• However, they also require more processing to make the sugar monomers available to the microorganisms typically used to produce ethanol by fermentation, which drives up the price of cellulos-derived ethanol. (wikipedia.org)
  • The hydrolyzed sugar could then be processed to form ethanol through fermentation. (wikipedia.org)
  • Alternatively, processes using cellulolytic microorganisms (such as C. cellulolyticum, C. thermocellum, and C. phytofermentans) to carry out both the hydrolysis of lignocelluloses and sugar fermentation in a single step, termed 'Consolidated Bioprocessing Process (CBP)' [ 12 ] have been proposed, how-ever the development of these is still at an early stage, and again low conversion rates seem to be a major limitation that needs to be overcome. (banksolar.ru)
  • However, some challenges have been identified for syngas fermentation to be commercialized, including gas mass transfer limitations, long retention times due to slow cell growth, and lower alcohol production rates and broth concentrations. (banksolar.ru)
  • In the last 40 years, several scientific and technological advances in microbiology of the fermentation have greatly contributed to evolution of the ethanol industry in Brazil. (scielo.br)
  • Better control of fermentation conditions can reduce the stress conditions for yeast cells and contamination by bacteria and wild yeasts. (scielo.br)
  • New technologies have also focused on the reduction of vinasse volumes by increasing the ethanol concentrations in wine during fermentation. (scielo.br)
  • Caloramator celer is a strict anaerobic, alkalitolerant, thermophilic bacterium capable of converting glucose to hydrogen (H 2 ), carbon dioxide, acetate, ethanol and formate by a mixed acid fermentation. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Higher H 2 yields were associated with fermentation at acidic pH as a consequence of the lower synthesis of other reduced by-products such as formate and ethanol. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Dark fermentation is a potential carbon neutral process for production of H 2 from organic substrates by mesophilic or thermophilic anaerobic microorganisms. (biomedcentral.com)
  • In separate hydrolysis and fermentation of lignocellulose hydrolysates of Arundo donax (giant reed), spruce and a wheat straw/hay mixture, the maximum specific D-xylose consumption rate was 0.36, 0.23 and 1.1 g/g DW inoculum/h, and the final ethanol titer was 4.2, 3.9 and 5.8% (v/v), respectively. (biomedcentral.com)
  • In simultaneous saccharification and fermentation of Arundo hydrolysate, GS1.11-26 produced 32% more ethanol than the parent strain Ethanol Red, due to efficient D-xylose utilization. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Novel processing strategies for hydrolysis and fermentation of lignocellulosic biomass in a single reactor offer large potential cost savings for production of biocommodities and biofuels. (researchgate.net)
  • A description of microorganisms involved in methane fermentation, based on an analysis of bacteria isolated from sewage sludge digesters and from the rumen of some animals, is summarized in Fig. 4-1. (fao.org)
  • In methane fermentation of waste waters containing high concentrations of organic polymers, the hydrolytic activity relevant to each polymer is of paramount significance, in that polymer hydrolysis may become a rate-limiting step for the production of simpler bacterial substrates to be used in subsequent degradation steps. (fao.org)
  • Fermentation occurs in yeast cells and bacteria and also in the muscles of animals. (zestrestaurant.co.za)
  • Fermentation occurs in the absence of oxygen (anaerobic conditions), and in the presence of beneficial microorganisms (yeasts, molds, and bacteria) that obtain their energy through fermentation. (zestrestaurant.co.za)
  • They use hexose sugars as … Fermentation occurs in the absence of oxygen (anaerobic conditions), and in the presence of beneficial microorganisms (yeasts, molds, and bacteria) that obtain their energy through fermentation. (zestrestaurant.co.za)
  • In yeasts, fermentation produces ethanol. (zestrestaurant.co.za)
  • Lactic acid fermentation is also used by the bacteria that make yogurt. (zestrestaurant.co.za)
  • Types of fermentation include lactic acid fermentation and alcohol fermentation, in which ethanol is produced. (zestrestaurant.co.za)
  • Fermentation is a metabolic process that converts sugar (primarily glucose, fructose, and sucrose) to acids, gases or alcohol. (zestrestaurant.co.za)
  • All forms of fermentation except lactic acid fermentation produce gas, which plays a role in the laboratory identification of bacteria. (zestrestaurant.co.za)
  • The association of Tempranillo with AMF may result in a more adequate source of N for yeasts during the must fermentation process and could mitigate the increased pH and ethanol levels found in the wines elaborated with grapes developed under low-moderate warming. (unav.edu)
  • In this contribution, we review the traditional pulque production process, including the microbiota involved in the biochemical changes that take place during aguamiel fermentation. (frontiersin.org)
  • In anaerobic cultures, a higher ethanol yield can be achieved when transport of hexoses is proton-coupled, because of the lower net ATP yield of sugar dissimilation. (biomedcentral.com)
  • After evolution, the resulting strain exhibited a 16.6% increased anaerobic ethanol yield (from 1.51 to 1.76 mol mol hexose equivalent −1 ) and 46.6% decreased biomass yield on sucrose. (biomedcentral.com)
  • This study provides a proof-of-concept for the replacement of the endogenous hexose transporters of S. cerevisiae by hexose-proton symport, and the concomitant decrease in ATP yield, to greatly improve the anaerobic yield of ethanol on sugar. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Most anaerobic bacteria undergo hexose metabolism via the Emden-Meyerhof-Parnas pathway (EMP) which produces pyruvate as an intermediate along with NADH. (fao.org)
  • Studies of a pckA-lacZ gene fusion indicated that when cells were grown in minimal media with various carbon sources, such as succinate, malate, pyruvate, lactate, or ethanol, under both anaerobic light and aerobic dark conditions, the pckA gene was induced in log phase, irrespective of the carbon source. (asm.org)
  • This has been further compounded by depletion of fossil reserves, growing organic waste production, and global warming threats have combined to increase interest in anaerobic digestion and biogas fuel resources [ 10 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • These pre-treatments are designed to allow the carbohydrate portion of the biomass to be broken down into simple sugars, for example by en-zymatic hydrolysis using exogenously added cellulases to release fermentable sugars [ 12 ]. (banksolar.ru)
  • Moreover, conversion of sugarcane biomass into fermentable sugars for second-generation ethanol production is a promising alternative to meet future demands of biofuel production in the country. (scielo.br)
  • In Ethanol & Alcohol production process, the starches from agricultural products are converted in fermentable sugars with the help of enzymes. (sunsonenzymes.com)
  • The Germans soon developed an industrial process optimized for yields of around 50 US gallons (190 L) per ton of biomass. (wikipedia.org)
  • Unfortunately, baker's yeast is unable to efficiently metabolize pentose sugars, particularly D-xylose, which accounts for up to 35% of total sugars in xylan-rich lignocellulosic biomass such as hard woods and straw [ 3 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Increasing environmental and policy concerns and measures have generated increasing interest in the use of biomass resources as renewable feedstock for electricity generation, fuel production, chemical processing, and hydrogen production [ 9 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • Total biomass production and waste materials in palm oil industry. (banksolar.ru)
  • Hence the total en-ergy fixed by biomass is estimated to be 13.5×107 kcal/ha year, this being equiva-lent to 15 tons of fuel. (banksolar.ru)
  • An expression cassette containing 13 genes including Clostridium phytofermentans XylA , encoding D-xylose isomerase (XI), and enzymes of the pentose phosphate pathway was inserted in two copies in the genome of Ethanol Red. (biomedcentral.com)
  • MECHANISMHemicellulose comprises a group of heterogenous polysaccharides made up of hexose, pentose and their derivatives. (sunsonenzymes.com)
  • Although years of intense R&D have made methods of bioethanol production (typically using the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae) technologically mature, there remain some serious questions regarding its sustainability. (banksolar.ru)
  • In the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae , which is widely applied for industrial bioethanol production, uptake of hexoses is mediated by transporters with a facilitated diffusion mechanism. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The purpose of the present work was to develop such a strain from a prime industrial yeast strain, Ethanol Red, used for bioethanol production. (biomedcentral.com)
  • An industrial yeast strain for bioethanol production with lignocellulose hydrolysates has been developed in the genetic background of a strain widely used for commercial bioethanol production. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The unique structure of complex sugars allows them to be absorbed and broken down more sl owly than simple sugars, avoiding rapid spikes in blood glucose. (50webs.com)
  • Absence of production of cellulosic ethanol in the quantities required by the regulation was the basis of a United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia decision announced January 25, 2013, voiding a requirement imposed on car and truck fuel producers in the United States by the Environmental Protection Agency requiring addition of cellulosic biofuels to their products. (wikipedia.org)
  • Microorganisms such as acetogens, carboxytrophs and methanogens are able to utilize the CO2 + H2, and/or CO available in such syngas as their sole source of carbon and energy for growth as well as the production of biofuels and other valuable products. (banksolar.ru)
  • This book focuses on the latest conversion techniques for the production of liquid and gaseous biofuels that should be of interest to the chemical scientists and technologists. (banksolar.ru)
  • Biogas is competitive, viable, and generally a sustainable energy resource due to abundant supply of cheap feedstocks and availability of a wide range of biogas applications in heating, power generation, fuel, and raw materials for further processing and production of sustainable chemicals including hydrogen, and carbon dioxide and biofuels. (hindawi.com)
  • The main application for biogas is electricity generation, thermal applications like cooking, heating, and lighting, and production of biofuels. (hindawi.com)
  • Yeasts lack chlorophyll and are unable to manufacture by photosynthesis from inorganic substrates the organic compounds required for growth, as do higher plants, algae, and even some bacteria. (biologydiscussion.com)
  • In addition, global warming has led to an increase in temperature of water, which has affected the normal lifecycles of bacteria and algae, mainly by increasing the duration of bloom seasons. (ncsu.edu)
  • There are great research opportunities in production processes of the first-generation ethanol regarding high-value added products, cost reduction and selection of new industrial yeast strains that are more robust and customized for each distillery. (scielo.br)
  • The inherently higher robustness and tolerance of S. cerevisiae to various inhibitors gives it a head start in programs aimed at developing strains with extreme inhibitor tolerance, able to efficiently ferment hexoses and pentoses in concentrated lignocellulose hydrolysates [ 6 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Expression of pQexpE increased cellulolysis by ϳ 30% in both the WT and ET strains (Fig. 5A) and boosted ethanol production by 70% relative to the ET strain ( P Ͻ 0.01), thereby restoring ethanol yields to WT levels (Fig. 5B). (researchgate.net)
  • CO 2 production increased disproportionately relative to H 2 production in WT and ET strains expressing pQexpE (Table 3). (researchgate.net)
  • Rhodopseudomonas palustris is a purple non-sulfide bacterium (PNSB), and some strains have been proven to promote plant growth. (bvsalud.org)
  • as of 2021, none produces cellulosic ethanol at scale. (wikipedia.org)
  • C. phytofermentans thus likely produces ethanol by the concerted action of multiple ADHs, and these other ADHs, especially Cphy1029, are responsi- ble for ethanol produced by the ET strain. (researchgate.net)
  • This process produces a translucent syrup that's an alternative to white and brown sugar. (50webs.com)
  • Purple nonsulfur bacteria (PNSB) are metabolically versatile organisms which are able to grow either aerobically in the dark or anaerobically in the light using hydrogen or organic compounds as electron donors and subsequently fixing CO 2 ( 16 ). (asm.org)
  • To facilitate uptake and conversion of glucose at low extracellular concentrations, activity of high-affinity transporters ( K M ~ 1 mM) is required, in combination with hexokinase activity to 'trap' the sugar inside the cell in its phosphorylated form and therefore maintain a glucose concentration gradient over the cellular membrane [ 15 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • To apply this strategy to increase the ethanol yield on sucrose, we constructed a platform strain in which all genes encoding hexose transporters, disaccharide transporters and disaccharide hydrolases were deleted, after which a combination of a glucose-proton symporter, fructose-proton symporter and extracellular invertase ( SUC2 ) were introduced. (biomedcentral.com)
  • ENGLISH ABSTRACT: In most plants the efficiency of sucrose production and the systemic distribution thereof are the major determinants of growth, development and yield. (sun.ac.za)
  • These factors include sugar transporters and invertases as well as metabolites, including sucrose and glucose, which function as signalling molecules to modulate gene expression. (sun.ac.za)
  • For instance, the transformation of plants with a yeast-derived invertase targeted to different subcellular compartments has led to the elucidation of several key aspects of sugar metabolism, including phloem loading mechanisms, the regulation of photosynthesis by sugars, the importance of sugar-metabolism compartmentation with regards to sucrose biosynthesis, storage and distribution, as well as the role of cell-wall invertase in phloem unloading and sink strength. (sun.ac.za)
  • Transcript levels of the sucrose transporter NtSUT1 and hexose transporter NtMST1 encoding genes increased significantly in the source leaves and roots of Vac-Inv lines, whereas increased NtMst1 transcript levels were also detected in the roots of Apo-Inv lines. (sun.ac.za)
  • A previous study reported an ethanol-tolerant C. thermocellum strain with AdhE mutations (P704L and H735R) that shifted the cofactor specificity from NADH to NADPH, which was proposed to confer ethanol resistance by altering the internal redox balance (9). (researchgate.net)
  • To deter- mine the effect of the G609D mutation on Cphy3925 enzyme activity, we purified WT and ET versions of the enzyme (Fig. 3A) and tested their in vitro catalysis of the two-step, bidirectional reactions converting acetyl-CoA to ethanol using either NADH or NADPH cofactors. (researchgate.net)
  • Together, these enzymes couple decarboxylation of pyruvate to ethanol with the oxidation of NADH and thus represent an alternative to the AdhE ethanol formation pathway. (researchgate.net)
  • Cellular respiration is a catabolic pathway in which glucose is completely oxidized, yielding CO 2 and the high-energy, reduced electron carriers NADH and FADH 2, and ATP. (zestrestaurant.co.za)
  • The emergence of Crabtree-positive yeasts 100-150 million years ago probably coincided with the emergence of fruit-bearing plants, providing a sugar-rich niche in which these yeasts evolved [ 9 , 10 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Mesophilic microorganisms are not capable of producing H 2 at high yield being it reported in the range of 1-2 mol H 2 /mol hexose [ 4 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The pckA gene, encoding the gluconeogenic enzyme phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK), was cloned by PCR amplification from the purple nonsulfur bacterium Rhodopseudomonas palustris No. 7. (asm.org)
  • Ethanol pathway engineering. (researchgate.net)
  • This reaction is the first step in the gluconeogenic pathway, in which citric acid cycle intermediates are converted to hexose. (asm.org)
  • Biogas can also be used in fuel cells for direct conversion to electricity and raw material for hydrogen and transport fuel production which is a significant pathway to sustainable energy development. (hindawi.com)
  • It involved the use of dilute acid to hydrolyze the cellulose to glucose, and was able to produce 7.6 liters of ethanol per 100 kg of wood waste (18 US gal (68 L) per ton). (wikipedia.org)
  • Combining experimental results from batch fermentations with genome analysis, reconstruction of central carbon metabolism and metabolic flux analysis (MFA), this study shed light on glucose catabolism of the thermophilic alkalitolerant bacterium C. celer . (biomedcentral.com)
  • Introduction of heterologous glucose- or fructose-proton symporters in an hxt 0 yeast background strain (derived from CEN.PK2-1C) restored growth on the corresponding sugar under aerobic conditions. (biomedcentral.com)
  • 1 g L −1 , Crabtree effect), which is remarkable since respiration yields substantially more ATP per molecule of dissimilated glucose [ 3 , 4 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • In such environments, the high extracellular glucose concentration can drive the uptake of glucose by yeast cells via diffusion, which is exemplified by the occurrence of many hexose transporters with a facilitated diffusion mechanism in S. cerevisiae . (biomedcentral.com)
  • The strain uses glucose and D-xylose with high consumption rates and partial cofermentation in various lignocellulose hydrolysates with very high ethanol yield. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The production of bioethanol from lignocellulose hydrolysates requires a robust, D-xylose-fermenting and inhibitor-tolerant microorganism as catalyst. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Although there are various species of bacteria, filamentous fungi and other yeast species that are naturally capable of efficiently metabolizing D-xylose, they lack the other crucial advantages of the yeast S. cerevisiae , which have made it the most prominent industrial microorganism. (biomedcentral.com)
  • 1 unit of Xylanase equals to the amount of enzyme, which hydrolyzes xylan to get 1 μmol of reducing sugar (Calculated as xylose) in 1 min at 50℃ and pH5.0. (sunsonenzymes.com)
  • This study presents the pathways for use of biogas in the energy transition by application in power generation and production of fuels. (hindawi.com)
  • The sugars and oxygen produced during photosynthesis supply energy for plant growth. (extramarks.com)
  • Transgenic lines overproducing the yeast-derived invertase in either the vacuole (Vac-Inv) or apoplast (Apo-Inv) were utilised to analyse the effect of the altered sugar levels in sink and source organs on the expression of sugar transporters, as well as the endogenous cell wall invertase and inhibitors in these plants. (sun.ac.za)
  • Interest in cellulosic ethanol is driven by its potential to replace ethanol made from corn or sugarcane. (wikipedia.org)
  • The main current disadvantage of cellulosic ethanol is its high cost of production, which is more complex and requires more steps than corn-based or sugarcane-based ethanol. (wikipedia.org)
  • Nowadays, new technologies are available to produce ethanol from sugarcane, corn and other feedstocks, reducing the off-season period. (scielo.br)
  • The variants in these cation transporters may increase their activities to alleviate cation leakage due to ethanol stress. (researchgate.net)
  • Cellulosic ethanol is ethanol (ethyl alcohol) produced from cellulose (the stringy fiber of a plant) rather than from the plant's seeds or fruit. (wikipedia.org)
  • In the United States, the Standard Alcohol Company opened the first cellulosic ethanol production plant in South Carolina in 1910. (wikipedia.org)
  • The genetic transformation of plants and the subsequent development of transgenic lines with disturbed sugar metabolism have made an unprecedented impact on the study of sugar translocation and -partitioning. (sun.ac.za)
  • Root development, nutrient uptake and stress tolerance are also important factors influencing yield. (allindianpatents.com)
  • These raw materials for ethanol production have the advantage of being abundant and diverse and would not compete with food production, unlike the more commonly used corn and cane sugars. (wikipedia.org)
  • By contrast, starch ethanol (e.g., from corn), which most frequently uses natural gas to provide energy for the process, may not reduce greenhouse gas emissions at all depending on how the starch-based feedstock is produced. (wikipedia.org)
  • Furthermore, corn ethanol producers in the US, have historically enjoyed a 45-cent-a-gallon federal tax credit for years (which ended in early 2012), costing the government US$30.5 billion between 2005 to 2011, rais-ing questions about its economic competitiveness with gasoline [ 10 , 11 ]. (banksolar.ru)
  • Starch sugar is the sugar produced by starch as the raw material and the enzyme preparation is widely used in the preduction of starch sugar. (sunsonenzymes.com)
  • Cellulosic ethanol is a type of biofuel produced from lignocellulose, a structural material that comprises much of the mass of plants and is composed mainly of cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin. (wikipedia.org)
  • One critical challenge is retaining high enzyme production in the presence of elevated product titers. (researchgate.net)
  • Using enzyme preparation in the beer production process can improve the proportion of the auxiliary materials, reduce the production cost and improve the flavor of beer. (sunsonenzymes.com)
  • Third, biological conversions are commonly more specific due to high enzy-matic specificities, resulting in higher product yield with the formation of fewer by-products. (banksolar.ru)
  • PEPCKs have been generally classified according to their nucleotide specificities: enzymes from bacteria, yeast, and plants mainly use adenosine nucleotides, but enzymes from a variety of eukaryotes and mammals use guanosine or inosine phosphates ( 24 ). (asm.org)
  • The mutated Cphy3925 lost NAD(H)-dependent activities, but, unlike the mutated AdhE in C. thermocellum , the G609D mutation did not result in NADPH-dependent ADH activity (Fig. 3B to E). Instead, our results support the notion that the ET strain arrested AdhE-mediated interconversion of acetyl-CoA, acetaldehyde, and ethanol, which helps explain why the C. phytofermentans ET strain had lower ethanol yield. (researchgate.net)
  • Cellulosic ethanol can reduce greenhouse gas emissions by 85% over reformulated gasoline. (wikipedia.org)
  • These issues, along with many other difficult production challenges, led George Washington University policy researchers to state that "in the short term, [cellulosic] ethanol cannot meet the energy security and environmental goals of a gasoline alternative. (wikipedia.org)
  • In the first phase of the program, ethanol was added to gasoline. (scielo.br)
  • Flex-fuel cars can run either on 100% hydrous ethanol or on different blends of ethanol and gasoline. (scielo.br)
  • Nowadays, gasoline contains a blending of 27% of anhydrous ethanol. (scielo.br)
  • Diesel engines, petrol or gasoline engines, turbines, microturbines, and Stirling engines offer feasible options for biogas to electricity production as prme movers. (hindawi.com)
  • Syngas is used in production of alcohols, jet fuels, diesel, and gasoline through the Fischer-Tropsch process. (hindawi.com)
  • Legumes stand out for their high nutritional quality, so the objective was to study whether the atmospheric CO2 concentration affected the growth, yield, and food quality of early maturing cultivars of peas, snap beans, and faba beans. (unav.edu)
  • For a biotechnological exploitation of this bacterium for H 2 production it is crucial to understand the factors that regulate carbon and electron fluxes and therefore the final distribution of metabolites to channel the metabolic flux towards the desired product. (biomedcentral.com)
  • However, the distribution of the end metabolites can vary depending on the growth conditions allowing the accumulation of significant amounts of ethanol and formate with consequent reduction of H 2 yield. (biomedcentral.com)
  • the disease-causing bacterium was isolated and its morphological, physiological and biochemical characters were determined. (liverpool.ac.uk)
  • RESULTS The effect of ECO2 depended on legume species, being more evident for food quality than for vegetative growth and yield. (unav.edu)
  • Slower absorption also allows the body to utilize complex sugars for energy instead of having to store them as fat for later use. (50webs.com)
  • In this study, the facilitated diffusion transport system for hexose sugars of S. cerevisiae was replaced by hexose-proton symport. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Finally, we describe the actual status of pulque production as well as the social, scientific and technological challenges faced to preserve and improve the production of this ancestral beverage and Mexican cultural heritage. (frontiersin.org)
  • Fourth, unlike traditional chemical catalysts which require a set feed gas composition to yield desired product ratios or suite, microbial processes have freedom to operate for the production ofthe same suite of products across a wider range of CO:H2 ratios in the feed gas [ 16 ]. (banksolar.ru)
  • Only in +M plants mature berries maintained the balance of sugars to organic acids and increased the Arg-to Pro-ratio under elevated temperatures. (unav.edu)
  • It increased ethanol consumption and reduced significantly oil dependence. (scielo.br)
  • Abiotic stress conditions, such as shortage or excess of solar energy, water and nutrients, extremes of hot and cold temperatures, pollution (e.g. heavy-metal pollution) can all have a major impact on plant growth and can significantly reduce plant yield and growth. (allindianpatents.com)
  • However, a combination of factors involving oil price drops, reduction of subsidies to producers and rise of sugar prices contributed to fuel shortage that led to a major downturn in the demand for ethanol-run cars. (scielo.br)
  • After the second oil crisis in 1979, the automobile industry started to produce the first car to run on ethanol only for the Brazilian market. (scielo.br)
  • Depending on the growth conditions C. celer can produce H 2 at high yields. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Yield is normally defined as the measurable produce of economic value from a crop. (allindianpatents.com)
  • Our tech-nology proved that the waste which digested by commercial cellulase can be fer-mented well by CL saccharoperbutylacetonicum N1-4 to produce acetone, bu-tanol and ethanol without any additional medium supplementation (2-3). (banksolar.ru)
  • In the second stage, hydrogen-producing acetogenic bacteria convert the higher volatile fatty acids e.g., propionic and butyric acids, produced, to H 2 , CO 2 , and acetic acid. (fao.org)
  • The carbon dioxide that plants absorb as they grow offsets some of the carbon dioxide emitted when ethanol made from them is burned, so cellulosic ethanol fuel has the potential to have a lower carbon footprint than fossil fuels. (wikipedia.org)
  • A large number of new companies specializing in cellulosic ethanol, in addition to many existing companies, invested in pilot-scale production plants. (wikipedia.org)
  • These findings imply that, depending on the PNSB's growing conditions, it may interact with various soil bacteria and facilitate their infiltration into plants. (bvsalud.org)
  • Photosynthetic rates were higher under warm temperatures irrespective of mycorrhizal inoculation, but sugars and proteins in leaves decreased in -M plants under these environmental conditions. (unav.edu)
  • The present invention concerns a method for altering growth characteristics of plants, in particular a method for altering stress tolerance and yield in plants. (allindianpatents.com)
  • More specifically, the present invention concerns altering tolerance in plants to various environmental stresses and to increasing seed yield by modifying plant haemoglobin gene expression and/or by modifying plant haemoglobin protein levels. (allindianpatents.com)
  • Most varieties of crop plants available to agriculture today have been obtained as a result of years of breeding activities focussed on the selection of higher yielding plants adapted to a particular environment. (allindianpatents.com)
  • In addition, during their life cycle, plants are exposed to various environmental conditions which greatly influence development and which, when unfavourable, may limit the final yield. (allindianpatents.com)
  • With the H 2 production in mind, acidic pH and low P H2 should be preferred for a high yield-oriented process, while a high productivity-oriented process can be achieved at alkaline pH and high P H2 . (biomedcentral.com)
  • As a consequence, they often lack sufficient genetic variability to adapt to other environments whilst maintaining a high yield. (allindianpatents.com)
  • At high P H2 the cellular redox state was balanced by rerouting the flow of carbon and electrons to ethanol and formate production allowing unaltered glycolytic flux and growth rate, but resulting in a decreased H 2 synthesis. (biomedcentral.com)
  • However, it is still uncertain whether growth conditions influence R. palustris's production of PQQ and other characteristics. (bvsalud.org)
  • The final yield of a plant is determined by several parameters amongst which growth is a major contributor. (allindianpatents.com)
  • Often an increase in growth correlates with higher yield. (allindianpatents.com)
  • 1 1 Amorim HV, Lopes ML. Ethanol production in a petroleum dependent world. (scielo.br)
  • Yield is directly dependent on several factors, for example, the number and size of the organs, plant architecture (for example, the number of branches), seed production and more. (allindianpatents.com)
  • The United States government in particular funded research into its commercialization and set targets for the proportion of cellulosic ethanol added to vehicle fuel. (wikipedia.org)
  • Unlike soluble fiber, insoluble fiber does not feed undesirable bacteria well and is not readily fermented into short chain fatty acids. (50webs.com)