• The PEP enzyme recognizes the -10 and -35 cis -elements, similar to those found in bacterial promoters whereas the NEP enzyme recognizes the YRTA-motif, which can also be found upstream of several genes with PEP promoters indicating that these genes can be transcribed by both polymerases ( Pfannschmidt and Liere, 2005 ). (frontiersin.org)
  • RNA polymerase II (also called RNAP II and Pol II) is an enzyme found in eukaryotic cells. (wikipedia.org)
  • During mRNA elongation, Pol II can encounter DNA sequences that cause reverse movement of the enzyme. (embl.de)
  • New York, NY (September 8, 2022) - A team of Mount Sinai researchers has produced a high-resolution crystal structure of an enzyme essential to the survival of SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19. (eurekalert.org)
  • The enzyme, known as nsp14, has a crucially important region known as the RNA methyltransferase domain, which has eluded previous attempts by the scientific community to characterize its three-dimensional crystal structure. (eurekalert.org)
  • for the main protease (M Pro ) enzyme, and molnupiravir and remdesivir for the RNA polymerase (nsp12) enzyme. (eurekalert.org)
  • The Mount Sinai team actually developed three crystal structures of nsp14, each with different cofactors, from which they identified the best scaffold for the design of antivirals for inhibiting the RNA methyltransferase activity that the enzyme enables and the virus needs to survive. (eurekalert.org)
  • The enzyme consists of a protein component with reverse transcriptase activity, and an RNA component, encoded by this gene, that serves as a template for the telomere repeat. (nih.gov)
  • The primers are synthesized by a DNA dependent RNA polymerase enzyme called primase-the product of the dna G gene in E. coli . (blogspot.com)
  • The three-dimensional crystal structure of the DnaG catalytic domain revealed its folding and active site are distinct from the well studied polymerases, suggesting that it may employ a novel enzyme mechanism. (blogspot.com)
  • Cryo-electron microscopy approaches confirmed that CT compounds acted through selective, irreversible inhibition of trypanosomal topoisomerase II by stabilizing double-stranded DNA:enzyme cleavage complexes. (bvsalud.org)
  • Indirect evidence also indicates that Zn2+ may decrease the activity of angiotensin‑converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), known to be the receptor for SARS‑CoV‑2. (spandidos-publications.com)
  • AT-527 acts by blocking the viral RNA polymerase enzyme needed for viral replication, and is currently being studied in a Phase 2 clinical trial for hospitalised patients with moderate COVID-19. (roche-middleeast.com)
  • This highly selective purine nucleotide prodrug was designed to uniquely inhibit viral RNA dependent RNA polymerase, an enzyme that is essential for the replication of RNA viruses. (roche-middleeast.com)
  • The OmniAmp enzyme used by Lucigen is a polymerase with innate reverse transcriptase activity that was discovered in a virus inhabiting a Yellowstone National Park hot spring. (genomeweb.com)
  • Lucigen also provides its OmniAmp enzyme in a kit for loop-mediated amplification of RNA and DNA at temperatures up to about 160 degrees Fahrenheit. (genomeweb.com)
  • RNA which contains an intron sequence that has an enzyme- like catalytic activity. (genomicglossaries.com)
  • Researchers found that the RNA sequences they analyzed contained a signature gene called RdRp that codes for RNA-dependent RNA polymerase-a complex enzyme designed to catalyze replication. (icr.org)
  • Scientist often use a technique called X-ray crystallography to study intermediate structures of frozen polymerase crystals as the enzyme constructs DNA. (elifesciences.org)
  • used a particular method for making frozen polymerase crytals by allowing the enzyme to add new bases in liquid form. (elifesciences.org)
  • Thg1 is an essential enzyme in yeast, which catalyzes the highly unusual addition of a G-residue to the 5' end of tRNAHis. (osu.edu)
  • Thg1 is the only enzyme known to catalyze nucleotide addition to a polynucleotide chain in the 3'-5' direction, opposite to the direction of nucleotide addition in all known DNA or RNA polymerases, and the mechanism by which Thg1 catalyzes this reaction is unknown. (osu.edu)
  • Since Thg1 catalyzes a fundamentally new activity and furthermore displays no obvious homology to any known enzyme family, the mechanism by which it catalyzes this unusual reaction is likely to be of interest and exhibit features that have not been previously observed in other enzyme families. (osu.edu)
  • We show here that PLASTID REDOX INSENSITIVE 2 (PRIN2) and CHLOROPLAST STEM-LOOP BINDING PROTEIN 41 kDa (CSP41b), two proteins identified in plastid nucleoid preparations, are essential for proper plant embryo development. (frontiersin.org)
  • It consists of RNA polymerase II, a subset of general transcription factors, and regulatory proteins known as SRB proteins[clarification needed]. (wikipedia.org)
  • In humans, RNAP II consists of seventeen protein molecules (gene products encoded by POLR2A-L, where the proteins synthesized from POLR2C, POLR2E, and POLR2F form homodimers). (wikipedia.org)
  • It has therefore been proposed that the oncogenic activity of MLL-fusion proteins depends on chromatin targeting functions exerted by the MLL N-terminus in combination with other functional properties encoded by the fusion partners 6 . (nature.com)
  • For instance, the CxxC-domain is essential for DNA binding of MLL-fusion proteins 7 . (nature.com)
  • Furthermore, gene overexpression is also frequently associated to antifungal resistance as well as an increase in the activity of proteins that reduce oxidative damage. (intechopen.com)
  • A major dsRNA by these proteins may result in initiation of heli- component of this system is the innate immune response, case activity, concomitant with a conformational change which includes all the host barriers and responses with that leads to recruiting additional cellular factors, includ- broad specificity against pathogens. (cdc.gov)
  • RNA viruses may escape acquired humoral and cellular immune responses by mutations in protective antigenic epitopes (e.g., avian influenza viruses), while accessory nonstructural proteins or multifunctional structural proteins interfere with the interferon system (e.g. (imperial.ac.uk)
  • These proteins contain two related domains known as the chromo- and the chromoshadow-domain. (cipsm.de)
  • The international Covid19-NMR consortium aims at the comprehensive spectroscopic characterization of SARS-CoV-2 RNA elements and proteins and will provide NMR chemical shift assignments of the molecular components of this virus. (covid19-nmr.de)
  • The SARS-CoV-2 genome encodes approximately 30 different proteins. (covid19-nmr.de)
  • Four of these proteins are involved in forming the viral envelope or in the packaging of the RNA genome and are therefore called structural proteins. (covid19-nmr.de)
  • Ribosomes consist of ribonucleic acids (RNAs) and proteins. (europa.eu)
  • The ribosomal proteins are produced in a two-step process, the first being transcription by Pol II. (europa.eu)
  • For example, growing evidence strongly suggests that transcription can interfere locally with genome duplication by DNA polymerases or with the SMC-driven 3D organization of chromosomes (Fig. 1). (ens-lyon.fr)
  • Using genetics and genome editing strategies in fission yeast, we have accumulated compelling evidence that the mechanisms of transcription termination at the 3' end of genes play a role in determining the local occupancy of condensin, whatever the RNA polymerase involved. (ens-lyon.fr)
  • Our goal is to understand the molecular mechanisms whereby the genomic RNA of influenza-like viruses is, on the one hand, the template for transcription and replication of the viral genome by its RNA-dependent RNA polymerase and, on the other hand, an Achilles' heel, whose recognition as non-self can trigger an innate immune response to counter the viral infection. (embl.org)
  • Our current goal is to derive models explaining the detailed mechanisms of transcription and replication of the viral genome (vRNA) by influenza-like viral polymerases. (embl.org)
  • The viral genome (total genetic information) can be RNA or DNA. (icr.org)
  • 8 It has an envelope and contains a very large RNA virus genome. (medsci.org)
  • Definition of RNA polymerase II CoTC terminator elements in the human genome. (ox.ac.uk)
  • The replisome contains activities that separate the strands and hold them apart for synthesis by the replisome version of DNA polymerase, called DNA polymerase III in bacteria. (blogspot.com)
  • Since the two strands of DNA are antiparallel, synthesis using one template strand occurs in the same direction as fork movement, but synthesis using the other template strand occurs in the direction opposite fork movement. (blogspot.com)
  • Synthesis of the leading strand also begins with an RNA primer, but only one primer is required to initiate synthesis of the entire strand. (blogspot.com)
  • The use of short RNA primers gets around the limitation imposed by the mechanism of DNA polymerase, namely, that it cannot initiate DNA synthesis de novo . (blogspot.com)
  • About once every second, primase catalyzes the synthesis of a short RNA primer using this single-stranded DNA as a template. (blogspot.com)
  • DNA polymerase III catalyzes synthesis of DNA in the 5′ → 3′ direction by extending each short RNA primer. (blogspot.com)
  • The reaction proceeds in three steps: removal of the RNA primer, synthesis of replacement DNA, and sealing of the adjacent DNA fragments. (blogspot.com)
  • Previously, we worked on aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases, which play an essential role in protein synthesis by charging specifically their cognate tRNA(s) with the correct amino acid and editing mischarged amino acids if necessary (Palencia et al . (embl.org)
  • These studies are being extended to viral RNPs (the physiological RNA synthesis units) to understand the behaviour of the viral nucleoprotein during replication and transcription and to include host factors important for viral replication. (embl.org)
  • Sci Rep. 2018) and nucleoside analogue, RNA synthesis inhibitors (Kouba et al . (embl.org)
  • Termination of RNA synthesis occurs at specific base sequences within the DNA molecule. (iasri.res.in)
  • Significant differences exist between the structures and modes of synthesis of the RNA molecules of prokaryotes and eukaryotes, though the basic mechanisms of their functions are nearly the same. (iasri.res.in)
  • After second- strand cDNA synthesis, T7 RNA polymerase was used to generate aRNA. (genomicglossaries.com)
  • High resolution crystal structures of DNA polymerase intermediates are needed to study the mechanism of DNA synthesis in cells. (elifesciences.org)
  • Here we report five crystal structures of DNA polymerase I that capture new conformations for the polymerase translocation and nucleotide pre-insertion steps in the DNA synthesis pathway. (elifesciences.org)
  • First, the regulated synthesis of the RNA component is critical for RNP formation and significantly influences RNA-maturation steps in space and time. (uni-regensburg.de)
  • We previously described the synthesis of 1-O-octadecyl-2-O-benzyl-glycero-3-phospho-RVn (V2043), an orally bioavailable lipid prodrug of remdesivir nucleoside (RVn, GS-441524) with broad spectrum antiviral activity against viruses with pandemic potential. (cdc.gov)
  • Taken together, our results suggest that PEP activity and consequently the switch from NEP to PEP activity, is essential during embryo development and that the PRIN2-CSP41b DNA binding protein complex possibly is important for full PEP activity during this process. (frontiersin.org)
  • 2021. Essential role of γ-clade RNA-dependent RNA polymerases in rice development and yield-related traits is linked to their atypical polymerase activities regulating specific genomic regions. . (ncbs.res.in)
  • It aids in synthesizing and modifying the genomic and subgenomic RNAs. (covid19-nmr.de)
  • Nucleic-acid-binding motif in transcriptional elongation factor TFIIS and RNA polymerases. (embl.de)
  • As the SEC can regulate the transcriptional activity of RNA polymerase II, it was hypothesized that these MLL-fusions induce aberrant regulation of transcriptional elongation on MLL-target genes 14 . (nature.com)
  • In particular, we investigate: how the efficiency of RNA polymerase elongation can influence the distribution of the SMC complex condensin during mitotic chromosome condensation and, how the transcription by-product R-loop can interfere with chromosome integrity. (ens-lyon.fr)
  • DNA polymerases catalyze chain elongation exclusively in the 5′ → 3′ direction. (blogspot.com)
  • For transcription by influenza polymerase, we have recently determined a series of high-resolution structures corresponding to the transcription initiation, elongation and poly-adenylation/termination and recycling states (Kouba et al . (embl.org)
  • We report the identification of the MINIYO (IYO) gene, a positive regulator of transcriptional elongation that is essential for cells to initiate differentiation in Arabidopsis. (blogspot.com)
  • IYO interacts with RNA polymerase II and the Elongator complex and is required to sustain global levels of transcriptional elongation activity, specifically in differentiating tissues. (blogspot.com)
  • Structures like those of eukaryotic pre-ribosomal particles, RNA polymerase I initiation- and elongation-complexes, and miRNA containing RNPs have a major impact on the progress of several ongoing CRC-projects. (uni-regensburg.de)
  • In 2014, we determined the first crystal structures of the complete heterotrimeric influenza polymerase (Pflug et al . (embl.org)
  • Our structural work on influenza polymerase has opened up the area of structure-based drug design of novel anti-virals targeting multiple functional sites on the polymerase. (embl.org)
  • Several pyrophosphate analogues have been synthesised and screened for activity against herpesvirus DNA polymerase, influenza RNA polymerase and calf thymus DNA polymerase a. (warwick.ac.uk)
  • However, it appears that the pyrophosphate analogues complex with an essential metal ion of influenza RNA polymerase. (warwick.ac.uk)
  • Dissociation constants (Kd i) for complexes formed between zinc ions and pyrophosphate analogues at pH 8.0 have been determined by gel filtration and there is a correlation between the Kd i of an analogue and its effectiveness as an inhibitor of influenza RNA polymerase. (warwick.ac.uk)
  • The effects of seasonal influenza epidemics in developing countries are not fully known, but research estimates that 99% of deaths in children under 5 years of age with influenza-related lower respiratory tract infections are found in developing countries (2). (who.int)
  • However, during periods of low influenza activity and outside of epidemics situations, the infection of other respiratory viruses e.g. rhinovirus, respiratory syncytial virus, parainfluenza and adenovirus can also present as Influenza-like Illness (ILI) which makes the clinical differentiation of influenza from other pathogens difficult. (who.int)
  • Proper collection, storage and transport of respiratory specimens is the essential first step for laboratory detection of influenza virus infections. (who.int)
  • Laboratory confirmation of influenza virus from throat, nasal and nasopharyngeal secretions or tracheal aspirate or washings is commonly performed using direct antigen detection, virus isolation, or detection of influenza-specific RNA by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). (who.int)
  • Influenza viruses can cause disease among persons in any age group, but rates of illness are highest among children ( 1,2 ). (cdc.gov)
  • 2 years, and persons of any age who have medical conditions that place them at increased risk for complications from influenza ( 3,4 ). (cdc.gov)
  • The extent of influenza activity caused by strains of the two seasonal influenza A virus subtypes (seasonal H1N1 and H3N2) that have cocirculated since 1977 and influenza B virus strains is unpredictable, although seasonal H1N1 virus strains have been detected very rarely worldwide since 2009. (cdc.gov)
  • Both WHO's Global Outbreak Alert and Response Network and Global Influenza Network were on high alert after reports from Hong Kong, on 19 and 20 February, confirming two cases (one fatal) of infection with avian influenza virus A, subtype H5N1. (who.int)
  • Using Cambodia's influenza-like illness (ILI) and laboratory-confirmed influenza surveillance data from 2009 to 2015, three parameters were assessed to monitor influenza activity: the proportion of ILI patients among all outpatients, proportion of ILI samples positive for influenza and the product of the two. (who.int)
  • Unlike in temperate regions, the syndromic parameter was less useful in monitoring influenza activity or for setting thresholds. (who.int)
  • Influenza thresholds based on appropriate parameters have the potential to provide timely triggers for public health measures in a tropical country where monitoring and assessing influenza activity has been challenging. (who.int)
  • 8-11 Therefore, it is essential to analyse influenza surveillance data in a practical and efficient manner to inform decision-making regarding influenza in the tropics and subtropics. (who.int)
  • HEXIM1 is an Essential Transcription Regulator During Human Erythropoiesis. (rochester.edu)
  • General transcription factors (GTFs) or basal transcription factors are protein transcription factors that have been shown to be important in the transcription of class II genes to mRNA templates. (wikipedia.org)
  • The cluster of RNA polymerase II and various transcription factors is known as a basal transcriptional complex (BTC). (wikipedia.org)
  • The PIC helps position RNA polymerase II over gene transcription start sites, denatures the DNA, and positions the DNA in the RNA polymerase II active site for transcription. (wikipedia.org)
  • In eukaryotes the initiation of transcription of protein encoding genes by polymerase II (Pol II) is modulated by general and specific transcription factors. (embl.de)
  • Tat protein is a major factor of HIV (human immunodeficiency virus) transcription regulation and has other activities. (crie.ru)
  • Coronaviruses rely on the enzymatic activity of the replication-transcription complex (RTC) to multiply inside host cells. (figshare.com)
  • This TF induction was dependent on signal transducer and activator of transcription-6 signaling and poly ADP ribose polymerase activity. (haematologica.org)
  • The ribosomal RNAs are produced by RNA polymerases (Pol) I and III during a process called transcription. (europa.eu)
  • It also affected Pol I and II transcription. (europa.eu)
  • A better understanding of the transcription regulation was essential to give us new clues on how to fight this major disease. (europa.eu)
  • Third, the interplay of different RNPs is essential for RNP activity, as exemplified by the regulation of ribosome activity, by microRNA-containing protein complexes (miRNPs), or regulation of transcription by long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) containing complexes. (uni-regensburg.de)
  • Mammalian RNA polymerase II (Pol II) transcription termination is an essential step in protein-coding gene expression that is mediated by pre-mRNA processing activities and DNA-encoded terminator elements. (ox.ac.uk)
  • In this chapter, we revise a previously described quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction method, which now utilizes degenerate nucleotides at certain positions in the probe and the reverse primer to accommodate the sequence heterogeneity observed within the Nipah henipavirus species. (cdc.gov)
  • RNA polymerase II holoenzyme is a form of eukaryotic RNA polymerase II that is recruited to the promoters of protein-coding genes in living cells. (wikipedia.org)
  • 2003. Evolutionary connection between the catalytic subunits of DNA-dependent RNA polmerases and eukaryotic RNA-dependent RNA polymerases. (icr.org)
  • Therefore, comparison of the activity, mechanism, and substrate specificity of Trm10 homologs from yeast and other organisms will help to address whether the multiple homologs function redundantly, or whether there are additional, previously undescribed, cellular roles for the multiple Trm10 enzymes in higher eukaryotic organisms. (osu.edu)
  • 2022. Cultivar-specific miRNA-mediated RNA silencing in grapes. . (ncbs.res.in)
  • The global DNases, ligases, and RNA polymerases market size is expected to reach USD 1.28 billion by 2030, according to a new report by Grand View Research, Inc. It is expected to expand at a CAGR of 8.58% from 2022 to 2030. (giikorea.co.kr)
  • 2022. Cryptic and abundant marine viruses at the evolutionary origins of Earth's RNA virome. (icr.org)
  • Being able to visualize the shape of the methyltransferase domain of nsp14 at high resolution gives us insights into how to design small molecules that fit into its active site, and thus inhibit its essential chemistry," says senior author Aneel Aggarwal, PhD, Professor of Pharmacological Sciences at the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai. (eurekalert.org)
  • High heat can be used to straighten out RNA molecules, making things like hybridization easier. (genomeweb.com)
  • Because alternative RNA splicing allows different types of mRNA molecules to be created from a single gene, it generates the diversity of protein function and structure that is essential to complex organisms. (genomicglossaries.com)
  • RNA molecules which hybridize to complementary sequences in either RNA or DNA altering the function of the latter. (genomicglossaries.com)
  • More specifically, antisense oligonucleotides that are useful as reagents for target validation , or as drugs, are engineered molecules that differ from natural RNA but that have a base sequence that is recognized as being complementary to a very specific mRNA sequence. (genomicglossaries.com)
  • DNA molecules consist of two separate strands that spiral around each other to form a structure called the double helix. (elifesciences.org)
  • TFIIH has three functions: It binds specifically to the template strand to ensure that the correct strand of DNA is transcribed and melts or unwinds the DNA (ATP-dependent) to separate the two strands using its helicase activity. (wikipedia.org)
  • It binds tightly with RNA which has segment that are rich in C (especially repeating C's). (iasri.res.in)
  • A complementary RNA sequence that binds to a naturally occurring (sense) mRNA molecule, thus blocking its translation. (genomicglossaries.com)
  • In its binding with sulfhydryl groups, lead may interfere with the activity of zinc metalloenzymes, as zinc binds to a sulfhydryl group at the active site. (cdc.gov)
  • Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA) Recall that the replisome contains a DNA polymerase III holoenzyme dimer with two core complexes that can catalyze polymerization. (blogspot.com)
  • In in this week's issue of PLOS Genetics , Gómez-Herreros and colleagues show the importance of Tdp2 in the repair of topoisomerase II covalent complexes [11] . (prolekarniky.cz)
  • The Cusack group uses X-ray crystallography and cryo electron-microscopy (cryoEM) to study the structural biology of protein-RNA complexes involved in RNA virus replication, innate immunity and cellular RNA metabolism. (embl.org)
  • Interest in rhodium(II) carboxylato complexes, initially stimulated by their unusual structure and oxidation state, has been maintained in recent years by controversy concerning their electronic structure and by their recently discovered anti-tumour activity. (matthey.com)
  • Rhodium(II) carboxylates were the first and remain the most numerous examples of complexes containing rhodium in the relatively uncommon 2+ oxidation state. (matthey.com)
  • Interest in these complexes, initially stimulated by their unusual structure and rhodium oxidation state, has been maintained in recent years by controversy concerning the nature of their axial ligand-rhodium and rhodium-rhodium interactions ( 3 , 4 ), and by their recently discovered anti-tumour activity ( 5 , 6 ). (matthey.com)
  • Here, we have expressed, purified and biochemically characterised active SARS-CoV-2 RdRp complexes. (figshare.com)
  • Formation and function of RNPs depend on the interplay of many RNA-producing or RNA-containing protein complexes. (uni-regensburg.de)
  • Second, a functional network of many RNA-binding, RNA-modifying and RNA-folding complexes participates to mature emerging RNPs. (uni-regensburg.de)
  • Many of them are involved in the formation of a preinitiation complex, which, together with RNA polymerase II, bind to and read the single-stranded DNA gene template. (wikipedia.org)
  • AT-527 is an investigational, oral, purine nucleotide prodrug, which has demonstrated in vitro and in vivo antiviral activity against several enveloped single-stranded RNA viruses, including human flaviviruses and coronaviruses. (roche-middleeast.com)
  • In a study published in RNA Biology the researchers note this is only the third RNA ligase from a thermophile to be studied, and the others are single-stranded ligases that are inefficient at strand joining. (genomeweb.com)
  • The COVID-19 etiologic agent is the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), a single-stranded positive-sense RNA virus. (figshare.com)
  • We performed phenotypic screening against trypanosomes and identified a class of cyanotriazoles (CTs) with potent trypanocidal activity both in vitro and in mouse models of Chagas disease and HAT. (bvsalud.org)
  • In vitro experiments demonstrate that Zn2+ possesses antiviral activity through inhibition of SARS‑CoV RNA polymerase. (spandidos-publications.com)
  • We complement structural studies with in vitro polymerase enzymology and in-cell studies using mini-replicon systems, and, in collaborations, recombinant viruses and live-cell imaging. (embl.org)
  • Antiviral activity and safety of AT-527 has been demonstrated in Phase 2 clinical studies of hepatitis C patients, and in preclinical in-vitro assays with SARS-CoV2 virus. (roche-middleeast.com)
  • We identified three novel compounds (GSK-650394, C646 and BH3I-1) and confirmed suramin and suramin-like compounds as in vitro SARS-CoV-2 RdRp activity inhibitors. (figshare.com)
  • CDK8 can directly interact with Mad in vitro through the linker region between the DNA-binding MH1 (Mad homology 1) domain and the carboxy terminal MH2 (Mad homology 2) transactivation domain. (sdbonline.org)
  • We found that 3-F-4-MeO-Bn, 3-CN-Bn, and 4-CN-Bn sn-2 glycerol modifications improved antiviral activity compared to V2043 when tested in vitro against clinically important RNA viruses from 5 virus families. (cdc.gov)
  • In characterized eukaryotes, AAK1 phosphorylates the µ2 subunit of the AP-2 complex to enhance cargo recognition and uptake into clathrin-coated vesicles. (bvsalud.org)
  • 5, were identified as sensors for viral dsRNA generated in Coevolution of pathogens with their hosts has resulted the cytoplasm during viral infection ( 2-4 ). (cdc.gov)
  • and interaction of RMRP and hTERT leads to an RNA-dependent RNA polymerase activity leading to siRNA altering gene expression. (medscape.com)
  • [ 16 ] The 3' end of RMRP is essential for RNA dependent RNA polymerase acitivity of the RMRP-hTERT complex. (medscape.com)
  • The ligase might also be useful for RNA-mediated oligonucleotide annealing, selection, and ligation, or RASL-seq, Tripathi said, particularly because it is thermostable and template dependent. (genomeweb.com)
  • Identifying SARS-CoV-2 antiviral compounds by screening for small molecule inhibitors of nsp12/7/8 RNA-dependent RNA polymerase. (figshare.com)
  • The RTC core catalytic component is the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) holoenzyme. (figshare.com)
  • Via its interaction with nsp14, it ensures transcriptional fidelity of the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase, and through its stimulation of the methyltransferase activity of nsp16, it aids in synthesizing the RNA cap structures which protect the viral RNAs from being recognized by the innate immune system. (covid19-nmr.de)
  • Dysregulation of CDK8 (Cyclin-Dependent Kinase 8) and its regulatory partner CycC (Cyclin C) , two subunits of the conserved Mediator (MED) complex, have been linked to diverse human diseases such as cancer. (sdbonline.org)
  • The cell counters RNA viruses with innate immune pattern-recognition receptors, such as the RNA helicase RIG-I, which recognise particular viral RNA structural motifs (e.g. 5′ triphosphate-dsRNA) as non-self, thus activating a signalling pathway leading to interferon production and establishment of the anti-viral state. (embl.org)
  • We have extended our work on viral polymerases to those of other segmented negative-strand RNA viruses such as the large order of Bunyavirales . (embl.org)
  • AT-527 is expected to be ideally suited to combat COVID-19 as it inhibits viral replication by interfering with viral RNA polymerase, a key component in the replication machinery of RNA viruses. (roche-middleeast.com)
  • 2 Viruses enter into a host cell for replication (the process of producing two identical replicas of RNA, ribonucleic acid or DNA, deoxyribonucleic acid) and take over the cell's biological machinery. (icr.org)
  • RNA viruses are clearly important in our world, but we usually only study a tiny slice of them- the few hundred that harm humans, plants and animals. (icr.org)
  • state a new phylum called Taraviricota is supposedly a missing link in early RNA virus evolution, 4 but Taraviricota is still composed of 100% viruses, and their RNA has always been RNA. (icr.org)
  • 2. Sherwin, F. What's the difference between viruses and bacteria? (icr.org)
  • Broad spectrum oral antivirals are urgently needed for the early treatment of many RNA viruses of clinical concern. (cdc.gov)
  • These results support the continued development of V2043 and sn-2 glycerol modified RVn lipid prodrugs for the treatment of a broad range of RNA viruses for which there are limited therapies. (cdc.gov)
  • Herein, we report on a specific oligonucleotide-based RNA inhibitor targeting severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). (mdpi.com)
  • Since the end of 2019, a new type of coronavirus pneumonia (COVID-19) caused by the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) has been spreading rapidly throughout the world. (medsci.org)
  • Previously, there were two outbreaks of severe coronavirus caused by different coronaviruses worldwide, namely Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (SARS-CoV) and the Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV). (medsci.org)
  • Because the signs and symptoms of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) may overlap with those of other respiratory pathogens, it is important to perform laboratory testing to specifically identify symptomatic individuals infected with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). (medscape.com)
  • Finally it is essential for Nucleotide Excision Repair (NER) of damaged DNA. (wikipedia.org)
  • [ 15 ] The second consists of single nucleotide substitutions and other changes that involve at most 2 nucleotides in highly conserved regions of the gene.These are considered leaky mutations and result in variable expression of the gene, which may explain the variable phenotype seen in cartilage-hair hypoplasia. (medscape.com)
  • These techniques allow us to investigate issues of fundamental chemical importance, such as the mechanism of a previously unknown reverse polymerase, which catalyzes nucleotide addition in the opposite direction to all known polymerases. (osu.edu)
  • It is believed that, in order to obtain a balanced amount of ribosomal components, the activities of the three Pols are co-regulated. (europa.eu)
  • However, in collaboration with Drs Ingrid Grummt and Holger Bierhoff from the German Cancer Research Center , Heidelberg, Germany, I found that the mechanism by which Pol I synthesised ribosomal RNA in human cells was different enough from the mechanism used in yeast cells, therefore I could not use the previously exploited approach to deregulate Pol I activity in yeast. (europa.eu)
  • Subsequently, projects dealing with ribosome function and formation of non-ribosomal RNPs were integrated during the first two funding periods, expanding the scope of the CRC. (uni-regensburg.de)
  • ribosomal RNA identification of the isolates showed high score similarity with Pseudomonas spp. (lu.se)
  • Some of the enzymes which generate aromatic radicals that break down most prominent bacterial strains found were isolated and tax- the complex linkages present in lignin to compounds of lower onomically identified using 16S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) se- molecular weight. (lu.se)
  • Regulation of RNA Polymerase II Activity is Essential for Terminal Erythroid Maturation. (rochester.edu)
  • Improved antiviral immunity by zinc may also occur through up‑regulation of interferon α production and increasing its antiviral activity. (spandidos-publications.com)
  • RNA-Seq analysis revealed that more severe disease in line W was associated with significant up-regulation of pathways involved in inflammation, cytoskeletal regulation by Rho GTPases, nicotinic acetylcholine receptor signaling, and Wnt signaling in the bursa compared to line 15I. (imperial.ac.uk)
  • a plastid-encoded bacterial-type RNA polymerase (PEP) and a nuclear-encoded phage-type RNA polymerase (NEP), which recognize distinct types of promoters. (frontiersin.org)
  • We identify an important role for DDX5 in G 1 -S-phase progression where it directly regulates DNA replication factor expression by promoting the recruitment of RNA polymerase II to E2F-regulated gene promoters. (aacrjournals.org)
  • They found that one round of amplification produced approximately 10 3 fold of the estimated amount of starting mRNA, and two rounds produced an approximately 10 5 fold increase. (genomicglossaries.com)
  • RNA-like oligonucleotides that are complementary to a portion of a target mRNA molecule. (genomicglossaries.com)
  • In eukaryotes, most lncRNAs are transcribed by RNA polymerase II and have a structure similar to that of mRNA, which includes 5′ capping, splicing and polyadenylation [ 2 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • LncRNAs are involved in a wide range of regulatory mechanisms that impact gene expression, including chromatin remodeling, modulation of alternative splicing, fine-tuning of miRNA activity, and the control of mRNA translation or accumulation [ 5 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • This is because, nucleoside triphosphates cannot reach RNA polymerase since they are degraded by Rho protein. (iasri.res.in)
  • Either, (a) they are converted into analogues of nucleoside triphosphates which inhibit the viral polymerase, or (b) they interact directly with the polymerase possibly by coordinating with an essential metal ion. (warwick.ac.uk)
  • The work carried out in this thesis suggests that the pyrophosphate analogues do not inhibit the viral polymerases by first being incorporated into the 6-y positions of nucleoside triphosphates. (warwick.ac.uk)
  • During DNA replication, a molecular machine called a replisome forms at the replication fork where the two strands of DNA are separating. (blogspot.com)
  • The complex has two sliding clamps that bind the complex to the strands of DNA so that DNA replication is highly processive. (blogspot.com)
  • This is accomplished by making short pieces of RNA at the replication fork. (blogspot.com)
  • In parallel, we are doing the same for viral replication, which is unprimed and occurs in two-steps via an intermediate complementary RNA (cRNA). (embl.org)
  • The RdRp is one of the key druggable targets for CoVs due to its essential role in viral replication, high degree of sequence and structural conservation and the lack of homologues in human cells. (figshare.com)
  • Our data will aid in performing additional NMR-based characterizations, and provide a basis for the identification of possible small molecule ligands interfering with nsp10 exerting its essential role in viral replication. (covid19-nmr.de)
  • DNA replication involves the separation of the two strands of the double helix, with each strand serving as a template from which the new complementary strand is copied. (jove.com)
  • Structural and biochemical studies indicate that Tdp2 nuclease activity is closely related to the AP endonuclease APE1 [17] , [18] . (prolekarniky.cz)
  • TFIIE affects TFIIH's catalytic activity. (wikipedia.org)
  • GO and KEGG analyses indicated that numerous DE lncRNAs might be involved in diverse biological processes related to phosphate, such as lipid metabolic processes, catalytic activity, cell membrane formation, signal transduction, and nitrogen fixation. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The group specifically sought out thermostable RNA ligases that might be efficient in nick joining, so that they could be used in RNA detection and sequencing, Tripathi said. (genomeweb.com)
  • According to one recent review , T4 RNA ligases have become essential for a subset of rapid amplification of cDNA ends (RACE) protocols, 3' RNA labeling, and for the preparation of microRNA sequencing libraries. (genomeweb.com)
  • These sequences are of two types, simple terminators and those that require auxiliary termination factors. (iasri.res.in)
  • Whereas promoter databases list up to 40,000 known and potential Pol II promoter sequences, fewer than ten Pol II terminator sequences have been described. (ox.ac.uk)
  • The prin2.2 and csp41b-2 single mutants displayed pale phenotypes, abnormal chloroplasts with reduced transcript levels of photosynthesis genes and defects in embryo development. (frontiersin.org)
  • Synthetic antisense RNAs are used to effect the functioning of specific genes for investigative or therapeutic purposes. (genomicglossaries.com)
  • By activating the expression of genes whose products are required for metamorphosis, ecdysone and EcR-USP are essential for the reorganization of flies' body plans before emerging from pupal cases as adults. (sdbonline.org)
  • image: 3-D structure of SARS-CoV-2 nsp14 methyltransferase domain (shown in cyan) bound to its natural cofactor S-adenosylmethionine (shown in pink mesh). (eurekalert.org)
  • Two essential and invariant acidic residues in a TFIIS loop complement the Pol II active site and could position a metal ion and a water molecule for hydrolytic RNA cleavage. (embl.de)
  • and a conserved C-terminal C4-type zinc finger essential for RNA cleavage. (embl.de)
  • He is also part of a collaboration to develop a ligation-on-RNA method that eliminates the need to create a cDNA library from RNA and merges ligation and amplification steps to detect single point mutations, as previously reported , with applications for low-cost HIV point mutation detection. (genomeweb.com)
  • Researchers at Stanford University used such a method to produce amplified heterogeneous populations of RNA from limited quantities of cDNA. (genomicglossaries.com)
  • Amplified RNA synthesized from limited quantities of heterogeneous cDNA. (genomicglossaries.com)
  • The two strands are held together by bonds between the bases. (elifesciences.org)
  • During this process, the helix unwinds and enzymes called polymerases produce new strands (using the old ones as a template). (elifesciences.org)
  • These RNA primers are complementary to the lagging strand template. (blogspot.com)
  • The onset of differentiation entails modifying the gene expression state of cells, to allow activation of developmental programs that are maintained repressed in the undifferentiated precursor cells [1,2]. (blogspot.com)
  • Endogenous antisense RNAs function as regulators of gene expression by a variety of mechanisms. (genomicglossaries.com)
  • The results of this analysis pave the way for the full understanding of Pol II termination pathways and their roles in gene expression. (ox.ac.uk)
  • R-loops are three-stranded structures that form when the nascent RNA hybridizes with its DNA template, leaving the non-template DNA strand unpaired ( Fig. 3 ). (ens-lyon.fr)
  • Every time a new base is added, the polymerases must modify their structures several times. (elifesciences.org)
  • The ligase was then used to detect Ebola RNA transcripts as well as to detect the presence of point mutations. (genomeweb.com)
  • We tested four combinations of mutations on the Ebola transcripts, and the ligase demonstrated exceptional specificity in reporting them," Tripathi said, adding that the specificity varied from 10 -2 to 10 -4 . (genomeweb.com)
  • NEW YORK (GenomeWeb) - Brown University researchers have discovered an RNA ligase that has the ability to function at high temperatures, potentially enabling detection of RNA mutations and improving RNA sequencing. (genomeweb.com)
  • Currently, there are three basic types of tests to determine if an individual has been infected with SARS-CoV-2: viral nucleic acid (RNA) detection, viral antigen detection, and detection of antibodies to the virus. (medscape.com)
  • Viral tests (nucleic acid or antigen detection tests) are used to assess acute infection, whereas antibody tests provide evidence of prior infection with SARS-CoV-2. (medscape.com)
  • On May 2, 1997, ACHSP reviewed data on the role of STD detection and treatment in the prevention of HIV infection. (cdc.gov)
  • STD-related infertility or adverse outcomes of pregnancy), and it requires diverse activities that go beyond early STD detection and treatment. (cdc.gov)
  • 87(5): 1663-1667] Specifically, the investigators started by priming whole cerebellar RNA with a synthetic oligonucleotide containing a T7 RNA polymerase promoter sequence. (genomicglossaries.com)
  • TFIIF (two subunits, RAP30 and RAP74, showing some similarity to bacterial sigma factors) and Pol II enter the complex together. (wikipedia.org)
  • More specifically, our experiments indicate that the backtracking of RNA polymerases that occurs naturally at termination sites can drive the accumulation of condensin ( Fig. 2 ). (ens-lyon.fr)
  • Topoisomerase-mediated damage occurs in at least two important ways. (prolekarniky.cz)
  • Myocardial fiber injury occurs secondary to direct virus activity, with cloudy swelling and fatty change. (medscape.com)
  • Our work led to the understanding of the mechanism of action of a new anti-fungal compound targeting the editing activity of leucyl-tRNA synthetase (Rock et al . (embl.org)
  • Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) have recently been reported to be key regulators in the responses of plants to stress conditions, but the mechanism through which LP stress mediates the biogenesis of lncRNAs in soybean remains unclear. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Using our knowledge of the human β-globin terminator mechanism, we have developed a selection strategy for mapping mammalian Pol II terminator elements. (ox.ac.uk)
  • TFIIS also induces extensive structural changes in Pol II that would realign nucleic acids in the active centre. (embl.de)
  • In particular, the RNA interference (RNAi) pathways are of notable significance for the control of viral infections. (mdpi.com)
  • 6 Compared with known coronaviruses that can infect humans, the SARS-CoV-2 structure has certain differences, so it is defined as the seventh coronavirus. (medsci.org)
  • With this structural information, and in collaboration with medicinal chemists and virologists, we can now design small molecule inhibitors to add to the family of antivirals that go hand-in-hand with vaccines to combat SARS-CoV-2. (eurekalert.org)
  • We developed a novel fluorescence resonance energy transfer-based strand displacement assay for monitoring SARS-CoV-2 RdRp activity suitable for a high-throughput format. (figshare.com)
  • As part of a larger research project to identify inhibitors for all the enzymatic activities encoded by SARS-CoV-2, we used this assay to screen a custom chemical library of over 5000 approved and investigational compounds for novel SARS-CoV-2 RdRp inhibitors. (figshare.com)
  • Furthermore, when [2-^H] -phosphonoacetate was incubated with the standard polymerase assay mixtures, all the radioactivity recovered from the assays was in the form of starting material, none could be detected in the form of nucleoside triphosphate analogues. (warwick.ac.uk)
  • In this report, we developed a novel neutralization assay for use in biosafety level 2 laboratories. (cdc.gov)
  • Chloroplast biogenesis and function is essential for proper plant embryo and seed development but the molecular mechanisms underlying the role of plastids during embryogenesis are poorly understood. (frontiersin.org)
  • The work described in this thesis was aimed at distinguishing between two possible mechanisms for the antiviral mode of action of pyrophosphate analogues. (warwick.ac.uk)
  • The study of Maf1 could, therefore, reveal mechanisms by which the activities of the three Pols were regulated. (europa.eu)
  • In this study, to explore the response mechanisms of lncRNAs to LP stress, we used the roots of two representative soybean genotypes that present opposite responses to P deficiency, namely, a P-sensitive genotype (Bogao) and a P-tolerant genotype (NN94156), for the construction of RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) libraries. (biomedcentral.com)
  • In view of the emerging COVID‑19 pandemic caused by SARS‑CoV‑2 virus, the search for potential protective and therapeutic antiviral strategies is of particular and urgent interest. (spandidos-publications.com)
  • For hepatitis C virus (HCV) genotype specific activity, see sections 4.4 and 5.1. (medicines.org.uk)
  • Didier Trono s'est beaucoup intéressé aux interactions entre les virus et leurs hôtes, ce qui l'a conduit à étudier la biologie de pathogènes comme le VIH et le virus de l''hépatite B, et à créer des outils de transfert génétique dérivés du VIH aujourd'hui utilisés avec succès en thérapie génique. (epfl.ch)
  • The research is part of the Tara Oceans Consortium and has identified 5,500 new RNA virus species that represent all five known RNA virus phyla (a taxonomic category). (icr.org)
  • Ocean water samples yield treasure trove of RNA virus data. (icr.org)
  • They are essential for virus-cell receptor binding and the production of structurally complete virus particles. (medsci.org)
  • YF virus, an arbovirus, is the type species for the family Flaviviridae and is a single, positive-stranded, enveloped RNA virus. (medscape.com)
  • Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection is caused by the retrovirus HIV-1 (and less commonly by the related retrovirus HIV-2). (msdmanuals.com)
  • Інфекція вірусом імунодефіциту людини (ВІЛ) Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection results from 1 of 2 similar retroviruses (HIV-1 and HIV-2) that destroy CD4+ lymphocytes and impair cell-mediated immunity, increasing risk of certain. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Психосоціальний підхід до дітей із ВІЛ-інфекцією Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection is caused by the retrovirus HIV-1 (and less commonly by the related retrovirus HIV-2). (msdmanuals.com)
  • Moreover, it is estimated that up to 40% of people with SARS-CoV-2 infection may be asymptomatic (subclinical infection) or presymptomatic, and still potentially capable of transmitting the virus to others. (medscape.com)
  • These 'STD cofactor effects' were corroborated for each of the major specific genital ulcer pathogens -- Treponema pallidum (the agent of syphilis), Hemophilus ducreyi (the agent of chancroid), and herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2, the agent of genital herpes) -- as well as for the pathogens principally responsible for nonulcerative STDs -- Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Chlamydia trachomatis, and Trichomonas vaginalis. (cdc.gov)
  • So, SARS-CoV-2 refers to the actual virus itself. (cdc.gov)
  • Mutations identified in the CPP region could potentially alter the activity of Tat. (crie.ru)
  • [ 2 ] The genetic defect in cartilage-hair hypoplasia has been confirmed to be mutations in the RMRP gene. (medscape.com)
  • RMRP has 2 types of mutations. (medscape.com)
  • It could be employed in place of RT-PCR or other reverse transcriptase-based methods to detect RNA via RNA-based probe ligation, and could also be used to detect RNA mutations. (genomeweb.com)
  • the sequence in one DNA strand would read like TATAT- NNN - ATATA, then the RNA transcribed from this strand form a intrastrand base paring and leads to stem and loop structure. (iasri.res.in)
  • aRNA is RNA that is transcribed from the coding, rather than the template, strand of DNA. (genomicglossaries.com)
  • It has a kinase activity that phosphorylates the C-terminal domain (CTD) of Pol II at the amino acid serine. (wikipedia.org)
  • Moreover, we have recently shown that Thg1 catalyzes an authentic 3'-5' templated polymerase activity, which is distinct from its role in tRNAHis maturation (Jackman and Phizicky, 2006). (osu.edu)
  • Distinct seasonality was observed using the two parameters that incorporated laboratory data. (who.int)
  • A key finding from the original identification of Tdp2 was that the protein was more active in processing 5′ phosphotyrosyl-linked oligonucleotides, and that siRNA knockdown of Tdp2 in mammalian cells resulted in sensitivity to etoposide, a drug targeting topoisomerase II, but not camptothecin, a drug that targets topoisomerase I. Recent work has greatly enhanced our understanding of the biochemistry and structural biology of Tdp2. (prolekarniky.cz)
  • Zinc is an essential metal being involved in a variety of biological processes due to its function as a cofactor, signaling molecule, and structural element. (spandidos-publications.com)
  • Here we compared the relative activity of V2043 with new RVn lipid prodrugs containing sn-1 alkyl ether or sn-2 glycerol modifications. (cdc.gov)
  • DNases have continued to garner a significant market share in recent years owing to factors such as an increase in the adoption of DNA enzymes related to pharmaceuticals, which are essential for the treatment of various chronic disorders and digestive diseases. (giikorea.co.kr)
  • I identified two major sites of phosphorylation and, by the time of the proposal completion, I was testing several enzymes which were likely candidates to perform the Maf1 phosphorylations. (europa.eu)
  • Om de replicatie te beginnen, wikkelt een enzym, helicase, de DNA-helix af en verbreekt de waterstofbruggen tussen de twee strengen. (jove.com)
  • The binding helps the protein to acquire a powerful ATP cleaving activity that is essential to its action in termination. (iasri.res.in)