• Thymic epithelial neoplasms or tumors, also known as thymoma and thymic carcinoma, are the most common primary neoplasms of the anterior mediastinum. (medscape.com)
  • The eighth edition of the TNM classification of malignant tumors includes an official staging system for thymic epithelial tumors recognized by the American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) and the Union for International Cancer Control (UICC). (medscape.com)
  • Thymic epithelial tumors with clearly invasive or metastatic features seen on CT are associated with having higher AJCC/UICC pathologic TNM stage. (medscape.com)
  • While most tumors metastatic to the serous membranes are of epithelial origin, cytologists should be aware that non-epithelial neoplasms can also cause malignant effusions including sarcomas, melanomas, germ cell tumors, and, more rarely, brain tumors. (cytojournal.com)
  • Most tumors metastatic to the serous membranes are of epithelial origin. (cytojournal.com)
  • Common non-epithelial neoplasms that may cause malignant effusions include malignant melanoma, sarcomas, and other neoplasms including germ cell tumors [ Figure 1 ]. (cytojournal.com)
  • Other rare non-epithelial malignancies that may be encountered in effusion cytology include neuroblastoma, Wilms tumor, and metastatic brain tumors. (cytojournal.com)
  • Carcinoma of cervix is classified as per the WHO classification into primary tumors which are predominantly epithelial tumors, mesenchymal tumors and tumor like lesions, mixed epithelial stromal tumors, melanocytic, germ cell, and lymphoid tumors. (cytojournal.com)
  • Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) in various morphological forms needs to be separated from other epithelial tumors for treatment modality selection. (cytojournal.com)
  • Mixed mesenchymal and epithelial tumors are of Mullerian origin. (cytojournal.com)
  • Methods of analysis of tumors of the DNS are also presented because some of these techniques are indispensable for the diagnosis of many neuroendocrine neoplasms. (basicmedicalkey.com)
  • The current neuroendocrine classification of cells and tumors uses immunohistochemical (IHC), ultrastructural, and molecular biologic features to define members of the DNS ( 6 , 7 and 8 ). (basicmedicalkey.com)
  • Malignant tumors of the appendix can be classified into mucinous epithelial neoplasms, neuroendocrine tumors (typical carcinoids), goblet cells or composite carcinoids, lymphomas, adenocarcinomas and lymphoid or mesenchymal sarcomas. (rojes.org)
  • Histologically, more than half of appendicular tumors are of neuroendocrine origin, while the rest are adenocarcinomas (mucinous, signet ring or non-mucin-secreting). (rojes.org)
  • Differential diagnoses include poorly differentiated adenocarcinomas, solid pseudopapillary tumors, pancreatic carcinoma, pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors and autoimmune pancreatitis. (orpha.net)
  • Endocrine or neuroendocrine tumors have generally clusters of round to ovoid epithelial cell amongst a regular fibro-vascular stroma. (eurotoxpath.org)
  • Various levels of differentiation may be present ranging from tumors with a predominantly normal thymic structure and medullary differentiation to thymomas composed of a mixture of epithelial cells and lymphocytes lacking medullary differentiation. (eurotoxpath.org)
  • CONTEXT: Gastric neuroendocrine tumors are rare neoplasms that originate from gastric enterochromaffin-like (ECL) cells in the oxyntic mucosa. (tum.de)
  • Chinese expert consensus on the diagnosis and treatment of thymic epithelial tumors. (nih.gov)
  • Surgical, Radiation, and Systemic Treatments of Patients With Thymic Epithelial Tumors: A Clinical Practice Guideline. (nih.gov)
  • PAX8 is highly expressed in several neoplasms: Epithelial tumors of the thyroid and parathyroid glands, kidney, thymus, pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors and female genital tract. (oncodianova.com)
  • Analysis of Real-World Treatment Patterns, Healthcare Resource Utilization, and Costs Between Octreotide and Lanreotide Among Patients With Neuroendocrine Tumors. (harvard.edu)
  • Retrospective review of serotonergic medication tolerability in patients with neuroendocrine tumors with biochemically proven carcinoid syndrome. (harvard.edu)
  • Among the cancers, a study with 150 dogs of both genders and of different races, found that 74 (49.3%) were mesenchymal, 26 (17.3%) epithelial, seven (4.7%) of neuroectodermal origin, seven (4.7%) of sexual cord and interstitium, 16 (10.7%) were transmissible venereal tumors, and 20 (13.3%) were cancers of mammary glands (Magalhães et al . (vin.com)
  • The classification of epithelial tumors of the kidney has in particular undergone substantial progress in the last two decades with major contributions from genetic typing of renal cell carcinomas (RCCs). (abdominalkey.com)
  • Of note, Cytochrome b561 expression pattern correlated with known androgen regulated genes in epithelial transcriptome of primary prostate tumors. (usuhs.edu)
  • Similar to other epithelial ovarian tumors, Benner tumors are classified as benign, borderline/atypical proliferative, or malignant. (cap.org)
  • Benign Brenner tumors account for approximately 5% of all benign ovarian epithelial tumors and are typically found incidentally in women in the 5th to 7th decades of life. (cap.org)
  • Brenner tumors are commonly associated with other ovarian neoplasms, including mucinous-type tumors. (cap.org)
  • Microscopically, the tumors are composed of solid to cystic nests of epithelial cells embedded in a fibrous stroma. (cap.org)
  • Histologically, these tumors resemble non-invasive, low-grade urothelial neoplasms. (cap.org)
  • Most tumors are confined to the ovary at diagnosis, and malignant Brenner tumors have a better prognosis than other epithelial ovarian carcinomas. (cap.org)
  • Streptozocin chemotherapy for advanced/metastatic well-differentiated neuroendocrine tumors: an analysis of a multi-center survey in Japan. (cancerindex.org)
  • Neuroendocrine tumors (NETs) are believed to be relatively rare and to follow a generally indolent course. (cancerindex.org)
  • Diagnosing non-epithelial malignancies in effusion specimens based entirely upon their cytomorphologic features is difficult because these neoplasms often exhibit considerable morphological overlap and their cytomorphology can differ from the original tumor. (cytojournal.com)
  • Although the term carcinoid tumor has been broadly used to refer to many neoplasms derived from the DNS ( 9 ), this term is being replaced by neuroendocrine neoplasms. (basicmedicalkey.com)
  • However, to communicate effectively with clinicians, the term carcinoid tumor can still be used in parenthesis for neoplasms of the gastrointestinal tract and lungs. (basicmedicalkey.com)
  • In the case presented the microscopic appearance is slightly different from a classical endocrine or neuroendocrine tumor. (eurotoxpath.org)
  • A very rare and well-differentiated neuroendocrine tumor that arises from the uterine corpus. (nih.gov)
  • Evaluation of gene expression profiles in CWR22 prostate tumor xenografts in nude mice revealed overexpression of the Cytochrome b561, a transmembrane electron transport protein abundant in neuroendocrine vesicles, in the castration recurrent prostate cancers (CRPC). (usuhs.edu)
  • Nests are large and crowded and may show fusion, as a result of epithelial proliferation that exceeds what is seen in benign Brenner tumor. (cap.org)
  • Carcinoid , or well-differentiated neuroendocrine tumor, of the ovary is uncommon but may occur as a monodermal teratoma or a somatic-type malignancy arising from a teratoma or dermoid cyst. (cap.org)
  • SPPT) is a rare exocrine pancreatic neoplasm, tumor' of the pancreas.4 not conflict of interests. (bvsalud.org)
  • Merkel cell carcinoma (MCC) is the eponym for primary cutaneous neuroendocrine carcinoma, a dermal neoplasm with cytoplasmic, dense-core neuroendocrine granules and keratin filaments. (medscape.com)
  • Merkel cell carcinoma (MCC) is an uncommon and aggressive cutaneous neoplasm that lacks distinguishing clinical features. (medscape.com)
  • They comprise three sub-types: thymoma, thymic carcinoma, and thymic neuroendocrine carcinoma (see these terms). (nih.gov)
  • Staging of thymic epithelial neoplasms: thymoma and thymic carcinoma. (nih.gov)
  • By definition, pseudomesotheliomatous carcinoma refers to an epithelial neoplasm that secondarily involves the pleura and encases the lung, thereby simulating the radiologic and macroscopic appearance of malignant mesothelioma. (medscape.com)
  • A few notes on each cancer site and its subgroups staining techniques (e.g., glandular and diffuse neoplasms of are included in this chapter. (who.int)
  • Neuroendocrine neoplasms (NETs), are defined as epithelial neoplasms with predominant neuroendocrine differentiation and represent less than 1% of gastric neoplasms. (spg.pt)
  • Histologically, this malignant epithelial pancreatic neoplasm of the exocrine cells is characterized by multiple lines of differentiation (acinar, ductal, mesenchymal, neuroendocrine) and the presence of squamoid nests. (orpha.net)
  • It shows significant acinar cell differentiation but also ductal, mesenchymal and neuroendocrine differentiation. (orpha.net)
  • Gastrin and its derivates have been reported to regulate epithelial cell proliferation, migration, and differentiation. (tum.de)
  • The neuroendocrine system regulates early T cell differentiation by the transcription of neuroendocrine genes in the stromal network and expression of cognitive receptors by immature T cells. (nel.edu)
  • Background and Objectives: Cholesteatomatous chronic otitis media acquires epithelial proliferation and differentiation characteristics, which render it able to erode the underlying bone and cause complications. (koreamed.org)
  • Primary malignant neoplasms of the appendix: a population-based study from the surveillance, epidemiology and end-results program, 1973-1998. (rojes.org)
  • Nonmesotheliomatous cancers of the pleura include an assortment of malignant neoplasms that primarily or secondarily involve pleura. (medscape.com)
  • Background: Aquaporin (AQP) expression has been investigated in various malignant neoplasms, and the overexpression of AQP is related to poor prognosis in some malignancies. (koreamed.org)
  • Case # 13 showed the histopathological appearance of an atrophic thymus (normal involution, age-related) with a mixture of hyperplastic epithelial cords and an uncommon stromal proliferation. (eurotoxpath.org)
  • As malignant cells have a tendency to round up in body fluids these non-epithelial neoplasms can therefore mimic reactive mesothelial cells and metastatic adenocarcinoma. (cytojournal.com)
  • The most widely used classification system is the World Health Organization (WHO) classification, based on the morphology of the epithelial cells and ratio of the lymphocytes to epithelial cells. (medscape.com)
  • The cells and neoplasms of the neuroendocrine and paracrine systems make up the DNS. (basicmedicalkey.com)
  • The detailed study of neuroendocrine cells by Pearse ( 3 , 4 ) led to the development of the concept of amine precursor uptake and decarboxylation (APUD). (basicmedicalkey.com)
  • The principal cells and neoplasms that form the DNS are listed in Table 11.1 . (basicmedicalkey.com)
  • Bundles of neoplastic fusiform cells are S-100 (Figs. 4-5) and vimentin positive (Fig. 6), separated by small clusters of cytokeratin positive cells (hyperplastic epithelial cords) (Figs. 7-8). (eurotoxpath.org)
  • Another one specified "clusters of epithelial cells" which are part of the lesion described above (hyperplastic epithelial cords). (eurotoxpath.org)
  • Thymoma corresponds to primary involvement of thymic epithelial cells often admixed with lymphocytes. (eurotoxpath.org)
  • SFTs of the pleura are localized mesenchymal neoplasms composed of fibroblastlike cells believed to arise from the subpleural connective tissue. (medscape.com)
  • Histologic sections show small nests of cytologically bland epithelial cells with abundant clear to eosinophilic cytoplasm distributed within a fibromatous stroma. (cap.org)
  • The epithelial cells have a urothelial cell-like appearance, with abundant clear to pale eosinophilic cytoplasm and small nucleoli. (cap.org)
  • A-The mass is composed of densely packed epithelial cells with minimal cytoplasm and often divided into packets by a delicate, fibrovascular stroma (arrows). (avma.org)
  • The thymic microenvironment consists of a network of reticular epithelial cells and other fixed and free cells. (nel.edu)
  • The major histocompatibility complex participates in interactions between T cells and thymic epithelial cells, in addition to interactions between T cells and dendritic cells, macrophages and myoid cells. (nel.edu)
  • This work briefly summarizes morphological and ultrastructural characteristics of thymic epithelial cells, dendritic cells, macrophages and myoid cells. (nel.edu)
  • En face co-immunostaining of the mouse aortic arch revealed a low level of PDCD4 in endothelial cells undergoing pulsatile shear stress. (plos.org)
  • The Masaoka-Koga classification describes the extent and spread of thymic epithelial malignancies. (medscape.com)
  • Thymic epithelial neoplasms (TEN) are rare malignancies arising from the epithelium of the thymic gland. (nih.gov)
  • Pulmonary carcinoids are well differentiated low to intermediate grade lung neuroendocrine tumours (LNETs), that belong to the group of lung neuroendocrine neoplasms which also include highly aggressive lung neuroendocrine carcinomas (LNECs). (who.int)
  • Apart from thymomas or thymic lymphosarcomas, other primary neoplasms of the thymus are extremely rare. (eurotoxpath.org)
  • Neoplasms like paraganglioma or lipoma are very uncommon and may originate in tissues adjacent to the thymus. (eurotoxpath.org)
  • The present case might be diagnosed as a spindeloid type thymoma but the fusiform part is vimentin and S-100 positive and thus excluding a thymic epithelial cell population. (eurotoxpath.org)
  • Chemotherapy with streptozocin (STZ) in combination with 5-FU or doxorubicin (Dox) represents a standard of care for patients with metastatic pancreatic neuroendocrine neoplasms (pNEN). (cancerindex.org)
  • Mutations in the epithelial cadherin (E-cadherin) gene have been shown to be associated with the occurrence of diffuse gastric carcinomas in affected families. (tum.de)
  • adenoma, dysplasia) lesion on the esophageal, gastric, duodenal or colorectal mucosa - non-epithelial (eg. (who.int)
  • Angioedema in a patient with neuroendocrine tumour. (harvard.edu)
  • Synovial sarcoma is a malignant soft-tissue neoplasm that most commonly affects the extremities near to, but not in continuity with, large joints. (medscape.com)
  • Synovial sarcomas encompass both biphasic (epithelial and spindle cell components) and monophasic (purely spindle cell) variants. (medscape.com)
  • Appendiceal mucinous neoplasms represent an extremely small percentage of all appendectomy specimens. (rojes.org)
  • 2] Aleter A, El Ansari W, Toffaha A, Ammar A, Shahid F, Abdelaal A. Epidemiology, histopathology, clinical outcomes and survival of 50 cases of appendiceal mucinous neoplasms: Retrospective cross-sectional single academic tertiary care hospital experience. (rojes.org)
  • The purpose of our study was to develop modern epidemiological data for adult patients completing an appendectomy for UA secondary to an appendiceal neoplasm (AN). (cancerindex.org)
  • Many of these neoplasms have distinct clinicopathologic features, so precise classification by the pathologist is necessary for optimal clinical management. (basicmedicalkey.com)
  • Appendicular mucinous neoplasms are a rare disease for which diagnostic and therapeutic management is a challenge. (rojes.org)
  • Imaging studies revealed a mixed neoplasm neoplasia inusual in the pancreatic body and tail. (bvsalud.org)
  • una neoplasia mixta en el cuerpo y cola pancreática. (bvsalud.org)
  • L'objectif de cette étude était de déterminer la fréquence des cancers gynécologiques en pratique oncologique à Lomé et d'en étudier les aspects épidémiologiques et histo-cliniques. (bvsalud.org)
  • Il s'agitd'une étude rétrospective et descriptive portant sur tous les cancers gynécologiques reçus en oncologie entre le 1erJanvier 2016 et le 31 Décembre 2021. (bvsalud.org)
  • Inbred Fischer rats produce greater amounts of the abovementioned substances, which has a direct effect on the nervous, connective, and epithelial tissues of the periodontium, facilitating the progression of ligatureinduced periodontitis 7-9 . (bvsalud.org)
  • the neural-epithelial olfactory mucosa, phenotypically ENB is usually intermediate between that of a real neural neoplasm (e.g., neuroblastoma and paraganglioma) and a neuroendocrine epithelial tumor (e.g., carcinoid, NEC, small cell carcinoma). (mdm2-inhibitors.com)
  • Recently, there has been a gradual shift from the term carcinoid tumor to neuroendocrine tumor, which is further classified according to the site of origin and grade based on the proliferation indices of tumor cells, such as mitotic figures and Ki-67 labeling index [ 2 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • Laryngeal neuroendocrine carcinomas are heterogeneous neoplasms characterized by neuroendocrine differentiation. (medscape.com)
  • Accurate diagnosis and grading of laryngeal neuroendocrine carcinomas is critical for prognostication and therapeutic decision making. (medscape.com)
  • Moreover, neuroendocrine carcinomas of the larynx have distinct clinicopathologic features and their differential diagnoses at this anatomic site are unique. (medscape.com)
  • The use and outcomes of NACT in less common epithelial carcinomas are understudied. (bvsalud.org)
  • Indeed, cases with well differentiated morphology but mitotic/Ki-67 indexes close to neuroendocrine carcinomas have been increasingly recognized. (hunimed.eu)
  • Small cell lung cancer (SCLC) and high-grade extrapulmonary neuroendocrine carcinomas (EPNEC) share similar histopathological features and treatment, but outcomes may differ. (ecancer.org)
  • We demonstrate that nicotine up-regulates NeuroD1 in immortalized normal bronchial epithelial cells and a subset of undifferentiated carcinomas. (elsevierpure.com)
  • According to WHO, adenocarcinoma of the appendix is defined as a malignant epithelial neoplasm of the appendix with invasion beyond the muscularis mucosa [ 2 ]. (gastrores.org)
  • Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is a malignant epithelial neoplasm arising within the nasopharyngeal mucosa that reveals gentle microscopic and/or ultrastructural proof of squamous differentiation. (inacj.com)
  • As high grade neuroendocrine neoplasms are highly lethal with a median survival of approximately 7 months, new insights are urgently needed for better prognosis, diagnosis and management. (nih.gov)
  • A new marker, insulinoma-associated protein 1 (INSM1), for high-grade neuroendocrine carcinoma of the uterine cervix: Analysis of 37 cases. (researchmap.jp)
  • Papillary epithelial proliferation was recognized in the appendiceal mucosa ( Fig. 1a ). (gastrores.org)
  • adenoma, dysplasia) lesion on the esophageal, gastric, duodenal or colorectal mucosa - non-epithelial (eg. (who.int)
  • Pulmonary giant cell neuroendocrine carcinoma (LCNEC) is an unusual kind of non-small cell lung most cancers (NSCLC) with an incidence of roughly 3% of all lung most cancers diagnoses. (inacj.com)
  • Objective: To investigate the uptake and survival outcomes in treatment with NACT for less common histologic subtypes of epithelial ovarian cancer. (bvsalud.org)
  • The Masaoka-Koga classification describes the extent and spread of thymic epithelial malignancies. (medscape.com)
  • The latter consist of paragangliomas while the epithelial origin group can be divided into the typical and atypical carcinoids and small cell neuroendocrine carcinomata, the latter consisting of the oat cell type, the intermediate cell type and the combined cell type. (keyopinionleaders.com)
  • The hyalinizing trabecular neoplasm (HTN) of the thyroid is an unusual and controversial lesion. (cytojournal.com)
  • The hyalinizing trabecular neoplasm (HTN) is a follicular derived lesion that has a distinctive histology. (cytojournal.com)
  • 9. Immunocytochemical study of tissues from clinically normal dogs and of neoplasms, using keratin monoclonal antibodies. (nih.gov)
  • The stains most often used for discriminating between those lesions include the epithelial markers keratin and EMA, the melanocytic markers S-100 and HMB-45 and the histiocytic markers CD68 and procollagen 1. (dermatologytimes.com)
  • Merkel cell carcinoma (MCC) is the eponym for primary cutaneous neuroendocrine carcinoma, a dermal neoplasm with cytoplasmic, dense-core neuroendocrine granules and keratin filaments. (medscape.com)
  • 4. [Cytokeratin expression in the epithelial cells of nasal polyp]. (nih.gov)
  • 16. Cytokeratin 8/18-negative somatotroph pituitary neuroendocrine tumours (PitNETs, adenomas) show variable morphological features and do not represent a clinicopathologically distinct entity. (nih.gov)
  • It was additionally optimistic for pan - cytokeratin antibody AE1 and AE3 and cytokeratin (CAM) 5.2, which come up from epithelial origin in line with NSCLCs. (inacj.com)
  • Adherent cells are synaptophysin-negative and express pRb, the epithelial cell marker cytokeratin that is expressed in the retinal pigmented epithelium and the vascular endothelial cell marker CD34. (houstonmethodist.org)
  • A cocktail of cytokeratin markers is often nonreactive, but low molecular cytokeratin, CAM5-2, and epithelial membrane antigen (EMA) are mostly positive. (medscape.com)
  • One of the most common scenarios involves the evaluation of malignant spindle cell neoplasms on sun-damaged skin where the differential diagnosis includes poorly differentiated atypical squamous cell carcinoma, malignant melanoma and atypical fibroxanthoma. (dermatologytimes.com)
  • Immunosensitivity and specificity of insulinoma-associated protein 1 (INSM1) for neuroendocrine neoplasms of the uterine cervix. (researchmap.jp)
  • This mixture of neuroendocrine and first lung tumor markers, along side the histology, confirmed the affected person's prognosis of LCNEC. (inacj.com)
  • This tumor can co-express epithelial, neuronal, and mesenchymal markers. (sarcomahelp.org)
  • Neuroendocrine markers, such as chromogranin A, synaptophysin, CD56, and neuronal specific enolase, are often focal or diffusely positive for this tumor by immunohistochemical method and are useful to help establish a diagnosis. (medscape.com)
  • Survival and reproductive outcomes after fertility-sparing surgery performed for borderline epithelial ovarian tumor in Japanese adolescents and young adults: Results of a retrospective nationwide study. (researchmap.jp)
  • Desmoplastic small round cell tumor (DSRCT) is an aggressive malignant neoplasm that occurs in adolescents and young adults. (sarcomahelp.org)
  • Association between nonpituitary or adrenal neoplasm and Cushing syndrome dates back to 1928 when Brown first described a case with small cell lung cancer with features resembling Cushing syndrome. (medscape.com)
  • A role has been demonstrated for the basic helix-loop-helix transcription factor NeuroD1 in the pathogenesis of neural and neuroendocrine lung cancer, including SCLC. (elsevierpure.com)
  • Immunohistochemistry was optimistic for neural cell adhesion molecule CD56 and synaptophysin, which was indicative of neuroendocrine origin. (inacj.com)
  • Neuroendocrine neoplasms of the larynx have been divided into those of epithelial or neural origin. (keyopinionleaders.com)
  • These findings suggest that aspects of the pathogenesis of neural and neuroendocrine lung cancers may be affected by a nicotine- and NeuroD1-induced positive feedback loop. (elsevierpure.com)
  • Therapeutic outcomes (en bloc resection and complete resection rates), procedure time, and procedure-related adverse events were evaluated. (hindawi.com)
  • [ 6 ] There is no established standard treatment modality for this neoplasm, and outcomes are generally poor. (medscape.com)
  • Angiomyolipoma With Epithelial Cysts. (nih.gov)
  • Therefore, genetic counseling for all young patients with thoracic neuroendocrine neoplasia and/or any patient with pathological evidence of neuroendocrine cell hyperplasia-to-neoplasia progression sequence or multifocal disease should be considered. (hunimed.eu)
  • Clinicopathologic features, treatment, prognosis and prognostic factors of neuroendocrine carcinoma of the endometrium: a retrospective analysis of 42 cases from the Kansai Clinical Oncology Group/Intergroup study in Japan. (researchmap.jp)
  • A rare cancer, Merkel cell carcinoma (MCC) is an aggressive cutaneous neoplasm that lacks distinguishing clinical features. (medscape.com)
  • Although rectal NETs are uncommon, representing only 1.1%-1.8% of all anorectal neoplasms, their incidence has considerably increased in recent decades [ 3 , 4 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • A large variety of neoplasms affect the intestines, and there is ongoing discovery of new entities and prognostic features for known diseases. (medicscenter.com)
  • Solid pseudopapillary neoplasm (SPN) of the pancreas is a rare tumor of uncertain malignant potential, predominantly affecting young adult females. (cytojournal.com)
  • En bloc resection was achieved in all patients. (hindawi.com)
  • Immunohistochemical stain for CK7 highlighted the epithelial lining of the cystic spaces with weak, patchy labeling for inhibin (Figures 3 and 4). (pbpath.org)
  • Inbred Fischer rats produce greater amounts of the abovementioned substances, which has a direct effect on the nervous, connective, and epithelial tissues of the periodontium, facilitating the progression of ligatureinduced periodontitis 7-9 . (bvsalud.org)