• In higher eukaryotes, the cellular localization of RanGAP1 is regulated by SUMOylation of its C-terminal domain. (enzolifesciences.com)
  • This finding also demonstrates the feasibility of using Drosophila genetics to study microtubule-associated proteins (MAPs) in vivo in higher eukaryotes. (silverchair.com)
  • MAPs have been studied extensively in vitro, but genetic studies on these proteins in living cells have been done primarily in yeast, whose mitotic machinery differs from that of higher eukaryotes. (silverchair.com)
  • In addition, they play important roles in gene transcription (via activation of mitogen activated protein (MAP) kinase pathways and, in higher eukaryotes, the transcription factor NFκB), generation of reactive oxygen species, apoptosis, and cell-cycle progression. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Prokaryotes vs eukaryotes. (sns.it)
  • Few similarly conserved genes that are important for multicellular organization were identified, suggesting that the transition from prokaryotes to eukaryotes required more new genes than did the transition from unicellular to multicellular organization. (inrae.fr)
  • By polarizing different cell fate determinants at opposite cell poles, asymmetric cell division that produces distinct daughter cells is an evolutionarily conserved mechanism to generate cellular diversity in both eukaryotes and prokaryotes. (nature.com)
  • The Anaeramoeba inteins reside in a wide range of proteins, only some of which correspond to intein-containing proteins in other eukaryotes, prokaryotes, and viruses. (lu.se)
  • We know that metabolic syntrophy is common among anaerobic prokaryotes, but less is known about the role of syntrophy in the survival of microbial eukaryotes in these environments. (lu.se)
  • One of the kinases that place the tyrosine phosphate is Wee1, a kinase conserved in all eukaryotes. (wikipedia.org)
  • TOR is definitely an atypical serinethreonine kinase conserved in all eukaryotes and is usually a crucial regulator of energy-demanding processes for example protein synthesis, the cell cycle, metabolism, and autophagy (2). (idhinhibitor.com)
  • Comparison with prokaryote genomes indicates the minimal sets of proteins that are specifically important for eukaryotic cell organization and functions. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The term mitosis refers specifically to the process whereby the nucleus of a eukaryotic cell splits into two identical daughter nuclei prior to cell division. (visionlearning.com)
  • General organization of the eukaryotic cell. (sns.it)
  • Dramatic change in chromosomal DNA morphology between interphase and mitosis is a defining features of the eukaryotic cell cycle. (icr.ac.uk)
  • Define the basis of eukaryotic cell biology. (uaeu.ac.ae)
  • We identify highly conserved genes important for eukaryotic cell organization including those required for the cytoskeleton, compartmentation, cell-cycle control, proteolysis, protein phosphorylation and RNA splicing. (inrae.fr)
  • only the cyclin-CDK complex is an active kinase but its activity can be typically further modulated by phosphorylation and other binding proteins, like p27. (wikipedia.org)
  • In mammalian cells, the activating phosphorylation occurs after cyclin binding. (wikipedia.org)
  • Unlike activating phosphorylation, CDK inhibitory phosphorylation is vital for regulation of the cell cycle. (wikipedia.org)
  • Reversible protein phosphorylation is an essential regulatory mechanism in eukaryotes. (eu.org)
  • The most typical kind of cell cycle phosphorylation is on H3's serine. (news-medical.net)
  • Moreover, we identify a distinct, N-terminal, higher affinity interaction interface between LRRK2 phosphorylated Rab8 and Rab10 termed 'Site #2', that can retain LRRK2 on membranes in cells to catalyze multiple, subsequent phosphorylation events. (stanford.edu)
  • To identify the contribution of dynamic phosphorylation to T. brucei cell cycle control we have combined cell cycle synchronisation by centrifugal elutriation with quantitative phosphoproteomic analysis. (lancs.ac.uk)
  • Cell cycle regulated changes in phosphorylation site abundance (917 sites, average 5- fold change) were more widespread and of a larger magnitude than changes in protein abundance (443 proteins, average 2-fold change) and were mostly independent of each other. (lancs.ac.uk)
  • Hierarchical clustering of co-regulated phosphorylation sites according to their cell cycle profile revealed that a bulk increase in phosphorylation occurs across the cell cycle, with a significant enrichment of known cell cycle regulators and RNA binding proteins (RBPs) within the largest clusters. (lancs.ac.uk)
  • Cell cycle regulated changes in essential cell cycle kinases are temporally co-ordinated with differential phosphorylation of components of the kinetochore and eukaryotic initiation factors, along with many RBPs not previously linked to the cell cycle such as eight PSP1-C terminal domain containing proteins. (lancs.ac.uk)
  • The temporal profiles demonstrate the importance of dynamic phosphorylation in co-ordinating progression through the cell cycle, and provide evidence that RBPs play a central role in post-transcriptional regulation of the T. brucei cell cycle. (lancs.ac.uk)
  • In the pre-division cell stage, the polar localization of two distinct membraneless signaling complexes, particularly the phosphatase PleC and the kinase DivJ, coordinates to modulate the phosphorylation levels of a set of downstream signaling proteins (including the master regulator CtrA) and determinate the cell fate of C. crescentus . (nature.com)
  • However, although the APC/C is highly conserved among eukaryotes, no APC/C inhibitors are known in plants. (ugent.be)
  • The basic signaling properties of two major subgroups of Rho GTPases - the Cdc42 and Rac subfamilies - are highly conserved amongst all eukaryotes, but the means by which they act are not well understood. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Cyclins contain a conserved amino acid sequence motif, the cyclin box, which allows their binding to cdks to form active complexes that regulate progression of the cell cycle. (bdbiosciences.com)
  • Most of the B56 binding proteins contain a conserved motif LxxIxE which acts as a docking site for B56. (eu.org)
  • Molecular cloning demonstrated that the mutated gene encodes a MAP that is conserved among eukaryotes. (silverchair.com)
  • In fact, yeast cells can proliferate normally when their CDK gene has been replaced with the homologous human gene. (wikipedia.org)
  • In yeast cells, it occurs before cyclin binding. (wikipedia.org)
  • We have previously shown that budding yeast Mak11, whose homologues in other eukaryotes were described as modulating a p21-activated protein kinase function, accumulates in Rlp24-associated pre-60S complexes when their maturation is impeded in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. (pasteur.fr)
  • The functional inactivation of WD40 repeat protein Mak11 interfered with the 60S rRNA maturation, led to a cell cycle delay in G(1), and blocked green fluorescent protein-tagged Rpl25 in the nucleoli of yeast cells, indicating an early role of Mak11 in ribosome assembly. (pasteur.fr)
  • While F-box proteins are conserved throughout eukaryotes and are well studied in yeast, plants, and animals, studies in parasitic protozoa are lagging. (uga.edu)
  • We have sequenced and annotated the genome of fission yeast (Schizosaccharomyces pombe), which contains the smallest number of protein-coding genes yet recorded for a eukaryote: 4,824. (inrae.fr)
  • Our regression-based approach allows us to build a general model of transcriptional regulation of the yeast cell cycle that includes additional factors and couplings not reported in previously-published models. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The motif is conserved in essential proteins throughout the eukaryotic domain of life and also in human viruses, suggesting that the motifs are required for basic cellular function. (eu.org)
  • The motif is found throughout eukaryotes and and in some viruses, which emphasises the general mechanism of B56 binding and its pivotal role in many cellular functions. (eu.org)
  • Inteins are self-splicing protein elements found in viruses and all three domains of life. (lu.se)
  • Other Eukaryotes - 6782 (source: NCBI BLink). (riken.jp)
  • Other Eukaryotes - 95 (source: NCBI BLink). (gifu-u.ac.jp)
  • Protein kinases that control cell cycle progression in all eukaryotes and require physical association with CYCLINS to achieve full enzymatic activity. (jefferson.edu)
  • This motif is found in Cdc42/Rac-associated proteins such as the protein kinases Pak, MRCK and Ack, the adaptor proteins Spec and WASP, and, in degenerate form, in the kinases MLK, Mekk4, adaptor Par6, scaffold protein IRSp53, and the Borg proteins. (biomedcentral.com)
  • In particular, ubiquitin-mediated degradation is critically important at transition points where it provides directionality and irreversibility to the cell cycle, which is essential for maintaining genome integrity. (intechopen.com)
  • these include several cancer-related proteins linked to DNA damage repair, the cell cycle and genome stability. (biomedcentral.com)
  • We have identified eighteen putative F-box proteins in the Toxoplasma genome of which four have predicted homologs in Plasmodium . (uga.edu)
  • a deep knowledge and understanding of how plants function at different levels of organization, from molecular biology to ecophysiological level, including: the structure and properties of cells, the life processes and their regulation, genome structure, function and evolution, and plant development and reproduction systems. (lu.se)
  • Among the established custom DNA binding domains, Cas9 is most easily scaled to facilitate genome-scale perturbations 3 , 4 due to its simplicity of programming relative to zinc finger proteins and transcription activator-like effectors (TALEs). (cdc.gov)
  • The authors predict a maximum of 4,940 protein coding genes , which is about six hundred less than S. cerevisiae and considerably less than the largest prokaryote genomes, emphasising that the differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic functions does not reside simply in the total number of genes. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The regulation of transcription of histone genes differs between eukaryotes. (news-medical.net)
  • The replication independent histone genes are transcribed at a relatively constant low rate, regardless of cell cycle stage. (news-medical.net)
  • However, most of the vertebrate histone genes are replication dependent and are therefore more highly expressed during the cell cycle's S phase. (news-medical.net)
  • Therefore, NPAT could be the link between cell cycle machinery and shared heightened transcription of histone genes during S phase. (news-medical.net)
  • The cell division cycle of the unicellular eukaryote Trypanosome brucei is tightly regulated despite the paucity of transcriptional control that results from the arrangement of genes in polycistronic units and lack of dynamically regulated transcription factors. (lancs.ac.uk)
  • The genomic sequence provides access to the complete structures of all genes, including those without known function, their control elements, and, by inference, the proteins they encode, as well as all other biologically important sequences. (inrae.fr)
  • All this is controlled by hormones, genes and proteins so that the plant can function as an individual. (lu.se)
  • They are present in all known eukaryotes, and their regulatory function in the cell cycle has been evolutionarily conserved. (wikipedia.org)
  • Although dozens of proteins act downstream of these GTPases, a comparison of effector proteins from evolutionarily diverse organisms suggests that six groups of proteins serve as the core machinery for signaling from Cdc42 and Rac. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The analysis of Cdc42 and Rac function in evolutionarily distant organisms is useful as a tool to uncover the basic activities of these proteins. (biomedcentral.com)
  • CAK activity is not regulated by known cell-cycle pathways and cyclin binding is the limiting step for CDK activation. (wikipedia.org)
  • ADP ribosylation factors (ARFs), which are members of the Ras superfamily of GTP-binding proteins, are critical components of vesicular trafficking pathways in eukaryotes. (embl.de)
  • Numerous E3 ubiquitin ligases, which facilitate the ubiquitination of specific substrates, have been shown to control G1/S. In this chapter, we will discuss components in the ubiquitin proteasome system that are implicated in G1/S control, how these enzymes are interconnected, gaps in our current knowledge, and the potential role of these pathways in the cancer cycle and disease proliferation. (intechopen.com)
  • We describe extensive use of histidine kinase-based two-component systems and tyrosine kinase signaling, the presence of bacterial and plant type photoreceptors (phytochromes, cryptochrome, and phototropin) and of plant-type pentatricopeptide repeat proteins, as well as metabolic pathways, and a cell cycle control system typically found in more complex eukaryotes. (duke.edu)
  • In a cell, chemical compounds are put together, taken apart, and moved around through pathways that resemble moving assembly lines. (visionlearning.com)
  • The essential biochemistry, genetics, cell biology, and metabolic pathways underlying the survival and success of all living organisms. (queensu.ca)
  • Post-translational modification by ubiquitin and ubiquitin-like proteins (Ubls) is an essential cellular regulatory mechanism, allowing rapid and reversible control of a target protein's function by altering its half-life, sub-cellular localization, enzymatic activity, protein-protein interactions, or other properties. (enzolifesciences.com)
  • Another protein containing this domain is the human splicing factor U2AF 35kDa subunit, which plays a critical role in both constitutive and enhancer-dependent splicing by mediating essential protein-protein interactions and protein-RNA interactions required for 3' splice site selection. (embl.de)
  • They are involved in protein-protein interactions. (embl.de)
  • Protein-protein interactions involving intrinsically disordered proteins are important for cellular function and common in all organisms. (elifesciences.org)
  • Experiments together with molecular modeling using NMR chemical shifts suggest that new interactions involving intrinsically disordered proteins may evolve via a low-affinity complex which is optimized by modulating direct interactions as well as dynamics, while tolerating several potentially disruptive mutations. (elifesciences.org)
  • At multiple time points during evolution, new or modified proteins - and consequently new potential interactions between proteins - have emerged. (elifesciences.org)
  • The findings shed light on fundamental principles of how new protein-protein interactions emerge and evolve on a molecular level. (elifesciences.org)
  • A next step for the future will be to investigate how other protein-protein interactions have evolved and to identify general underlying patterns. (elifesciences.org)
  • A deeper knowledge of how this molecular evolution happened will broaden our understanding of present day protein-protein interactions and might aid the design of drugs that can mimick proteins. (elifesciences.org)
  • I am committed to interdisciplinary research, and an example of the successes gained from this approach is the project with Prof A Nabok (Engineering Sheffield Hallam University) using total internal reflection ellipsometry to quantify protein-membrane interactions on native plant membranes and human cell lines. (brookes.ac.uk)
  • Program access grant to the STFC Harwell Laser Facility 'The Plant Cell Initiative: Protein interactions in the higher plant secretory pathway' 2017-2021 (approximate value of £200K). (brookes.ac.uk)
  • An early event in the signal transduction pathway induced by these cell-cell interactions is the rapid inactivation of a flagellar protein kinase that phosphorylates a 48 kDa flagellar protein. (elsevierpure.com)
  • The interactions between these microbes can have major environmental impacts to global geochemical carbon, nitrogen and sulfur cycles. (lu.se)
  • Most of the known cyclin-CDK complexes regulate the progression through the cell cycle. (wikipedia.org)
  • The anaphase-promoting complex/cyclosome (APC/C) is a multisubunit ubiquitin ligase that regulates progression through the cell cycle by marking key cell division proteins for destruction. (ugent.be)
  • During cell growth and proliferation, ubiquitin plays an outsized role in promoting progression through the cell cycle. (intechopen.com)
  • Ubiquitin itself can direct its targets to a number of different fates, including proteasomal degradation and membrane protein transport. (enzolifesciences.com)
  • For example, NEDD8 activates SCF and related ubiquitin ligases, ISG15/UCRP is induced during in the antiviral interferon response, Apg12p and Apg8p regulate the autophagy pathway, and Hub1p modifies cell polarity factors. (enzolifesciences.com)
  • The small protein ubiquitin plays a vital role in virtually all aspects of cellular life. (intechopen.com)
  • begingroup$ One missing aspect (for Eukaryotes) is that step 5 is actively promoted by tagging with ubiquitin ( en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ubiquitin ). (stackexchange.com)
  • Proteins tagged with ubiquitin (i.e. ubiquitinated) are recognized and degraded by proteasomes. (stackexchange.com)
  • Note: Not all eukaryotic proteins are degraded via the ubiquitin-proteasome proteolytic pathway. (stackexchange.com)
  • The ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS) is responsible for most selective protein degradation in eukaryotes and regulates numerous cellular processes, including cell cycle control and protein quality control. (cornell.edu)
  • By binding to the adaptor protein SKP1 and serving as substrate receptors for the Skp1, Cullin, F-box E3 ubiquitin ligase complex, F-box proteins regulate critical cellular processes including cell cycle progression and membrane trafficking. (uga.edu)
  • Much of our current work concerns the RanBP2 complex, which consists of RanBP2 (a large nucleoporin that is also known as Nup358), SUMO-1-conjugated RanGAP1 (the activating protein for the Ran GTPase), and Ubc9 (the conjugating enzyme for the SUMO family of ubiquitin-like modifiers). (nih.gov)
  • These include those involved in chromatin organisation, nuclear transport, the cytoskeleton and protein stability or modification. (biomedcentral.com)
  • and proteins that interact with members of the Arp2/3 complex and hence the actin cytoskeleton (Table 1 ). (biomedcentral.com)
  • The specific order of amino acids in a protein determines its shape and structure, which in turn controls what the protein can do. (elifesciences.org)
  • Protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) belongs to the superfamily of phosphoprotein phosphatases (PPPs) and catalyzes protein dephosphorylation by hydrolyzing Ser/Thr-linked phosphate ester bonds ( Heroes,2013 ). (eu.org)
  • PP2A-mediated protein dephosphorylation is involved in a broad range of cellular processes including cell-cycle progression, cytoskeletal dynamics, and growth factor signalling. (eu.org)
  • abstract = "Fertilization in the biflagellated eukaryote, Chlamydomonas, is initiated by flagellar adhesion between gametes of opposite mating types. (elsevierpure.com)
  • Group 3 cyclins (G1, G2 and I) may play a role distinct from either cell cycle or transcriptional regulation. (bdbiosciences.com)
  • Several of these processes change during the cell cycle, but unlike transcriptional changes, the post-translational changes occur throughout the cell cycle. (news-medical.net)
  • We validate our approach in two ways: by demonstrating that it accurately models expression data and by demonstrating that our reconstructed model is similar to previously-published models of transcriptional regulation of the cell cycle. (biomedcentral.com)
  • They are also involved in regulating transcription, mRNA processing, and the differentiation of nerve cells. (wikipedia.org)
  • Cyclin C may play a dual role within the cell in its ability to regulate both cell cycle progression as well as gene transcription. (bdbiosciences.com)
  • The accumulation of both Cyclin and CKI proteins is tightly regulated at the level of transcription. (intechopen.com)
  • Moreover, circRNAs have four major functions, including as competing endogenous RNAs (ceRNAs) to sponge microRNAs (miRNAs), interaction with RNA binding proteins to regulate the cell cycle and proliferation and the management of gene transcription and protein translation [ 8 , 9 ]. (archivesofmedicalscience.com)
  • these proteins are also important in regulating gene transcription. (biomedcentral.com)
  • In contrast, here we focus on reverse-engineering the network of relationships among transcription factors that regulate the cell cycle in S. cerevisiae . (biomedcentral.com)
  • We have developed a technique to reverse-engineer networks of the time-dependent activities of transcription factors that regulate the cell cycle in S. cerevisiae . (biomedcentral.com)
  • Programmable DNA binding proteins have emerged as an exciting platform for engineering synthetic transcription factors for modulating endogenous gene expression 5 - 11 . (cdc.gov)
  • Cas9 nuclease can be converted into an RNA-guided DNA binding protein (dCas9) via inactivation of its two catalytic domains 12 , 13 and then fused to transcription activation domains. (cdc.gov)
  • Our lab is interested in the systems biology and evolution of epigenetic switches (bistability) and clocks (oscillators) in gene regulatory networks, two functions that are essential for patterning, cell proliferation, and differentiation in biological systems. (duke.edu)
  • 5] "Molecular Biology of the cells", B. Alberts et al. (sns.it)
  • Develop a biological knowledge base common to contemporary biologists, encompassing microscopy, cell structure, cellular membranes, and nucleic acids biology. (uaeu.ac.ae)
  • The course is an optional second-cycle course for a degree of Bachelor or Master of Science in Biology and Molecular Biology. (lu.se)
  • Gene regulation in developmental biology and the cell cycle. (lu.se)
  • In any case a better understanding of spindle defects in mutants and the Msps protein itself is crucial," says corresponding author Hiroyuki Ohkura, who adds that the group is already taking advantage of the system's genetics to dissect the mechanism. (silverchair.com)
  • A large family of signal-transducing adaptor proteins present in wide variety of eukaryotes. (mcw.edu)
  • These superhelical structures present an extensive solvent-accessible surface that is well suited to binding large substrates such as proteins and nucleic acids. (eu.org)
  • Kinesin-8s are dual-activity motor proteins that can move processively on microtubules and depolymerize microtubule plus-ends, but their mechanism of combining these distinct activities remains unclear. (nature.com)
  • These findings suggest a mechanism by which microtubules may exert control over cell polarity. (silverchair.com)
  • These results provided valuable insights for future research examining the function and mechanism of CBL proteins in regulating apple salt tolerance. (bvsalud.org)
  • Mechanism for remodelling of the cell cycle checkpoint protein MAD2 by the ATPase TRIP13. (icr.ac.uk)
  • Elucidation of the mechanism of this association will not only allow us to test the importance of RanBP2 complex formation in a non-vertebrate system, but also provide a convenient alternative mechanism for formation of this complex that can be used to understand its importance in vertebrate cells. (nih.gov)
  • Proteins containing CCCH Znf domains include Znf proteins from eukaryotes involved in cell cycle or growth phase-related regulation, e.g. human TIS11B (butyrate response factor 1), a probable regulatory protein involved in regulating the response to growth factors, and the mouse TTP growth factor-inducible nuclear protein, which has the same function. (embl.de)
  • MIF4G domain-like, found in eukaryotic initiation factor eIF4G, translation initiation factor eIF-2b epsilon and nuclear cap-binding protein CBP80. (eu.org)
  • Ameiotic1 ( Am1 ) encodes a plant-specific nuclear protein (AM1) required for meiotic entry and progression through early prophase I. Pollen mother cells (PMCs) remain mitotic in most am1 mutants including am1-489 , while am1-praI permits meiotic entry but PMCs arrest at the leptotene/zygotene (L/Z) transition, defining the roles of AM1 protein in two distinct steps of meiosis. (biomedcentral.com)
  • During interphase, chromosomes are enclosed within nuclei, and exchange of all molecules between this compartment and the rest of the cell occurs through nuclear pore complexes (NPCs). (nih.gov)
  • Trafficking between the nucleus and cytoplasm occurs through nuclear pore complexes (NPCs), which consist of ca. thirty distinct proteins called nucleoporins. (nih.gov)
  • The asymmetrical distribution of Ran-GTP and Ran-GDP drives cargo transport between the nucleus and cytoplasm through karyopherins, a family of nuclear transport carrier proteins that bind to Ran-GTP. (nih.gov)
  • Because Cdc2 kinase is important for cell entry into mitosis, cyclin C's ability to regulate cell cycle progression may be attributed, in part, to modulation of Cdc2 protein expression.6 Cyclin C has a predicted molecular weight of 36 kD. (bdbiosciences.com)
  • A fifth phase has been identified, G0, in which the cell is resting just after mitosis but still carrying out normal functions. (coursehero.com)
  • The M phase consists of mitosis, in which the cell divides, producing two new, identical cells. (coursehero.com)
  • Interphase is collectively the gap 1 (G1), synthesis (S), and gap 2 (G2) phases of mitosis, in which a cell grows, replicates its DNA, and grows again. (coursehero.com)
  • Other cellular structures are duplicated during G2, such that each replicated daughter cell produced during mitosis will have all necessary organelles (such as mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, etc. (coursehero.com)
  • It is unusual in switching between open and closed mitosis according to specific life-cycle stages. (duke.edu)
  • But what all these life forms have in common is that their genetic code is copied from cell to cell thanks to the process of mitosis, whereby the nucleus of a cell splits into two before the cell divides. (visionlearning.com)
  • The rate at which mitosis occurs depends on the cell type. (visionlearning.com)
  • Therefore, understanding the molecular changes that specify the archesporial cells, the progenitors of meiotic cells, is crucial in defining the network of cellular processes leading to a successful switch from mitosis to meiosis. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Mechanisms for maintaining genetic information during cell division and the generation of genetic variation: replication, mitosis, meiosis, recombination. (lu.se)
  • It has a sophisticated life cycle with several distinct stages including amoebal, flagellated, and plasmodial cells. (duke.edu)
  • Our findings also support the notion that Kem1p is a multifunctional protein with distinct and separable roles. (tamu.edu)
  • The long term goal of our research is to elucidate the molecular mechanisms by which proteins are targeted to specific and distinct compartments. (stanford.edu)
  • The polarization of distinct scaffold-signaling hubs at opposite cell poles constitutes the basis of asymmetric cell division. (nature.com)
  • Outline plant life cycles (such as non-seed and seed plants) and define alternation of generations. (uaeu.ac.ae)
  • The Rho subfamily is divided in three main subgroups - Cdc42, Rac, and Rho - examples of which are represented in all eukaryotes from plants to man. (biomedcentral.com)
  • All things now living on Earth belong to one of the three main groups called Bacteria, Archaea and Eukaryotes (all plants and animals are included here). (lu.se)
  • Through their consumption, bacteria, together with other organisms, contribute to the decomposition of dead plants and animals which eventually results in both carbon dioxide that can be used in photosynthesis, and minerals that can once again be absorbed by plants - thereby making the ecosystem cycle come full circle. (lu.se)
  • The special niche of plants is to combine water and nutrients from the soil with light and gases from the air, this takes place as the plants go through their life cycle, grow and develop. (lu.se)
  • Yet, these proteins play important roles in many processes that require the protein to interact with a number of other proteins. (elifesciences.org)
  • As specific Ca2+ sensors, calcineurin B-like (CBL) proteins play vital roles in plant stress response and calcium signaling. (bvsalud.org)
  • this suggests greater opportunity for alternative splicing and protein variants with different regulatory roles. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Physarum polycephalum is a well-studied microbial eukaryote with unique experimental attributes relative to other experimental model organisms. (duke.edu)
  • analyzed the amino acid sequences of two specific intrinsically disordered proteins from different organisms to reconstruct the versions of the proteins that were likely found in their common ancestors 450-600 million years ago. (elifesciences.org)
  • Amebae are a taxonomically diverse group of phagocytic organisms residing in every major lineage of eukaryotes. (cdc.gov)
  • Mechanisms that regulate development from single cell to multicellular organisms. (lu.se)
  • I'm interested in understanding how microbial eukaryotes - a.k.a 'protists' - have evolved to thrive in low-oxygen environments. (lu.se)
  • report using video microscopy to show that microtubules repeatedly target substrate contact sites in migrating cells and link the frequency of microtubule targeting to the turnover of contact sites. (silverchair.com)
  • determined that contact turnover in spreading and moving cells is retarded in the absence of microtubules, and that the retraction of cell edges during cell motility follows the repetitive targeting of peripheral substrate contacts. (silverchair.com)
  • While the team is now working to determine the specific signals governing substrate contact sites, J. Victor Small, corresponding author, suggests that microtubules may have a similar role in other cellular processes: "We think that microtubule motors might indeed be transporting other signals, either by reversibly binding protein complexes or through the local delivery of vesicles bearing signaling molecules. (silverchair.com)
  • Early during replication, TgFBXO1 localizes to the developing daughter cell scaffold, which is the site where the daughter cell IMC and microtubules form and extend from. (uga.edu)
  • Identification of four CCCH zinc finger proteins in Xenopus, including a novel vertebrate protein with four zinc fingers and severely restricted expression. (embl.de)
  • Tristetraprolin (TTP), the prototype of a class of CCCH zinc finger proteins, is a phosphoprotein that is rapidly and transiently induced by growth factors and serum in fibroblasts. (embl.de)
  • Moreover, at the microscopic level within cells , might the processing of molecules also proceed in an organized fashion, as if moving through a tiny factory? (visionlearning.com)
  • The major theme will be devoted to describe and analyze the molecules of life, light microscopy, fine cell structure and function, cell membranes structure and function, cell division and staining procedures. (uaeu.ac.ae)
  • To ensure correct cell cycle progression, accurate timing of APC/C activity is important, which is obtained through its association with both activating and inhibitory subunits. (ugent.be)
  • The activity of CDKs is controlled by their binding to coactivator subunits termed Cyclins, as well as by CDK inhibitory proteins termed CKIs. (intechopen.com)
  • cyclin L CDK levels remain relatively constant throughout the cell cycle and most regulation is post-translational. (wikipedia.org)
  • More recently, cyclins are being shown to have additional functions not restricted to cell cycle regulation. (bdbiosciences.com)
  • Scaffold proteins are known to physically tether client proteins to specific cellular areas, functioning in spatial regulation of biological processes including signaling transduction, cytokinesis, morphogenesis, and ACD. (nature.com)
  • Moreover, a negative regulation of PodJ phase separation by the old-cell-pole scaffold protein SpmX was observed. (nature.com)
  • A new paradigm of epigenetic regulation linking cell. (umn.edu)
  • I am a plant cell biologist and protein biochemist at Oxford Brookes University with expertise in the structure and function of the plant endoplasmic reticulum (ER), membrane proteins and auxin biosynthesis using biochemical techniques as well as high-resolution live cell imaging. (brookes.ac.uk)
  • I further investigated membrane proteins and the targeting of tail-anchored proteins at Sheffield Hallam University. (brookes.ac.uk)
  • Do you possibly know typical life times of ion channels (membrane proteins)? (stackexchange.com)
  • Substrate specificity of S cyclins is imparted by the hydrophobic batch (centered on the MRAIL sequence), which has affinity for substrate proteins that contain a hydrophobic RXL (or Cy) motif. (wikipedia.org)
  • In humans there exist five isoforms of the B56 type regulatory subunit and they bind to their interacting proteins through a conserved LxxIxE motif. (eu.org)
  • 14-3-3 proteins function by interacting with other signal-transducing proteins and effecting changes in their enzymatic activity and subcellular localization. (mcw.edu)
  • Daughter cell scaffold localization required TgFBXO1 N-myristoylation and was dependent on the small molecular weight GTPase, TgRab11b. (uga.edu)
  • Cyclin-CDK complexes of earlier cell-cycle phase help activate cyclin-CDK complexes in later phase. (wikipedia.org)
  • Finally, we demonstrate that TgFBXO1 is required for parasite growth due to its function as a daughter cell scaffold effector. (uga.edu)
  • TgFBXO1 is the first F-box protein to be studied in apicomplexan parasites and represents the first protein demonstrated to be important for daughter cell scaffold function. (uga.edu)
  • In C. crescentus , the kinase DivJ is recruited to the stalked cell pole (old cell pole) through a PopZ-SpmX-DivJ sandwich, while the phosphatase PleC is localized to the swarmer cell pole (new cell pole) by the PodJ scaffold. (nature.com)
  • Recently, a research team led by Wei ZHAO from the Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology (SIAT) of the Chinese Academy of Sciences proposed that the PodJ scaffold in the new cell pole forms biomolecular condensates with physiological functions via phase separation, which helps to establish and regulate the asymmetry of bacterial cells. (nature.com)
  • How the DNA encoding these selfish elements spreads within and between genomes is poorly understood, particularly in eukaryotes where inteins are scarce. (lu.se)
  • A cell spends most of its time in interphase, during which it mostly performs its normal functions, such as protein synthesis. (coursehero.com)
  • Interphase comprises the gap 1 (G1), synthesis (S), and gap 2 (G2) phases, in which the cell grows and replicates its genetic material. (coursehero.com)
  • The S phase is characterized by DNA synthesis, and in the 1960s it was discovered that histone proteins are also synthesized during this phase. (news-medical.net)
  • This process is assumed to be under the control of the cell cycle, because of how closely linked to the S phase histone synthesis is. (news-medical.net)
  • The chemical modification of tRNA bases by sulfur is crucial to tune translation and to optimize protein synthesis. (icr.ac.uk)
  • have isolated a new microtubule-associated protein involved in mitotic spindle formation. (silverchair.com)
  • The capacity of this compound, IU1-47, to enhance protein degradation in cells was tested using as a reporter the microtubule-associated protein tau, which has been implicated in many neurodegenerative diseases. (cornell.edu)
  • Comparison of all the eukaryote and prokaryote genomes available allowed the authors to speculate that "the evolutionary transition from unicellular prokaryotic to unicellular eukaryotic life may have been more complex than the transition to multicellular life. (biomedcentral.com)
  • My additional independent research on ER localisation and splicing in auxin biosynthesis showed for the first time ER-localisation for an auxin biosynthetic protein. (brookes.ac.uk)
  • Mara is currently developing bioinformatic tools to predict quinone biosynthesis strategies in anaerobic eukaryotes. (lu.se)
  • It is thus likely that the previously observed phenotypes for MAK11 homologues in other eukaryotes are secondary to the main function of these proteins in ribosome formation. (pasteur.fr)
  • The convergence of multiple proteome-level changes around the Rsp5 technique indicates a key function of this pathway in theFrom the Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Protein Investigation, Faculty of Overall health and Health-related Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark Author's Choice-Final version full access. (idhinhibitor.com)
  • This activity is strongly conserved and probably represents a primordial function of these proteins. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Our current studies on this complex focus on functional dissection of the multiple domains within this large protein and on interacting proteins that may be essential for the function of the RanBP2 complex. (nih.gov)
  • cell function. (lu.se)
  • The Msps protein localizes to mitotic spindles and centrosomal regions in a cell cycle-dependent manner. (silverchair.com)
  • It is presently unclear how L2-d cells are programmed to be pre-meiotic within anthers or how this identity is retained during the mitotic divisions prior to PMC maturation. (biomedcentral.com)
  • We performed phylogenetic reconstruction, resurrection and biophysical characterization of two interacting disordered protein domains, CID and NCBD. (elifesciences.org)
  • Molecular cloning and characterization indicated that the 48 kDa substrate, termed SksC, itself is a novel protein kinase. (elsevierpure.com)
  • however, the characterization of the CBL family and the functional study of apple MdCBL proteins in salt response have yet to be conducted in apple. (bvsalud.org)
  • I have expertise from gene characterization to protein engineering. (queensu.ca)