicity was assessed using a palmitate-treated cell proliferation assay. (bvsalud.org)
  • However, a function for SET8 in mammalian cell proliferation has not been determined. (rupress.org)
  • We show that small interfering RNA inhibition of SET8 expression leads to decreased cell proliferation and accumulation of cells in S phase. (rupress.org)
Pathway6
  • Cyclin-CDK inhibitors (CKIs), such as p16Ink4a, p15Ink4b, p27Kip1, and p21Cip1, are involved in the negative regulation of CDK activities, thus providing a pathway through which the cell cycle is negatively regulated. (kegg.jp)
  • Distinct signals that act through diverse targeted transcription factors can regulate different steps in the transcription pathway and provide a highly modulated transcriptional response at individual genes. (nature.com)
  • The combination of growth factors and RTKs can activate the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway and negatively regulate TSC1/2, promoting Rheb to become GTP loaded, which can activate mTORC1. (biomedcentral.com)
  • It was suggested that the ERS signaling pathway also plays an active part in cancer progression [ 12 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Gene set enrichment analysis revealed that the lipid metabolism pathway was suppressed in KDM6B-KO cells. (bvsalud.org)
  • CX-4945, as a first oral bioavailable CK2 small molecule inhibitor, exerts anti-proliferative activity in human cancer cells by inhibiting cell cycle and PI3K/Akt signaling pathway [ 17 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Regulation5
  • Thus, our results identify an unexpected function of SGO2 in mitotically dividing cells and a mechanism of separase regulation that is independent of securin but still supervised by the SAC. (nature.com)
  • This regulation is necessary to prevent a loss of control of cell growth. (sciencing.com)
  • Your second year builds on this knowledge and covers areas such as gene regulation, cell biology and metabolism. (kent.ac.uk)
  • The ease of motif acquisition simplifies access to basal housekeeping functions, facilitates the co-regulation of multiple biomolecules allowing them to respond in a coordinated manner to changes in the cell state, and supports the integration of multiple signals for combinatorial decision-making. (biomedcentral.com)
  • We discuss how co-operativity allows simple static motifs to perform the conditional regulation that underlies decision-making in higher eukaryotic biological systems. (biomedcentral.com)
Kinase3
  • https://doi.org/10.1083/jcb.202002020 ) now show that a critical function of these phosphatases in checkpoint silencing is removal of Polo kinase at kinetochores, which would otherwise autonomously sustain the checkpoint. (rupress.org)
  • Purvalanol, a novel cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor, is referred to as a strong apoptotic inducer which causes cell cycle arrest in various cancer cells such as prostate, breast and colon cancer cell lines. (spandidos-publications.com)
  • A molecule called cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) regulates the cell cycle. (sciencing.com)
Budding yeast1
Mitochondrial3
  • Dr. Otto Warburg first described, more than 80 years ago, that a fundamental biochemical difference between tumor cells and their normal counterparts was that tumor cells rely on aerobic glycolysis for ATP generation, unlike most normal differentiated cells of the body, which use mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation. (aacrjournals.org)
  • My group works on various aspects of mitochondrial DNA stability, and on how problems with mitochondrial DNA are signalled to the rest of the cell. (umu.se)
  • In line with this notion, mitochondria are highly dynamic organelles that undergo fission and fusion and move into the cell along the microtubules to generate the mitochondrial network [ 6 ]. (hindawi.com)
Chromosomes15
Cdk12
Disease progression2
  • However, RT resistance can arise and result in long-term recurrence or disease progression in the worst-case scenario. (bvsalud.org)
  • Herein, we generated a radioresistant PCa cell line, and found p53 to be highly expressed in radioresistant PCa cells, as well as in PCa patients with recurrent/disease progression submitted to RT. (bvsalud.org)
Mechanisms7
  • While the contribution of these mechanisms to cell and tissue identity is widely accepted, their role in physiological and pathological contexts within tissues is just beginning to be appreciated. (imperial.ac.uk)
  • Therefore, identifying the factors and mechanisms that regulate the functional status and spatial distribution of lysosomes and elucidating the relationship between lysosomes and the development and progression of cancer can provide important information for cancer diagnosis and prognosis prediction and may yield new therapeutic targets. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Cells have various mechanisms to restore length (TELOMERE HOMEOSTASIS. (lookformedical.com)
  • The timing of events in the cell cycle is controlled by mechanisms that are both internal and external to the cell. (openstax.org)
  • If the checkpoint mechanisms detect problems with the DNA, the cell cycle is halted, and the cell attempts to either complete DNA replication or repair the damaged DNA. (openstax.org)
  • The molecular mechanisms underlying the progression of NAFLD-related HCC are not fully understood. (bvsalud.org)
  • Research in G&E labs is broadly focused on the fundamental genetic, epigenetic, and genomic mechanisms that control cell growth and differentiation, and that cause cancer and other human diseases. (uth.edu)
CDKs6
  • CDKs regulate the cell's progression through the phases of the cell cycle by modulating the activity of key substrates. (kegg.jp)
  • Precise activation and inactivation of CDKs at specific points in the cell cycle are required for orderly cell division. (kegg.jp)
  • The eukaryotic cell cycle comprises a series of events, whose ordering and correct progression depends on the oscillating activity of cyclin-dependent kinases (Cdks), which safeguard timely duplication and segregation of the genome. (unimi.it)
  • There is increasing evidence that Cdks are involved in the DDR, in particular in DNA repair by homologous recombination and in activation of the checkpoint response. (unimi.it)
  • However, Cdks have to be carefully regulated, because even an excess of their activity can affect genome stability. (unimi.it)
  • CDKs show their action by interacting with cyclins and different CDK-cyclin complexes regulate the cell cycle in the G1, S and G2/M phases ( 1 ). (spandidos-publications.com)
Phosphorylation3
Synthesis2
  • Divisome and elongasome complexes responsible for peptidoglycan synthesis during lateral cell-wall growth and division. (mathisfunforum.com)
  • Eukaryotic cells have thus developed the extremely conserved DNA harm response (DDR), a significant branch which (the S stage checkpoint) works to decelerate DNA synthesis, thus providing more possibility to mitigate the genotoxic implications of replicative tension. (colinsbraincancer.com)
Biol2
Mitosis10
Proliferating cell nu2
Degradation2
  • We speculate that by coupling RNA processing to the status and activity of Pol II itself, the cell ensures that nascent RNA is properly protected from degradation and efficiently matures into a functional mRNA. (nature.com)
  • Lysosomes are an important component of the inner membrane system and participate in numerous cell biological processes, such as macromolecular degradation, antigen presentation, intracellular pathogen destruction, plasma membrane repair, exosome release, cell adhesion/migration and apoptosis. (biomedcentral.com)
Interphase8
  • promotes G2-M transition, and regulates G1 progress and G1-S transition via association with multiple interphase cyclins. (arigobio.cn)
  • Interphase is the first of two phases of the eukaryotic cell cycle. (sciencing.com)
  • The newly divided cell, which is now one of two cells that were previously a single cell, is in the G 1 subphase of interphase. (sciencing.com)
  • At a certain point late in the G 1 stage, the cell has to "decide" whether or not to move on to the next stage of interphase. (sciencing.com)
  • Whatever the source of the message, the cell receives the signal, and a series of events within the cell allows it to proceed into interphase. (openstax.org)
  • The interphase is a preparatory phase, wherein the cells prepare themselves for the upcoming nuclear and cytoplasmic division. (androbose.in)
  • During interphase, the cells grow, replicate their DNA, rearrange microtubules and accumulate the materials for cell division. (androbose.in)
  • Interphase is the phase in which the cell grows till it can divide it's genetic material and the cytoplasm into two halves i.e. capable of producing two daughter cells. (androbose.in)
Differentiation3
  • The Draviam lab aims to understand the molecular principles that govern cell division and the consequence of its failure when cells transition between states during differentiation. (qmul.ac.uk)
  • Together with MSD, the project aims to focus on developing AI methods to track iPSC (induced Pluripotent Stem Cells) differentiation to neural precursors, astrocytes and neurons. (qmul.ac.uk)
  • During the process of differentiation, quiescence and senescence are two cell dormancy states with distinct cell fates and transcriptomic statuses. (qmul.ac.uk)
Genome1
Inhibit2
Genetic5
  • They contain much more genetic material than a prokaryote, so the process of cell division is also much more complex. (sciencing.com)
  • RNA is unique among biological macromolecules in that it can encode genetic information, serve as an abundant structural component of cells, and also possesses catalytic activity. (lookformedical.com)
  • Any detectable and heritable change in the genetic material that causes a change in the GENOTYPE and which is transmitted to daughter cells and to succeeding generations. (lookformedical.com)
  • Our cells contain genetic information in two separate compartments - the nucleus and the mitochondria. (umu.se)
  • Prokaryotes (bacteria and archaea) usually undergo a vegetative cell division known as binary fission, where their genetic material is segregated equally into two daughter cells. (mathisfunforum.com)
Mitochondria3
  • Image at right shows that, in inner mitochondria membrane, a lipophilic metabolite called ubiquinol (blue dots) is quenching lipid peroxides (which make inner mitochondria membrane "on fire"), and suppresses cell death called ferroptosis. (uth.edu)
  • Mitochondria are highly dynamic organelles that provide essential metabolic functions and represent the major bioenergetic hub of eukaryotic cell. (hindawi.com)
  • Moreover, mitochondria control cell death through apoptosis and supply Ca 2+ and metabolites required for cellular homeodynamics [ 3 ]. (hindawi.com)
Intracellular1
  • Chronic infections, particularly those which are primarily characterized by an asymptomatic intracellular life cycle, e.g., latent Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection (LTBI), hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection, Chlamydia trachomatis infection, cytomegalovirus (CMV) or Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infections, present a unique premise to decipher the fine balance between protective host immune responses, immunopathology and full-fledged clinical disease. (frontiersin.org)
Development and progression1
  • Pet dogs naturally develop osteosarcoma providing a novel opportunity to model metastasis development and progression. (biomedcentral.com)
Biology3
  • Reuben J. Shaw, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Molecular and Cell Biology Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037. (aacrjournals.org)
  • In your first year, your modules give you an insight into various biological and chemical disciplines, including biochemistry, cell and molecular biology, microbiology and physiology. (kent.ac.uk)
  • Current Opinion in Cell Biology. (elsevierpure.com)
Molecular3
  • The results illuminate the molecular mechanism of a critical biochemical step in the licensing of eukaryotic replication origins. (imperial.ac.uk)
  • Although purvalanol-induced cell cycle arrest and apoptotic cell death were demonstrated in prostate ( 5 ), breast ( 6 ) and colon cancer cells ( 7 ), the exact molecular mechanism of purvanol-induced apoptosis has not been elucidated yet. (spandidos-publications.com)
  • The molecular processes behind cell cycle progression have been dissected by numerous morphological studies on live or fixed single cells using a plethora of techniques to visualize components and processes during cell division. (frontiersin.org)
Cytoskeleton1
  • The main processes that take place during the G2 phase are the duplication of cell organelles and the rearrangement of the cytoskeleton. (androbose.in)
Phases3
  • Individual unsynchronized cells from three different cell lines were collected in different cell cycle phases (G0/G1 - S - G2/M) with variable cell sizes. (frontiersin.org)
  • Detailed analysis of cell cycle predictive genes allowed us to define subpopulations with distinct gene expression profiles and to calculate a cell cycle index that illustrates the transition of cells between cell cycle phases. (frontiersin.org)
  • Of course, in practice, the cell cycle happens fluidly, but scientists have demarcated phases and subphases within the process in order to better comprehend the microscopic building blocks of life. (sciencing.com)
Highly regulated1
  • Golgi fragmentation is a highly regulated process that allows division of the Golgi complex between the two daughter cells. (biologists.com)
Fission3
  • During binary fission, a prokaryotic cell makes a copy of its chromosome, and then attaches each sister copy of the chromosome to an opposing side of its cell membrane. (sciencing.com)
  • The fission of a CELL. (lookformedical.com)
  • Bacterial cell division happens through binary fission or budding. (mathisfunforum.com)
20211
  • Cell Rep. 2021 Aug 3;36(5):109485. (ifom.eu)
Helicase1
  • Validation of a high throughput screening assay to identify small molecules that target the eukaryotic replicative helicase. (yeastgenome.org)
Autophagy3
  • In the present study, our aim was to determine the time-dependent, ER-mediated apoptotic and autophagy induction of purvalanol in HCT 116 colon cancer cells. (spandidos-publications.com)
  • however, purvalanol triggered autophagy, which functions as a cell survival mechanism at early time-points. (spandidos-publications.com)
  • TRPML1-mediated lysosomal calcium release can also dephosphorylate TFEB and promote its nuclear translocation and regulate lysosome biogenesis, autophagy, and lipid metabolism. (biomedcentral.com)
Replicative1
  • Strategies that increase replicative stress while lowering cell cycle checkpoint thresholds may allow unrepaired DNA damage to be inappropriately carried forward in replicating cells, leading to mitotic catastrophe and cell death. (bmj.com)
Apoptosis1
Dephosphorylation1
  • Reactivated after successful DNA repair through WIP1-dependent signaling leading to CDC25A/B/C-mediated dephosphorylation and restoring cell cycle progression. (arigobio.cn)
Mechanism2
  • The latter mechanism facilitates a considerable degree of sister chromatid separation in securin-knockout cells that lack APC/C activity. (nature.com)
  • Τheir impact on the apoptotic cell death mechanism requires further elucidation. (spandidos-publications.com)
Prokaryotes1
  • Prokaryotes typically only have one chromosome that is not even contained by a nuclear membrane, and they lack the organelles that other kinds of cells have. (sciencing.com)
Occurs1
Genomic1
Wee11
  • Small molecule inhibitors designed to target the DNA damage sensors, such as inhibitors of ataxia telangiectasia-mutated (ATM), ATR, CHK1 and WEE1, impair smooth cell cycle modulation and disrupt efficient DNA repair, or a combination of the above, have demonstrated interesting monotherapy and combinatorial activity, including the potential to reverse drug resistance and have entered developmental pipelines. (bmj.com)
Cancer6
  • Olomoucine, roscovitine and purvalanol are examples of CDK inhibitors (CDKIs) designed and investigated for their apoptotic potential on cancer cells ( 3 ). (spandidos-publications.com)
  • Increased levels of polyamines in cells are considered to be involved in cancer progression. (spandidos-publications.com)
  • Scientists working in basic, translational, and clinical cancer metabolism research are invited to join the Academy in New York on April 17th to discuss the intersection between cell signaling and metabolism. (nyas.org)
  • The features of cancers in pet dogs that may uniquely contribute to our understanding of cancer pathogenesis, progression and therapy have been recently reviewed [ 4 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The relationship between risk scores and tumor mutation burden (TMB), cancer stem cell index, and drug sensitivity was explored. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Patients in the high-risk group had worse overall survival, lower immune score and ESTIMATE score, higher TMB, higher cancer stem cell index, and higher sensitivity to conventional chemotherapeutic agents. (biomedcentral.com)
Replication fork1
  • Helix-distorting CPDs and 6-4PPs strongly block the progression of DNA polymerases, which causes prolonged replication fork stalling and formation of DNA strand breaks, eventually leading to cell death (7). (colinsbraincancer.com)
Meiotic2
  • Mitotic cell division enables sexually reproducing organisms to develop from the one-celled zygote, which itself was produced by meiotic cell division from gametes. (mathisfunforum.com)
  • We examined the localization and expression patterns of CK2 in the various developmental stages of meiotic progression. (biomedcentral.com)
Control2
  • To achieve this, preliminary studies were conducted in which we plated different ratios of PFC neurons (fluorescent cells) to NAc neurons (nonfluorescent cells), as determined by cell counting before plating, and investigated the cells after 2 weeks (and supplemental Figs. 2= 17C24, Dunn's test, * 0.05 compared with control group, SCH group, and SCH + SKF group). (bakingandbakingscience.com)
  • Yeast Stn1 promotes MCM to circumvent Rad53 control of the S phase checkpoint. (yeastgenome.org)
Mammalian cells1
  • When fast-dividing mammalian cells are grown in culture (outside the body under optimal growing conditions), the length of the cycle is about 24 hours. (openstax.org)
Mitotic cell division3
Undergo2
  • this is the process by which cells are "born" through cell division, and then live their lives, going about their daily cell activities, until it's time to undergo cell division themselves. (sciencing.com)
  • Some cells do not undergo cell division, rather they enter the G0 phase either permanently or temporarily wherein they do not divide and remain either quiescent or senescent. (androbose.in)
Meiosis1