It also was used in the sense of "infection by transformation," in other words, introduction of DNA (or RNA) from an eukaryote virus or bacteriophage (a virus that infects bacteria) into cells, resulting in an infection. (newworldencyclopedia.org)
Apparently, methionine salvage pathways are frequent in Bacteria (and in Eukarya), with recruitment of different polypeptides to perform the needed reactions (an ancestor of a translation initiation factor and RuBisCO, as an enolase, in some Firmicutes). (biomedcentral.com)
One thing to keep in mind is that Prokaryotes, like bacteria have their DNA just floating around in the cell, unlike Eukaryotes (like us) who have their DNA in a nucleus. (metafilter.com)
are useful chemical agents when employed against bacteria and fungi, but they have no effect on bacterial spores. (cliffsnotes.com)
Processing of mRNA differs greatly among eukaryotes, bacteria, and archea . (iiab.me)
Genes6
While chromosomes are large and contain all the essential genetic information for living under normal conditions, plasmids are usually very small and contain only additional genes that may be useful in certain situations or conditions. (wikipedia.org)
Distribution and expression of the genes on chromosome 1. (nature.com)
The codon usage frequency of neuA differed greatly in Escherichia coli and Homo sapiens genes, and neuA may be more efficiently expressed in eukaryotes (yeast). (geneticsmr.com)
In an adult organism, the genes on the Y-chromosome help produce the male gamete, the sperm cell. (asu.edu)
Point structure of Microsporangium out any two similarities between the behaviour of genes and that of chromosomes. (learninsta.com)
In the process of transcription in prokaryotes 1) rRNA is specified by exons in DNA 2) mRNA is formed as coded by introns 3) the base sequence of DNA is copied into tRNA 4) a str and of mRNA is for med with base sequences complementar y to those of DNA 5) a polypeptide is formed as specified by the genes in a chromosomes 13. (studyres.com)
Quantitative assessment of the chromatin state reveals that although ecDNA is packaged into chromatin with intact domain structure, it lacks higher-order compaction that is typical of chromosomes and displays significantly enhanced chromatin accessibility," the article's authors wrote. (genengnews.com)
Organisms4
Artificial plasmids are widely used as vectors in molecular cloning, serving to drive the replication of recombinant DNA sequences within host organisms. (wikipedia.org)
In humans and other eukaryote organisms, normal DNA is packed into cell nuclei by tightly wrapping it around closely bunched clusters of protein complexes called histone octamers. (genengnews.com)
In the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, the development of new microscopic and molecular techniques, including DNA sequencing, enabled scientists to confirm the hypothesis that chromosomes determine the sex of developing organisms. (asu.edu)
Artificial selection is the process in which organisms with desired traits are deliberately chosen to be parents of the next generation. (proprofs.com)
Nucleus4
We used isolated nuclei from virus infected cells supplemented with cytoplasm, and discovered that viral replicating chromosomes could continue replication in the absence of a nucleus. (nih.gov)
13. Viruses have (AIPMT 2014) (a) DNA enclosed in a protein coat (b) prokaryotic nucleus (c) single chromosome (d) both DNA and RNA. (recruitmenttopper.com)
In this scanning electron micrograph of inside the nucleus of a cancer cell, chromosomes are indicated by blue arrows and circular extrachromosomal DNA are indicated by orange arrows. (genengnews.com)
Human DNA typically forms long, twisting double helices of genetic material: roughly three billion base pairs organized into 23 pairs of chromosomes miraculously squeezed into every cell nucleus, each averaging just six micrometers in diameter. (genengnews.com)
Plasmid5
The term's early usage included any bacterial genetic material that exists extrachromosomally for at least part of its replication cycle, but because that description includes bacterial viruses, the notion of plasmid was refined over time to comprise genetic elements that reproduce autonomously. (wikipedia.org)
Later in 1968, it was decided that the term plasmid should be adopted as the term for extrachromosomal genetic element, and to distinguish it from viruses, the definition was narrowed to genetic elements that exist exclusively or predominantly outside of the chromosome and can replicate autonomously. (wikipedia.org)
A typical bacterial replicon may consist of a number of elements, such as the gene for plasmid-specific replication initiation protein (Rep), repeating units called iterons, DnaA boxes, and an adjacent AT-rich region. (wikipedia.org)
One special type of plasmid used for genome sequencing is a bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) , which can contain DNA fragments of about 150 kb. (learner.org)
What is an advantage to using a bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) for generating a genomic library compared to a plasmid or phage that has historically been used for this process? (easynotecards.com)
Prokaryotes2
A few types of plasmids can also insert into the host chromosome, and these integrative plasmids are sometimes referred to as episomes in prokaryotes. (wikipedia.org)
This process is similar in eukaryotes and prokaryotes. (iiab.me)
The term 'homologous chromosomes' A) means a pair of chromosomes of the same kind, such as sex chromosomes B) is another name for sister chromatids C) must be haploid D) refers to replications of the same chromosome 1) only D is valid 2) only B is valid 3) none (A-D) is valid 4) B, C are valid 5) only A is valid 21. (studyres.com)
Genome4
The genome was confirmed to comprise eight chromosomes (chromosomes 1-8 in decreasing size), the assignment of which is different from a previous report 7 ( Supplementary Table S1 and schematic drawing in Supplementary Fig. S1 ). (nature.com)
Its genome contains one genome copy from the S. uvarum parental genome and two heterozygous copies of the S. cerevisiae parental genome, with the exception of a monosomic S. cerevisiae chromosome III, where the sex-determining MAT locus is located. (frontiersin.org)
We describe the establishment and analysis of a genus-wide comparative framework composed of 12 bacterial artificial chromosome fingerprint and end-sequenced physical maps representing the 10 genome types of Oryza aligned to the O. sativa ssp. (biomedcentral.com)
Our strategy is to develop bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC)-end sequence (BES) physical frameworks of the ten genome types of Oryza and align them to the reference sequence. (biomedcentral.com)
Plasmids1
Then, known segments of the marked chromosomes (which can contain very small fragments of DNA) are cloned in plasmids . (learner.org)
Transfection also has been used to refer to infecting a cell specifically with viral nucleic acid that is either isolated from a eukaryote virus or from a bacteriophage . (newworldencyclopedia.org)
Sequence4
During the past decade, Sanger sequencing has been used to completely sequence hundreds of microbial and a few higher eukaryote genomes. (biomedcentral.com)
To study its performance in complex genomes, we used 454 technology to sequence four barley Bacterial Artificial Chromosome (BAC) clones and compared the results to those from ABI-Sanger sequencing. (biomedcentral.com)
Specific sequence within introns of precursor mRNAs (pre-mRNAs) of eukaryotes containing an adenylate (A) nucleotide to which the free 5¿ end of an intron binds during mRNA splicing. (biologyideas.com)
Genomic and cDNA sequence alignments as well as chromosome localization using nullisomic-tetrasomic lines provided strong evidence for three expressed gene copies located on homoeolog chromosomes for TaSK1 as well as for TaSK2 . (biomedcentral.com)
Mitosis1
Rather than passing DNA to subsequent generations by dividing into genetically identical daughter cells-a process called mitosis, involving paired chromosomes that divide and used by all eukaryotes-cancer cells propagate somewhat like bacterial cells. (genengnews.com)
Sequences3
Noteworthy, was our demonstration that although termination of DNA replication did not require specific DNA sequences, some DNA sequences did promote pausing of DNA replication forks in vivo (and DNA polymerase in vitro), and some sequences, such as thosewithin the termination region for SV40 DNA replication, did promote formation of catenated intertwines during separation of sibling chromosomes. (nih.gov)
Beginning in the 1980s, many studies of human populations used the Y-chromosome gene sequences to trace paternal lineages. (asu.edu)
Difficulties in assembling W chromosome sequences have hindered the identification of duck W-linked sequences and their evolutionary footprint. (bvsalud.org)
Extrachromosomal1
Therefore, the overall goal of our work is to discover how DNA replication is regulated both in the large chromosomes of cells and in the "mini-chromosomes" of viruses and small extrachromosomal DNA molecules. (nih.gov)
Genomic1
Genomic sequencing analysis showed that the artificial spore-derivative hybrid is an allotriploid, which is very common among natural hybrids. (frontiersin.org)
Cloning vector1
It is the first artificial cloning vector constructed in 1977 by Boliver and Rodriguez. (cbsetuts.com)
Genetic2
Introduction Bacterial Artificial Chromosome (BAC) is a powerful tool in Genetic Research Bacterial Artificial Chromosome (BAC) is a widely used tool in genetic research for the manipulation and study of DNA. (tutorialspoint.com)
The Y-chromosome is one of a pair of chromosomes that determine the genetic sex of individuals in mammals, some insects, and some plants. (asu.edu)
Molecular1
The text also includes updated chapters on Genomics and Systems Biology, Proteomics, Bacterial Genetics and Molecular Evolution and RNA. (vet-ebooks.com)
Viral1
Originally, the term was used for the artificial insertion of viral nucleic acid into bacterial cells, resulting in multiplication of mature viral particles (Dorland 2007). (newworldencyclopedia.org)
Replication1
In 1973, I continued these studies on the replication and structure of SV40 chromosomes at Harvard Medical School where they culminated in promotion to Full Professor with tenure in 1985. (nih.gov)
Cells3
A highly condensed and transcriptionally inactive X chromosome found in the nuclei of somatic cells of female mammals. (biologyideas.com)
A membrane-bound organelle that is present in all plant and fungal cells and some protist, animal and bacterial cells. (hokudai.ac.jp)
Fungal1
2014) Convergent bacterial microbiotas in the fungal agricultural systems of insects . (doe.gov)
Processes2
Eukaryotes have two major DSB repair processes, HDR and NHEJ, which are relatively well understood. (molcells.org)
The nonrecombining female-limited W chromosome is predicted to experience unique evolutionary processes. (bvsalud.org)
Genomes1
Comparisons between the genomes of the closely related nematodes Caenorhabditis elegans and Caenorhabditis briggsae reveal high rates of rearrangement, with a bias towards within-chromosome events. (biomedcentral.com)
Cell2
As a graduate student with Julius Adler, I identified the basal body of the bacterial flagellum, develop methods for its purification, and elucidate its fine structure and specific attachments to the bacterial cell envelope. (nih.gov)
however, the term has been expanded to include any artificial introduction of foreign nucleic acid into a cell. (newworldencyclopedia.org)
Segments1
Vertebrate chromosomes are mosaic structures containing large conserved segments that can reside in different linkage groups in different species. (biomedcentral.com)
Frequent1
Estimation of rates of intrachromosomal to between-chromosome rearrangements showed that both were very frequent (approximately fourfold greater than that observed in D. melanogaster ). (biomedcentral.com)
Large1
Deletion mutations come in a huge range of sizes - a single base pair may be missing, or a large piece of a chromosome may be missing! (mercinewyork.com)
Species1
In October of 2007, a team of scientists headed by controversial DNA researcher Craig Venter and Nobel laureate Hamilton Smith announced that they plan to create the first artificial life form in history by creating a synthetic chromosome which they plan to inject into the M. genitalium bacterium, potentially resulting in an artificial species dubbed Mycoplasma laboratorium. (metafilter.com)
Results1
Taken together, our results have revealed a unique evolutionary pattern and an independent stratum evolutionary pattern for sex chromosomes. (bvsalud.org)
Human1
Which of the following is not part of a human chromosome in any phase? (studyres.com)
Person1
Down Syndrome is a condition caused by the presence of an extra chromosome, which may cause a person to be born with certain impaired learning abilities and physical features such as a short neck, flattened face, and almond-shaped eyes. (asu.edu)
High1
Using the Wolbachia Bacterial Symbiont to Teach Inquiry-Based Science: A High School Laboratory Series. (mbl.edu)