HypoglycemicDiabetesSevereSymptomsComplicationsTreat hypoglycemiaAntidiabetic agentsNocturnalSeizuresMmolRecurrent episodesSymptomaticAcuteBlood sugarOutcomesClinicalGlycemicOccursRiskFrequentExcessiveOccurrencesAwarenessBrain'sEtiologyCritically illGlucose controlLevelsDiabetic patientsNewbornPatientsAssessmentMildEfficacyInpatientMortality2018ThresholdsInfantsHighDetectionDiagnosis
Hypoglycemic8
- Intracellular dehydration Infants that experienced hypoglycemic episodes requiring treatment within the first few days of life have a higher chance of developing neurological or neurodevelopmental diagnoses than normoglycemic infants. (wikipedia.org)
- The severity of the effects resulting from the hypoglycemic episode depend on the length of the hypoglycemic episode and how low the neonate's blood glucose levels drop during the episode. (wikipedia.org)
- In this study, we aimed to determine whether hypoglycemic episodes are associated with higher mortality in diabetic patients hospitalized in the general ward. (diabetesjournals.org)
- The associations between the number and severity of hypoglycemic (≤50 mg/dl) episodes and inpatient mortality, length of stay (LOS), and mortality within 1 year after discharge were evaluated. (diabetesjournals.org)
- If taking too much insulin, those with diabetes may suffer hypoglycemic episodes. (americanmedical-id.com)
- Medication Adjustments: Collaborate with your healthcare team to review and adjust your diabetes medication dosages, meal timing, or even the exercise routine to prevent future hypoglycemic episodes. (healththoroughfare.com)
- To avoid hypoglycemic episodes, the patients should be instructed to eat within 30 minutes prior to administration. (picmonic.com)
- Dr Barrett, who chaired the task force that developed the statement, said that, while the risk of microvascular complications can be reduced by tight glycemic and blood-pressure control, this can conversely place patients at risk of "dangerous" hypoglycemic episodes and cardiovascular complications. (medscape.com)
Diabetes24
- Type 2 diabetes is the most common form of diabetes mellitus, which is a group of diseases associated with high blood sugar, called hyperglycemia. (everydayhealth.com)
- In type 2 diabetes, insulin resistance - in which the body does not use the hormone insulin properly - causes hyperglycemia. (everydayhealth.com)
- In view of all the available evidence from randomized controlled trials, artificial pancreas treatment significantly improves glycemic control while reducing the burden of hypoglycemia in outpatients with type 1 diabetes," Bekiari and colleagues write. (medscape.com)
- Hypoglycemia is a frequent event that can harm the quality of life of people with diabetes and their families. (newhealthadvisor.org)
- Insulin helps control blood sugar, so those with diabetes may have hyperglycemic episodes after eating. (americanmedical-id.com)
- When a child with diabetes has symptoms of hypoglycemia, the cause is most often an insulin reaction. (lluch.org)
- Most children with type 1 diabetes will have hypoglycemia. (lluch.org)
- Medication Adherence: you have to take your prescribed diabetes medications consistently to prevent high blood sugar episodes. (healththoroughfare.com)
- This ruling could have a significant impact on the lives of people with type 1 diabetes, specifically, because by the time they reach the age where they are eligible for Medicare they are often in the fourth, fifth or sixth decade of their disease and are even more susceptible to episodes of hypoglycemia. (medicaleconomics.com)
- Impaired awareness of hypoglycaemia (IAH) is a common, frustrating, and potentially dangerous problem for people with diabetes who use insulin. (ihsgonline.com)
- This phenomenon, known as impaired awareness of hypoglycaemia (IAH), affects about a quarter of people with type 1 diabetes and 10% of those with type 2 diabetes who use insulin. (ihsgonline.com)
- In individuals without diabetes, experimentally-induced hypoglycaemia causes several regions of the brain to become active, including the basal ganglia, hypothalamus, pituitary, thalamus, and parts of the frontal cortex. (ihsgonline.com)
- In a study of men with type 1 diabetes, for example, subjects with IAH showed subtle differences not only in regions associated with the awareness of physiological responses to hypoglycaemia, but in regions associated with executive control, reward, memory, and emotional significance. (ihsgonline.com)
- Another study involving people with type 1 diabetes found even more striking discrepancies: those with preserved awareness of hypoglycaemia showed changes in prefrontal cortex and angular gyrus activity in response to mild hypoglycaemia, but those with IAH failed to show any such changes. (ihsgonline.com)
- 3 Another study saw brain levels of the non-glucose metabolic fuel lactate fall by about 20% in subjects with IAH-but not in those with normal awareness of hypoglycaemia and people without diabetes. (ihsgonline.com)
- Management of diabetes and hyperglycemia in the hospital: a practical guide to subcutaneous insulin use in the non-critically ill, adult patient. (diabetestalk.net)
- Glycemic Control Implementation Toolkit Annotative Examples of Subcutaneous Insulin Order Forms Example Protocol: Stepwise Approach to Managing Inpatient Hyperglycemia This protocol was published in The Journal of Hospital Medicine as part of the SHM Glycemic Control Task Force Supplement, Improving Care of the Hospitalized Patient with Hyperglycemia and Diabetes. (diabetestalk.net)
- Example: Protocol Driven SC Insulin Order Set This order set was published in The Journal of Hospital Medicine as part of the SHM Glycemic Control Task Force Supplement, Improving Care of the Hospitalized Patient with Hyperglycemia and Diabetes. (diabetestalk.net)
- A1C has been known as the gold standard of diabetes management outcomes, but it does not provide information about hypoglycemia, hyperglycemia, or daily fluctuations in glucose levels," she added. (diatribe.org)
- evaluar los factores de riesgo del diagnóstico de enfermería Riesgo de glucemia inestable en ancianos con diabetes mellitus tipo 2. (bvsalud.org)
- Complications of Diabetes Mellitus In patients with diabetes mellitus, years of poorly controlled hyperglycemia lead to multiple, primarily vascular, complications that affect small vessels (microvascular), large vessels (macrovascular). (msdmanuals.com)
- Diabetes Mellitus (DM) Diabetes mellitus is impaired insulin secretion and variable degrees of peripheral insulin resistance leading to hyperglycemia. (msdmanuals.com)
- Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA) Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) is an acute metabolic complication of diabetes characterized by hyperglycemia, hyperketonemia, and metabolic acidosis. (msdmanuals.com)
- The statement notes that the vascular complications of diabetes result from interactions between systemic metabolic abnormalities such as hyperglycemia, dyslipidemia, and genetic and epigenetic modulators and local tissue responses to toxic metabolites. (medscape.com)
Severe13
- Later, in patients with severe hypoglycemia that is prolonged and complicated by anoxic brain injury and coma, CT scanning of the brain may show cortical atrophy (reflecting laminar necrosis). (medscape.com)
- The incidence of severe hypoglycemia was very low in both the artificial pancreas and control groups (just six and three episodes, respectively). (medscape.com)
- Glycogen is a prescription medicine that raises blood sugar, and some people may need it if they have severe hypoglycemia. (newhealthadvisor.org)
- If you see someone having a severe hypoglycaemia reaction, call an ambulance, or take them to the nearest hospital for treatment. (newhealthadvisor.org)
- Monitor your blood sugar as directed by your health care provider, and check it more often if you're ill or if there are concerns about severe hyperglycemia or hypoglycemia. (newhealthadvisor.org)
- If hypoglycemia is severe, your child may need a glucagon shot (injection). (lluch.org)
- Severe or long-lasting hypoglycemia may cause seizures and serious brain injury. (lluch.org)
- The chances of severe hypoglycemia go down as your child gets older. (lluch.org)
- No severe hyperglycemia or hypoglycemia episodes occurred during the trial. (bvsalud.org)
- How can you recover after a severe episode of hyperglycemia? (kasanahealth.com)
- Or after a severe episode of hypoglycemia? (kasanahealth.com)
- Treat severe hypoglycemia with IV D50W followed by continuous IV infusion of more dilute dextrose solution at a rate sufficient to keep serum glucose at approximately 100 mg/dL. (unboundmedicine.com)
- The progressive loss of awareness, however, is maladaptive in that it impairs the affected person's ability to self-treat, thus raising the risk that the hypoglycaemia will become severe. (ihsgonline.com)
Symptoms14
- 2. Clinical manifestations Neonatal hypoglycemia should be considered if there are atypical clinical manifestations, if the symptoms improve after glucose infusion, or if there are neurological symptoms and signs that cannot be easily explained. (wikipedia.org)
- Symptoms caused by hypoglycemia can occur suddenly and fluctuate, suggesting a vascular etiology. (medscape.com)
- If strokelike symptoms are a result of hypoglycemia, a CT scan of the head may initially be normal. (medscape.com)
- What are the differences between hypoglycemia vs. hyperglycemia, and are there any early warning signs or symptoms when you have these conditions? (newhealthadvisor.org)
- Some people might not notice hyperglycemia symptoms. (newhealthadvisor.org)
- If you ignore the symptoms of hypoglycemia too long, you maylose consciousness. (newhealthadvisor.org)
- What are the symptoms of hypoglycemia in a child? (lluch.org)
- The symptoms of hypoglycemia can be like other health conditions. (lluch.org)
- Differentiating between hyperglycemia and hypoglycemia can sometimes be challenging due to overlapping symptoms such as confusion and headaches. (healththoroughfare.com)
- Beta-blockers may ↓ some symptoms of hyperglycemia. (unboundmedicine.com)
- Overdose is manifested by symptoms of hypoglycemia. (unboundmedicine.com)
- To prevent symptoms of hypoglycemia, the patient should be instructed to eat within 30 minutes of drug administration. (picmonic.com)
- Since these medications cause rapidly fluctuating plasma levels of insulin, the patient should be closely monitored for symptoms of hypoglycemia and hyperglycemia. (picmonic.com)
- Early symptoms are related to hyperglycemia and include polydipsia. (msdmanuals.com)
Complications6
- Long term complications of neonatal hypoglycemia may include: Neurologic damage that results in mental retardation Developmental delay Personality disorders Recurrent seizure activity Impaired cardiovascular function Continuous glucose monitoring devices have been suggested to be helpful for improving blood glucose monitoring in neonatal infants, however, the devices have not been approved for use in this age group and the potential benefits and risks are not clear from available studies. (wikipedia.org)
- These trials should measure HbA 1c (for modeling the effects on complications), blood glucose variability, hypoglycemia, quality of life, and cost effectiveness," they add. (medscape.com)
- Whether it's low blood sugar (hypoglycemia), or high blood sugar (hyperglycemia), both are bad for your overall health, and either may cause major complications if left untreated. (newhealthadvisor.org)
- What are possible complications of hypoglycemia in a child? (lluch.org)
- Alongside this, hypoglycemia causes the suppression of factors that are protective against microvascular complications, including insulinlike growth factor, antioxidant enzymes, platelet-derived and vascular endothelial growth factors, transforming growth factor beta, and activated protein C. (medscape.com)
- The statement therefore points out that future treatments to prevent or delay diabetic microvascular complications "must" reverse hyperglycemia, inhibit the major mechanisms of vascular dysfunction, neutralize accelerants such as inflammation and oxidative stress, and activate protective factors. (medscape.com)
Treat hypoglycemia1
- Another important nursing intervention is assisting the mother in successful breastfeeding as this can prevent and treat hypoglycemia. (wikipedia.org)
Antidiabetic agents1
- risk of hypoglycemia with other antidiabetic agents including alpha glucosidase inhibitors , biguanides , and insulin . (unboundmedicine.com)
Nocturnal2
- CGM is very helpful for patients with hypoglycemia unawareness and nocturnal hypoglycemia. (medscape.com)
- Waugh and colleagues note that none of the 17 trials in children or adolescents in the review included children younger than 5 years, "a group in which closed-loop technology might reduce parental anxiety about nocturnal hypoglycemia. (medscape.com)
Seizures1
- In particular, hypoglycemia in ICUs has been linked to increased risk of mortality, seizures, and coma ( 4 ). (diabetesjournals.org)
Mmol2
- Hyperglycemia is blood sugar (glucose) levels that exceed 7 mmol/L while fasting or before a meal, or above 10 mmol/L two hours after a meal. (newhealthadvisor.org)
- Both groups will be offered insulin if fasting hyperglycaemia (=5.3mmol/L) and/or postprandial hyperglycaemia (=7.8mmol/L) persists. (who.int)
Recurrent episodes2
- In particular, aggressively tight glucose control, either patient driven or clinician directed, may give rise to chronic or recurrent episodes of hypoglycemia. (medscape.com)
- however, recurrent episodes of hypoglycaemia may blunt this response on various levels, with the result that the affected person does not experience the expected warning signals in a timely fashion. (ihsgonline.com)
Symptomatic1
- 3 The researchers speculated that "an increase in global cerebral blood flow may enhance nutrient supply to the brain, hence suppressing symptomatic awareness of hypoglycemia. (ihsgonline.com)
Acute9
- Preexisting hyperglycemia worsens the clinical outcome of acute stroke. (medscape.com)
- Because hyperglycemia may accelerate the ischemic process in stroke, it is possible that characteristic features of acute stroke will appear on computed tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans sooner than they would in patients without hyperglycemia. (medscape.com)
- Patients with acute stroke and hyperglycemia are often kept NPO (nothing by mouth), because of the complicating effects of feeding on the blood glucose level. (medscape.com)
- Typically, hyperglycemia in the setting of acute stroke is treated with subcutaneous insulin on a sliding scale. (medscape.com)
- The safety and efficacy of IV insulin in the treatment of hyperglycemia in patients with acute stroke are being determined by ongoing/planned clinical trials. (medscape.com)
- The System also detects trends and tracks patterns and aids in the detection of episodes of hyperglycemia and hypoglycemia, facilitating both acute and long-term therapy adjustments. (gabio.org)
- 180 mg/dL), on platelet reactivity after hospital discharge in patients with an acute coronary syndrome and hyperglycemia. (revespcardiol.org)
- In addition, the CGM can aid in detection of episodes of hyperglycemia and hypoglycemia, allowing for acute and long-term therapy adjustments. (medicaleconomics.com)
- Adrenal fatigue sets in when chronically acute episodes of stress are persistent to the point that the glands can no longer keep up with the demand. (glutenfreesociety.org)
Blood sugar12
- Any infant at risk of hypoglycemia should have their blood sugar taken again one hour after birth. (wikipedia.org)
- hypoglycemia is low blood sugar. (everydayhealth.com)
- Regular consumption of these bars can help reduce blood sugar swings and lower episodes of hypoglycemia and hyperglycemia. (socialmoms.com)
- When the birthing person has hyperglycemia (high blood sugar) during labor, the baby compensates by secreting more of the hormone insulin, which can result in fetal hyperinsulinemia. (evidencebasedbirth.com)
- Then after the umbilical cord is clamped, the source of incoming glucose is cut off and the newborn can experience hypoglycemia (low blood sugar). (evidencebasedbirth.com)
- Although hyperglycemia (aka high blood sugar) and hypoglycemia (aka low blood sugar) are both conditions related to blood sugar levels, they differ in terms of the direction and severity of the imbalance. (healththoroughfare.com)
- You should consistently monitor your blood sugar levels, adhere to prescribed medications, and adopt a healthy lifestyle to effectively manage hyperglycemia and hypoglycemia. (healththoroughfare.com)
- CGM systems have proven particularly effective in preventing hypoglycaemia (low blood sugar) and hyperglycaemia (high blood sugar) episodes. (mymedadvisor.co.uk)
- CGMs can help prevent these episodes by providing trend information and warnings when blood sugar is becoming low," Rice said. (medicaleconomics.com)
- However, fluctuations can occur, leading to hypoglycemia (low blood sugar) or hyperglycemia (high blood sugar). (swiftdisability.ca)
- Additionally, their blood sugar levels were more stable throughout the day, reducing the risk of hyperglycemia and hypoglycemia episodes. (gastricsleevelife.com)
- People with this disorder develop low blood sugar (glucose), known as hypoglycemia, after going long periods of time without food (fasting). (medlineplus.gov)
Outcomes2
- Hypoglycemia is associated with adverse outcomes in mixed populations of patients in intensive care units. (diabetesjournals.org)
- Hyperglycemia is associated with adverse clinical outcomes, and randomized controlled trials in intensive care units (ICUs) have shown that aggressive treatment of elevated blood glucose improves outcomes. (diabetesjournals.org)
Clinical2
- [ 6 ] If the hypoglycemia is transitory and the clinical status of the patient returns to normal, follow-up CT-scan findings may again be normal. (medscape.com)
- The 68-page scientific statement, which was published online November 8 in the Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism , sets out the potential targets for novel therapies, which include not only reducing hyperglycemia but also activating protective factors found in normal tissue. (medscape.com)
Glycemic1
- Studies have suggested that the benefits of tight glycemic control may be at least partially offset by the increased risk of hypoglycemia ( 2 , 3 ). (diabetesjournals.org)
Occurs3
- Neonatal hypoglycemia occurs when the neonate's blood glucose level is less than the newborn's body requirements for factors such as cellular energy and metabolism. (wikipedia.org)
- However, it remains debated whether brief hypoglycemia occurring in the context of critical illness by itself causes harm, since hypoglycemia more frequently occurs in patients with higher illness severity, which introduces potential bias [ 3 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
- Hyperglycemia occurs due to the body not having enough insulin or insulin resistance. (healththoroughfare.com)
Risk11
- In particular, children at risk of neonatal hypoglycaemia should have their blood glucose monitored within one hour of birth. (wikipedia.org)
- however, IV insulin increases the risk of hypoglycemia. (medscape.com)
- Measures should be undertaken to decrease the frequency of hypoglycemia in this high-risk patient population. (diabetesjournals.org)
- Profile night glucose control is more flat and smooth in the drug Levemir® Flexpen® compared to isophane insulin, which is reflected in a lower risk of developing hypoglycemia at night. (otc-online-store.com)
- However, the intervention increased the risk of hypoglycemia, which may have counteracted part of the benefit. (biomedcentral.com)
- Hypoglycemia univariably associated with higher mortality in PICU, at 90 days and 4 years after randomization, but not when adjusted for risk factors. (biomedcentral.com)
- After 4 years, critically ill children with hypoglycemia scored significantly worse for certain parent/caregiver-reported executive functions (working memory, planning and organization, metacognition) than patients without hypoglycemia, also when adjusted for risk factors including baseline NSE and S100B. (biomedcentral.com)
- Critically ill children exposed to hypoglycemia in PICU were at higher risk of impaired executive functions after 4 years, especially in cases of spontaneous/recurrent hypoglycemia. (biomedcentral.com)
- Which children are at risk for hypoglycemia? (lluch.org)
- Reducing the risk of hypoglycaemia is a multifaceted challenge. (ihsgonline.com)
- In terms of future research, he believes that one important focus needs to be the development of a way of preventing the deleterious effects of hyperglycemia without having to keep lowering glucose levels and thus risk triggering hypoglycemia and without "using a lot of insulin to do that. (medscape.com)
Frequent1
- It causes frequent episodes of hyperglycemia and hypoglycemia, leading to hospitalization. (canadianinsulin.com)
Excessive1
- Excessive amounts of meglitinides in the blood stimulate the pancreas to release excess insulin and cause hypoglycemia. (picmonic.com)
Occurrences1
- A ssess for Safety: Review any occurrences of hypoglycemia - time below range (TBR). (diatribe.org)
Awareness2
- How can you improve your hypoglycemia awareness? (kasanahealth.com)
- 1 In addition, differences in operculum activation in the IAH group raised the possibility that this group may be less driven to eat than those with intact awareness of hypoglycaemia. (ihsgonline.com)
Brain's1
- The brain's responses to hypoglycaemia serve the adaptive purpose of preserving brain function and protecting the brain against structural damage. (ihsgonline.com)
Etiology1
- The etiology of hypoglycemia in ICU patients may be different from that in patients hospitalized in the general ward. (diabetesjournals.org)
Critically ill2
- It remains unknown whether the risks associated with hypoglycemia found in critically ill patients can be generalized to non-ICU settings. (diabetesjournals.org)
- Previously, hypoglycemia occurring under tight glucose control in critically ill children receiving early PN did not associate with long-term harm. (biomedcentral.com)
Glucose control3
- We investigated whether hypoglycemia in PICU differentially associates with outcome in the context of withholding early PN, and whether any potential association with outcome may depend on the applied glucose control protocol. (biomedcentral.com)
- To study whether an association of hypoglycemia with outcome may be affected by the nutritional strategy or center-specific glucose control protocol, we further adjusted the models for the interaction between hypoglycemia and the randomized nutritional strategy, respectively, treatment center. (biomedcentral.com)
- Further adjustment for the interaction of hypoglycemia with the randomized intervention or treatment center revealed a potential interaction, whereby tight glucose control and withholding early PN may be protective. (biomedcentral.com)
Levels2
- Background: Poor glycaemic control with erratic blood glucose levels manifesting as recurrent hyperglycaemia with unpredictable episodes of hypoglycaemia is problem still faced today in daily practice. (endocrine-abstracts.org)
- During episodes of fasting, ketone levels in the blood may increase (ketosis). (medlineplus.gov)
Diabetic patients1
- Hypoglycemia is common in diabetic patients hospitalized in the general ward. (diabetesjournals.org)
Newborn2
- Maintaining newborn thermoregulation is a large part in preventing further hypoglycemia as well. (wikipedia.org)
- It is also credited to prevent neonatal hypoglycemia in newborn babies. (wikipedia.org)
Patients7
- Nondiabetic ischemic stroke patients with hyperglycemia have a 3-fold higher 30-day mortality rate than do patients without hyperglycemia. (medscape.com)
- Many units are equipped with alarms to warn patients of hyperglycemia or hypoglycemia and provide time for treatment. (medscape.com)
- Patients with hypoglycemia have increased LOS and higher mortality both during and after admission. (diabetesjournals.org)
- In recent years, there has been an increasing focus on controlling hyperglycemia in hospitalized patients ( 1 ). (diabetesjournals.org)
- and in patients with hypoglycemia unawareness. (nih.gov)
- In sensitivity analyses, we studied whether any association with outcome was different in patients with iatrogenic or spontaneous/recurrent hypoglycemia. (biomedcentral.com)
- Impaired executive functions were most pronounced in patients with spontaneous or recurrent hypoglycemia. (biomedcentral.com)
Assessment2
- The biggest nursing concern for a neonate experiencing hypoglycemia is the physical assessment to potentially find the cause. (wikipedia.org)
- Within the physical assessment, comorbidities of hypoglycemia should also be assessed such as intolerance of feeding, or respiratory distress. (wikipedia.org)
Mild1
- Mild hypoglycemia may be treated with administration of oral glucose. (unboundmedicine.com)
Efficacy1
- The main factors in choosing the second-line therapy were efficacy, tolerability and hypoglycaemia. (who.int)
Inpatient2
- In multivariable analysis, each additional day with hypoglycemia was associated with an increase of 85.3% in the odds of inpatient death ( P = 0.009) and 65.8% ( P = 0.0003) in the odds of death within 1 year from discharge. (diabetesjournals.org)
- Bridge over troubled waters: safe and effective transitions of the inpatient with hyperglycemia. (diabetestalk.net)
Mortality1
- In this secondary analysis of the multicenter PEPaNIC RCT, we studied whether hypoglycemia in PICU associated with mortality ( N = 1440) and 4-years neurodevelopmental outcome ( N = 674) through univariable comparison and multivariable regression analyses adjusting for potential confounders. (biomedcentral.com)
20181
- This was an easy sequential comparison (-20% in 3Q17), and we're inclined to expect more from a product still early in its launch cycle, but management pointed to key opportunities in 2018: FDA will decide on a hypoglycemia claim in 1Q18, Tresiba has favorable positioning within Medicare Part D, and a head-to-head RCT vs. Sanofi's next-gen Toujeo will report results in 4Q18. (closeconcerns.com)
Thresholds2
- Users can set certain thresholds for the hypo and hyperglycemia by passing parameters, lv1_hypo, lv2_hypo, hy1_hyper, lv2_hpyer. (imperial.ac.uk)
- By setting a duration length to 15 minutes (the last parameter), the function will count the number of episodes that glucose values go below or above the thresholds more than 15 minutes. (imperial.ac.uk)
Infants1
- Congenital hyperinsulinism Hyperinsulinemic hypoglycemia Wong's nursing care of infants and children. (wikipedia.org)
High1
- In the first case, when the level is too high, you can have an episode of hyperglycemia. (salzburgresearch.at)
Detection1
- 3. Blood glucose measurement Postnatal glucose monitoring is the main method of early detection of neonatal hypoglycaemia. (wikipedia.org)
Diagnosis1
- Helping with the diagnosis (DM or hypoglycemia) and waiting Exercise and insulin BLOOD GLUCOSE MONITORING (found in part 2) How accurate is my meter? (faqs.org)