Ethanol anaerobic hexose sugars into bacteria. Medical search. Frequent questions

Methane fermentation is a versatile biotechnology capable of converting almost all types of polymeric materials to methane and carbon dioxide under anaerobic conditions. (fao.org)
Although practiced for decades, interest in anaerobic fermentation has only recently focused on its use in the economic recovery of fuel gas from industrial and agricultural surpluses. (fao.org)
A description of microorganisms involved in methane fermentation, based on an analysis of bacteria isolated from sewage sludge digesters and from the rumen of some animals, is summarized in Fig. 4-1. (fao.org)
Levilactobacillus brevis is a gram-positive, rod shaped species of lactic acid bacteria which is heterofermentative, creating CO2, lactic acid and acetic acid or ethanol during fermentation. (wikipedia.org)
Alternatively, processes using cellulolytic microorganisms (such as C. cellulolyticum, C. thermocellum, and C. phytofermentans) to carry out both the hydrolysis of lignocelluloses and sugar fermentation in a single step, termed 'Consolidated Bioprocessing Process (CBP)' [ 12 ] have been proposed, how-ever the development of these is still at an early stage, and again low conversion rates seem to be a major limitation that needs to be overcome. (banksolar.ru)
Caloramator celer is a strict anaerobic, alkalitolerant, thermophilic bacterium capable of converting glucose to hydrogen (H 2 ), carbon dioxide, acetate, ethanol and formate by a mixed acid fermentation. (biomedcentral.com)
Higher H 2 yields were associated with fermentation at acidic pH as a consequence of the lower synthesis of other reduced by-products such as formate and ethanol. (biomedcentral.com)
Dark fermentation is a potential carbon neutral process for production of H 2 from organic substrates by mesophilic or thermophilic anaerobic microorganisms. (biomedcentral.com)
Fermentation occurs in yeast cells and bacteria and also in the muscles of animals. (zestrestaurant.co.za)
Fermentation and anaerobic respiration are two types of cellular respiration mechanisms that are used to produce ATP for the functioning of the cell. (zestrestaurant.co.za)
Fermentation occurs in the absence of oxygen (anaerobic conditions), and in the presence of beneﬁcial microorganisms (yeasts, molds, and bacteria) that obtain their energy through fermentation. (zestrestaurant.co.za)
They use hexose sugars as … Fermentation occurs in the absence of oxygen (anaerobic conditions), and in the presence of beneﬁcial microorganisms (yeasts, molds, and bacteria) that obtain their energy through fermentation. (zestrestaurant.co.za)
1] Both fermentation and anaerobic respiration occur in the absence of oxygen. (zestrestaurant.co.za)
In yeasts, fermentation produces ethanol. (zestrestaurant.co.za)
Lactic acid fermentation is also used by the bacteria that make yogurt. (zestrestaurant.co.za)
Types of fermentation include lactic acid fermentation and alcohol fermentation, in which ethanol is produced. (zestrestaurant.co.za)
Krebs cycle and electron transport system do not occur in Fermentation is the process that takes place after the glycolysis in the cells where the anaerobic respiraton occurs due to absence or lack of oxygen. (zestrestaurant.co.za)
Fermentation is a metabolic process that converts sugar (primarily glucose, fructose, and sucrose) to acids, gases or alcohol. (zestrestaurant.co.za)
All forms of fermentation except lactic acid fermentation produce gas, which plays a role in the laboratory identification of bacteria. (zestrestaurant.co.za)
In separate hydrolysis and fermentation of lignocellulose hydrolysates of Arundo donax (giant reed), spruce and a wheat straw/hay mixture, the maximum specific D-xylose consumption rate was 0.36, 0.23 and 1.1 g/g DW inoculum/h, and the final ethanol titer was 4.2, 3.9 and 5.8% (v/v), respectively. (biomedcentral.com)
In simultaneous saccharification and fermentation of Arundo hydrolysate, GS1.11-26 produced 32% more ethanol than the parent strain Ethanol Red, due to efficient D-xylose utilization. (biomedcentral.com)
Nous cherchons à comprendre les systèmes qu'utilisent C. phytofermentans pour fermenter la biomasse en combinant les mesures à haut débit de l'expression des gènes comme la protéomique ( Tolonen and Haas, 2014 ), la transcriptomique ( Boutard et al, 2014 ), et la métabolomique avec des analyses de la croissance, la fermentation et la microscopie (figure 1A). (cea.fr)

Yeast species either require oxygen for aerobic cellular respiration (obligate aerobes) or are anaerobic, but also have aerobic methods of energy production (facultative anaerobes). (lutheransatcmu.org)
an aerobic or anaerobic process? (zestrestaurant.co.za)
Studies of a pckA-lacZ gene fusion indicated that when cells were grown in minimal media with various carbon sources, such as succinate, malate, pyruvate, lactate, or ethanol, under both anaerobic light and aerobic dark conditions, the pckA gene was induced in log phase, irrespective of the carbon source. (asm.org)
Introduction of heterologous glucose- or fructose-proton symporters in an hxt 0 yeast background strain (derived from CEN.PK2-1C) restored growth on the corresponding sugar under aerobic conditions. (biomedcentral.com)
A pale pink and strictly aerobic bacterium, designated strain M71 T , was isolated from the soil of a Euphrates poplar forest in Xingjiang, PR China. (microbiologyresearch.org)

Hexoses and pentoses are generally converted to C 2 and C 3 intermediates and to reduced electron carriers (e.g. (fao.org)
L. brevis is heterofermentative and uses the phosphoketolase pathway to metabolize pentoses and hexoses. (wikipedia.org)
generate pentoses from hexoses - 2. (studylib.net)
generate hexoses from pentoses (gluconeogenesis) - 3. (studylib.net)
The inherently higher robustness and tolerance of S. cerevisiae to various inhibitors gives it a head start in programs aimed at developing strains with extreme inhibitor tolerance, able to efficiently ferment hexoses and pentoses in concentrated lignocellulose hydrolysates [ 6 ]. (biomedcentral.com)

This has been further compounded by depletion of fossil reserves, growing organic waste production, and global warming threats have combined to increase interest in anaerobic digestion and biogas fuel resources [ 10 ]. (hindawi.com)

Mesophilic microorganisms are not capable of producing H 2 at high yield being it reported in the range of 1-2 mol H 2 /mol hexose [ 4 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Odoribacter splanchnicus 1651/6 is an anaerobe, mesophilic bacterium that was isolated from abdominal abscess. (dsmz.de)
Mangrovibacterium diazotrophicum DSM 27148 is a mesophilic bacterium that was isolated from mangrove sediment. (dsmz.de)

Partial breakdown into lactic acid or ethanol and CO2 Note: Bacteria have many different pathways for carbohydrate metabolism based on the enzymes they are able to produce. (studylib.net)

Some species can metabolize pentose sugars like ribose,[17] alcohols, and organic acids. (lutheransatcmu.org)
An expression cassette containing 13 genes including Clostridium phytofermentans XylA , encoding D-xylose isomerase (XI), and enzymes of the pentose phosphate pathway was inserted in two copies in the genome of Ethanol Red. (biomedcentral.com)
Unfortunately, baker's yeast is unable to efficiently metabolize pentose sugars, particularly D-xylose, which accounts for up to 35% of total sugars in xylan-rich lignocellulosic biomass such as hard woods and straw [ 3 ]. (biomedcentral.com)

Expression of pQexpE increased cellulolysis by ϳ 30% in both the WT and ET strains (Fig. 5A) and boosted ethanol production by 70% relative to the ET strain ( P Ͻ 0.01), thereby restoring ethanol yields to WT levels (Fig. 5B). (researchgate.net)

Major metabolites of L. brevis include lactic acid and ethanol. (wikipedia.org)

The biochemistry and microbiology of the anaerobic breakdown of polymeric materials to methane and the roles of the various microorganisms involved, are discussed here. (fao.org)

Most anaerobic bacteria undergo hexose metabolism via the Emden-Meyerhof-Parnas pathway (EMP) which produces pyruvate as an intermediate along with NADH. (fao.org)
The glycolytic pathway converts one hexose (a six-carbon carbohydrate such as glucose) into two triose molecules (three-carbon carbohydrate) such as pyruvate, to produce a net total of two molecules of ATP (four produced, two consumed) and two molecules of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH). (jove.com)
Ethanol pathway engineering. (researchgate.net)
To augment ethanol production by the ET strain, an alternative ethanol production pathway comprised of pyruvate decarboxylase (Pdc) and alcohol dehydrogenase (AdhB) from Zymomonas mobilis (Fig. 4A) was transferred into C. phytofermentans on the replicating pQexpE plasmid (Fig. 4B). (researchgate.net)
Together, these enzymes couple decarboxylation of pyruvate to ethanol with the oxidation of NADH and thus represent an alternative to the AdhE ethanol formation pathway. (researchgate.net)
This reaction is the first step in the gluconeogenic pathway, in which citric acid cycle intermediates are converted to hexose. (asm.org)

On the other hand, thermophiles have shown great potential for H 2 generation, mainly because of the more favorable thermodynamics of the reaction at elevated temperatures which allows to generate a limited variety of by-products and to reach the theoretical yield of 4 mol H 2 /mol hexose [ 5 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
However, the distribution of the end metabolites can vary depending on the growth conditions allowing the accumulation of significant amounts of ethanol and formate with consequent reduction of H 2 yield. (biomedcentral.com)
The mutated Cphy3925 lost NAD(H)-dependent activities, but, unlike the mutated AdhE in C. thermocellum , the G609D mutation did not result in NADPH-dependent ADH activity (Fig. 3B to E). Instead, our results support the notion that the ET strain arrested AdhE-mediated interconversion of acetyl-CoA, acetaldehyde, and ethanol, which helps explain why the C. phytofermentans ET strain had lower ethanol yield. (researchgate.net)
In anaerobic cultures, a higher ethanol yield can be achieved when transport of hexoses is proton-coupled, because of the lower net ATP yield of sugar dissimilation. (biomedcentral.com)
To apply this strategy to increase the ethanol yield on sucrose, we constructed a platform strain in which all genes encoding hexose transporters, disaccharide transporters and disaccharide hydrolases were deleted, after which a combination of a glucose-proton symporter, fructose-proton symporter and extracellular invertase ( SUC2 ) were introduced. (biomedcentral.com)
After evolution, the resulting strain exhibited a 16.6% increased anaerobic ethanol yield (from 1.51 to 1.76 mol mol hexose equivalent −1 ) and 46.6% decreased biomass yield on sucrose. (biomedcentral.com)
This study provides a proof-of-concept for the replacement of the endogenous hexose transporters of S. cerevisiae by hexose-proton symport, and the concomitant decrease in ATP yield, to greatly improve the anaerobic yield of ethanol on sugar. (biomedcentral.com)
The strain uses glucose and D-xylose with high consumption rates and partial cofermentation in various lignocellulose hydrolysates with very high ethanol yield. (biomedcentral.com)

In the second stage, hydrogen-producing acetogenic bacteria convert the higher volatile fatty acids e.g., propionic and butyric acids, produced, to H 2 , CO 2 , and acetic acid. (fao.org)
L. brevis produces more organic acids, specifically acetic acid and ethanol. (wikipedia.org)

A previous study reported an ethanol-tolerant C. thermocellum strain with AdhE mutations (P704L and H735R) that shifted the cofactor specificity from NADH to NADPH, which was proposed to confer ethanol resistance by altering the internal redox balance (9). (researchgate.net)
To deter- mine the effect of the G609D mutation on Cphy3925 enzyme activity, we purified WT and ET versions of the enzyme (Fig. 3A) and tested their in vitro catalysis of the two-step, bidirectional reactions converting acetyl-CoA to ethanol using either NADH or NADPH cofactors. (researchgate.net)

Carbon is obtained mostly from hexose sugars, such as glucose and fructose, or disaccharides such as sucrose and maltose. (lutheransatcmu.org)
These factors include sugar transporters and invertases as well as metabolites, including sucrose and glucose, which function as signalling molecules to modulate gene expression. (sun.ac.za)
For instance, the transformation of plants with a yeast-derived invertase targeted to different subcellular compartments has led to the elucidation of several key aspects of sugar metabolism, including phloem loading mechanisms, the regulation of photosynthesis by sugars, the importance of sugar-metabolism compartmentation with regards to sucrose biosynthesis, storage and distribution, as well as the role of cell-wall invertase in phloem unloading and sink strength. (sun.ac.za)
Transcript levels of the sucrose transporter NtSUT1 and hexose transporter NtMST1 encoding genes increased significantly in the source leaves and roots of Vac-Inv lines, whereas increased NtMst1 transcript levels were also detected in the roots of Apo-Inv lines. (sun.ac.za)

Combining experimental results from batch fermentations with genome analysis, reconstruction of central carbon metabolism and metabolic flux analysis (MFA), this study shed light on glucose catabolism of the thermophilic alkalitolerant bacterium C. celer . (biomedcentral.com)
In such environments, the high extracellular glucose concentration can drive the uptake of glucose by yeast cells via diffusion, which is exemplified by the occurrence of many hexose transporters with a facilitated diffusion mechanism in S. cerevisiae . (biomedcentral.com)
To facilitate uptake and conversion of glucose at low extracellular concentrations, activity of high-affinity transporters ( K M ~ 1 mM) is required, in combination with hexokinase activity to 'trap' the sugar inside the cell in its phosphorylated form and therefore maintain a glucose concentration gradient over the cellular membrane [ 15 ]. (biomedcentral.com)

This means that this bacterium produces an increased acidic environment and alcohol. (wikipedia.org)
C. phytofermentans thus likely produces ethanol by the concerted action of multiple ADHs, and these other ADHs, especially Cphy1029, are responsi- ble for ethanol produced by the ET strain. (researchgate.net)

For a biotechnological exploitation of this bacterium for H 2 production it is crucial to understand the factors that regulate carbon and electron fluxes and therefore the final distribution of metabolites to channel the metabolic flux towards the desired product. (biomedcentral.com)

Within gram-positive bacteria the peptidoglycan layer is much thicker than gram-negative bacteria. (wikipedia.org)

In the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae , which is widely applied for industrial bioethanol production, uptake of hexoses is mediated by transporters with a facilitated diffusion mechanism. (biomedcentral.com)
The purpose of the present work was to develop such a strain from a prime industrial yeast strain, Ethanol Red, used for bioethanol production. (biomedcentral.com)

Yeasts have recently been used to generate electricity in microbial fuel cells,[7] and produce ethanol for the biofuel industry. (lutheransatcmu.org)
The emergence of Crabtree-positive yeasts 100-150 million years ago probably coincided with the emergence of fruit-bearing plants, providing a sugar-rich niche in which these yeasts evolved [ 9 , 10 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Yeasts lack chlorophyll and are unable to manufacture by photosynthesis from inorganic substrates the organic compounds required for growth, as do higher plants, algae, and even some bacteria. (biologydiscussion.com)

The sugars and oxygen produced during photosynthesis supply energy for plant growth. (extramarks.com)

The genetic transformation of plants and the subsequent development of transgenic lines with disturbed sugar metabolism have made an unprecedented impact on the study of sugar translocation and -partitioning. (sun.ac.za)

Transgenic lines overproducing the yeast-derived invertase in either the vacuole (Vac-Inv) or apoplast (Apo-Inv) were utilised to analyse the effect of the altered sugar levels in sink and source organs on the expression of sugar transporters, as well as the endogenous cell wall invertase and inhibitors in these plants. (sun.ac.za)

Unlike bacteria, there are no known yeast species that grow only anaerobically (obligate anaerobes). (lutheransatcmu.org)
Although there are various species of bacteria, filamentous fungi and other yeast species that are naturally capable of efficiently metabolizing D-xylose, they lack the other crucial advantages of the yeast S. cerevisiae , which have made it the most prominent industrial microorganism. (biomedcentral.com)

The variants in these cation transporters may increase their activities to alleviate cation leakage due to ethanol stress. (researchgate.net)

E.B.Fred, W.H. Peterson, and J.A. Anderson initially discovered the species in 1921 and the it was categorized based on the ability to metabolize certain carbon and sugars. (wikipedia.org)

At high P H2 the cellular redox state was balanced by rerouting the flow of carbon and electrons to ethanol and formate production allowing unaltered glycolytic flux and growth rate, but resulting in a decreased H 2 synthesis. (biomedcentral.com)

AdhE loss of function could mitigate ethanol stress by reducing intracellular levels of ethanol and its highly toxic precursor, acetaldehyde. (researchgate.net)

The word glycolysis originates from the Latin glyco (sugar) and lysis (breakdown). (jove.com)

Gram-positive bacteria consists of an external plasma membrane, followed by periplasmic space and finally a peptidoglycan layer, which faces the interior of the bacteria. (wikipedia.org)
The external plasma membrane is very important for bacteria because this is how cells recognize the possible pathogenesis of the bacteria. (wikipedia.org)
The proton motive force is maintained by export of protons by a plasma membrane H + -ATPase, and therefore this sugar transport system requires net investment of ATP for its activity [ 20 ]. (biomedcentral.com)

It appears that under high temperature conditions, 50 degrees Celsius and in acidic environments the survival of this bacteria is longer than most bacteria under acidic conditions, the bacteria can live about 45 minutes. (wikipedia.org)
Growth conditions all depend on the location of the bacterium within the intestines. (wikipedia.org)
Unfortunately, the S-layer is normally lost when processing the bacteria under laboratory conditions, which can affect measuring adhesion. (wikipedia.org)
The microcosms were constructed and incubated under anaerobic conditions in serum bottles with an initial N 2 headspace and were sampled every 5 days for metagenome and metatranscriptome profiles in combination with biogeochemical measurements. (frontiersin.org)

These pre-treatments are designed to allow the carbohydrate portion of the biomass to be broken down into simple sugars, for example by en-zymatic hydrolysis using exogenously added cellulases to release fermentable sugars [ 12 ]. (banksolar.ru)
Hence the total en-ergy fixed by biomass is estimated to be 13.5×107 kcal/ha year, this being equiva-lent to 15 tons of fuel. (banksolar.ru)

In this study, the facilitated diffusion transport system for hexose sugars of S. cerevisiae was replaced by hexose-proton symport. (biomedcentral.com)

Purple nonsulfur bacteria (PNSB) are metabolically versatile organisms which are able to grow either aerobically in the dark or anaerobically in the light using hydrogen or organic compounds as electron donors and subsequently fixing CO 2 ( 16 ). (asm.org)

It does seem that they are unable to significantly replicate in anaerobic environments. (wikipedia.org)

PEPCKs have been generally classified according to their nucleotide specificities: enzymes from bacteria, yeast, and plants mainly use adenosine nucleotides, but enzymes from a variety of eukaryotes and mammals use guanosine or inosine phosphates ( 24 ). (asm.org)

Our tech-nology proved that the waste which digested by commercial cellulase can be fer-mented well by CL saccharoperbutylacetonicum N1-4 to produce acetone, bu-tanol and ethanol without any additional medium supplementation (2-3). (banksolar.ru)

Moreover, the sugar-negative platform strain constructed in this study acts as a valuable starting point for future studies on sugar transport or development of cell factories requiring specific sugar transport mechanisms. (biomedcentral.com)

Le génome de C. phytofermentans code pour 171 enzymes qui dégradent les polysaccharides (CAZymes), soulignant l'ensemble complexe d'enzymes nécessaires pour transformer la biomasse en sucres. (cea.fr)

In this study, a similar strategy of transgenic plant analysis was employed to expand our insight into the regulation of sugar partitioning. (sun.ac.za)

As a bacterium there are some physical attributes that are common for all bacteria. (wikipedia.org)

The pckA gene, encoding the gluconeogenic enzyme phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK), was cloned by PCR amplification from the purple nonsulfur bacterium Rhodopseudomonas palustris No. 7. (asm.org)

The factors governing sugar partitioning co-ordinate its distribution in response to intrinsic and environmental signals. (sun.ac.za)

Organisms9

Chemicals and Drugs29

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment3

Phenomena and Processes14

Disciplines and Occupations2

Information Science4

Health Care3

Fermentation22

Aerobic5

Pentoses5

Interest in anaerobic1

Mesophilic3

Pathways1

Pentose3

Strains1

Lactic1

Microorganisms1

Pathway6

Yield8

Acetic acid2

NADH2

Sucrose4

Glucose3

Produces2

Metabolic1

Gram-negative1

Bioethanol2

Yeasts3

Photosynthesis1

Metabolism1

Endogenous1

Yeast species2

Transporters1

Metabolize1

Glycolytic1

Intracellular1

Breakdown1

Plasma membrane3

Conditions4

Biomass2

Cerevisiae1

Organic1

Significantly1

Adenosine1

Produce1

Mechanisms1

Enzymes1

Study1

Common1

Purple1

Environmental1