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Epigenesis, GeneticDNA MethylationHistonesEpigenomicsMammalsCpG IslandsCloning, OrganismNuclear Transfer TechniquesMolecular Sequence DataGenomic ImprintingAcetylationHybrid CellsStem CellsChromatinCell LineMethylationDNA (Cytosine-5-)-MethyltransferasePromoter Regions, GeneticCell DifferentiationBase SequenceNuclear ReprogrammingGene Expression RegulationChromatin Assembly and DisassemblyCells, CulturedGene SilencingChromatin ImmunoprecipitationGene Expression Regulation, DevelopmentalNerve RegenerationAzacitidineNeuronsCytosineAmino Acid SequenceProtein Processing, Post-TranslationalDNAEmbryo, MammalianGerm CellsRNA, MessengerTranscription FactorsAdult Stem CellsLateral VentriclesTranscription, GeneticCell LineageMice, Inbred C57BLCricetinaeRNA, Long NoncodingHeLa Cells5-MethylcytosineEpendymaHistone DemethylasesMutationNeurogenesisEmbryonic Stem CellsHydroxamic AcidsEmbryonic DevelopmentOocytesRNA, UntranslatedSignal TransductionModels, BiologicalPhenotypeLysineGene Expression ProfilingX Chromosome InactivationInduced Pluripotent Stem CellsCell ProliferationDNA-Binding ProteinsBromodeoxyuridineSulfitesNerve Tissue ProteinsHistone Deacetylase InhibitorsCell NucleusProtein BindingTransfectionOctamer Transcription Factor-3Cerebral VentriclesGene ExpressionBrainFibroblastsHistone-Lysine N-MethyltransferaseHeterochromatinReverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain ReactionMice, TransgenicGenomeRegenerationHistone DeacetylasesPluripotent Stem CellsTime FactorsNuclear ProteinsDNA Modification MethylasesImmunohistochemistryProsencephalonParthenogenesisCloning, MolecularNeural Stem CellsModels, GeneticCell Line, TumorAxonsRNA InterferenceEuchromatinBinding SitesRepressor Proteins
MethylationMechanismsDifferentiationMutationsRegulationPluripotent stemEmbryoPluripotencyGenesGenomeNucleiPathwaysHeritableGeneticAlterationsGenomicHistonesStem cellsRegulatorEpigeneticsTissuesInfluencesGerm cell developmentHistone modificationTranscriptionalProteinsMolecularMoleculesRNAsEmbryosGene expressionTurnoverApoptosisProliferationProgenitorNuclear transferSuggestsRepressiveEmbryonic cellEmbryogenesisIPSCsTumorTransplantationHallmarkStableSenescenceInheritanceOxidative stressPrimordialSequencesMiceNeuronsDonorDevelopmentSignalsSenescent cellsTestisIntracellularMammalsMalignantFunctional
Methylation23
  • Epigenetics is the study of changes in gene expression that occur via mechanisms such as DNA methylation, histone acetylation, and microRNA modification. (wikipedia.org)
  • DNA methylation and histone modification are two mechanisms used to regulate gene expression in plants. (wikipedia.org)
  • DNA methylation can be stable during cell division, allowing for methylation states to be passed to other orthologous genes in a genome. (wikipedia.org)
  • DNA methylation can be reversed via enzymes known as DNA de-methylases, while histone modifications can be reversed by removing histone acetyl groups with deacetylases. (wikipedia.org)
  • Another study tested several epigenetic recombinant inbred lines (epiRILs) of Arabidopsis thaliana - lines with similar genomes but varying levels of DNA methylation - for their drought sensitivity and their sensitivity to nutritional stress. (wikipedia.org)
  • Scientists found that changes in DNA methylation induced by stress were inherited in asexual dandelions. (wikipedia.org)
  • By the 8-cell stage, remethylation becomes more pronounced than demethylation, resulting in an increase in global DNA methylation. (nature.com)
  • DNA CpG methylation on the cytosine is among the most stable forms of epigenetic mechanisms in the life cycle of mammals. (nature.com)
  • DNA methylation, small RNAs and histone post-translational modifications. (prolekarniky.cz)
  • In plants, invertebrate species and vertebrates, DNA methylation has been described as an important epigenetic silencing mechanism. (prolekarniky.cz)
  • The first seven chapters describe the different biological mechanisms of the epigenetic machinery including: DNA methylation, histone tails, chromatin structure, nucleosome occupancy, Polycomb group proteins, siRNAs and miRNAs. (caister.com)
  • In mammals, cytosine methylation at CpG positions of the DNA sequence is one of the hallmarks of epigenetic gene silencing. (caister.com)
  • Besides its role in the regulation of genes, DNA methylation silences repetitive elements and appears to be important for the stability of the mammalian genome. (caister.com)
  • Thus, DNA methylation influences the functional integrity of mammalian genome by shaping its overall structure and leaving its marks in the genomic DNA sequence during evolution. (caister.com)
  • For example, changes in the gut microbiota composition are known to influence health and disease by inducing epigenetic changes such as DNA methylation or histone modifications. (mpg.de)
  • Recently, alteration of epigenetic state including DNA methylation and discrete alteration of histone modification have been demonstrated to play a critical role during this process [ 3 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • While embryo supply is scarce and conventional epigenetic studies require embryos in vast amount, an assay was developed in this study to examine the methylation statuses of imprinting genes using DNA from single mouse blastocysts cultured in-vitro or exposed to EDs. (ndltd.org)
  • The genomic DNA was isolated and treated with bisulfite modification to preserve the methylation statuses. (ndltd.org)
  • On the other hand, paternal methylation profile of Peg3 appeared unaffected, suggesting resistance to methylation perturbations induced by in-vitro culturing. (ndltd.org)
  • Despite that there was no significant difference in overall methylation rates between in-vivo or in-vitro developed blastocysts, certain CpG residues appeared to displayed significant loss of methylation (LOM) or gain of methylation (GOM) induced by in-vitro culture in all three genes being studied. (ndltd.org)
  • Sperm DNA methylation is predominantly stable in mice offspring bornafter transplantation of long-term cultured spermatogonial stem cells. (diagenode.com)
  • DNA methylation changes from primary cultures through senescence-bypassin Syrian hamster fetal cells initially exposed to benzo[a]pyrene. (diagenode.com)
  • Development of DNA methylation-based epigenetic age predictors inloblolly pine (Pinus taeda). (diagenode.com)
Mechanisms24
  • Although genetic influences are important, epigenetic mechanisms have been implicated in several aspects of the disease. (emjreviews.com)
  • This review considers the genetic and epigenetic control of nephrogenesis, together with the epigenetic mechanisms that accompany kidney development and recent advances in induced reprogramming and kidney cell regeneration in the context of DN. (emjreviews.com)
  • 3 More recent studies have shown that epigenetic mechanisms are involved in the pathogenesis of DN. (emjreviews.com)
  • 9 The current review examines the emerging evidence for epigenetic mechanisms and pathways in DN. (emjreviews.com)
  • These observations suggest that further studies on nuclear reprogramming are needed in order to understand the underlying mechanisms of reprogramming and significantly improve the ability of the differentiated somatic nuclei to be reprogrammed. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The "arms race" relationship between transposable elements (TEs) and their host has promoted a series of epigenetic silencing mechanisms directed against TEs. (prolekarniky.cz)
  • The well-known arms-race between TEs and the host genome [5] has resulted in several regulatory pathways, including a combination of various epigenetic mechanisms i.e. (prolekarniky.cz)
  • However, though BC is emerging as a potential organ transplant option, challenges regarding organ size scalability, immune system incompatibilities, long-term maintenance, potential evolutionary distance, or unveiled mechanisms between donor and host cells remain. (frontiersin.org)
  • In this book the molecular mechanisms and biological processes in which epigenetic modifications play a primordial role are described in detail. (caister.com)
  • The Denboba lab also plans to identify the epigenetic mechanisms by which gut microbiome-mediated effects are transmitted across generations. (mpg.de)
  • Nevertheless, it remains largely unexplored how gut microbiota and their metabolic products influence mammalian epigenetic mechanisms in early-life programming," says Ayele Argaw Denboba. (mpg.de)
  • Alongside genetic mutations and environmental influences, there is increasing evidence that epigenetic mechanisms play a significant role in the development and progression of LC. (bvsalud.org)
  • In the last four decades, transgenic and knockout mouse models have helped to understand the mechanisms of mammalian sex determination, germ cell development, and adult gonad functions. (lidsen.com)
  • In this review, we focused on the molecular mechanisms of ovarian sex determination and on understanding mutual cross-talks between central molecules in sex development which might impact fertility later in adult life. (lidsen.com)
  • this process often begins with mutations that inactivate normal cellular mechanisms for monitoring the fidelity of DNA replication, resulting in the rapid accumulation of mutations in genes involved in controlling the growth and death of cells. (ernolaszlo.com)
  • These epigenetic mechanisms are mediated by chemical modifications of DNA, proteins (most commonly histones), and RNA. (activemotif.com.cn)
  • This article provides an introduction to the world of epigenetics, covers the history of this field in biology, discusses the factors and players that play a role in this process, and highlights which biological processes are influenced by epigenetic mechanisms. (activemotif.com.cn)
  • Cancer stem cells, instrumental in metastasis, would seem to ignore mechanisms normally functioning in the removal of excess cells. (iospress.com)
  • The related coactivator complexes SAGA and ATAC control embryonic stem cell self-renewal through acetyltransferase-independent mechanisms. (axonmedchem.com)
  • Understanding the epigenetic mechanisms underlying this trait may help improve the accuracy of breeding programs. (diagenode.com)
  • Gene-environment interactions, sunlight and vitamin D, and T lymphocytes as autoimmune disease initiators and vitamin D targets are discussed to explain the rationale for reviewing vitamin D mechanisms in T cells. (frontiersin.org)
  • Research on vitamin D regulation of thymocyte selection, Th1 and Th17 cells, T-cell programed cell death, and T-regulatory (Treg) cells is summarized and integrated into model mechanisms. (frontiersin.org)
  • Finally, unanswered questions relating to vitamin D mechanisms in CD4 + T cells are highlighted to promote further research that may lead to a deeper understanding of autoimmune disease molecular etiology. (frontiersin.org)
  • Given the considerable stability of the nucleosome, eukaryotic cells employ a staggering array of interconnected molecular mechanisms that locally modify the electrostatic interaction between the highly basic histones and the negatively charged DNA molecules. (aging-us.com)
Differentiation30
  • Life depends on constant replenishment of human body cells with new cells created by differentiation of adult stem cells. (anti-agingfirewalls.com)
  • As Type D cells die from trauma or apoptosis they are replaced by new cells resulting from differentiation of Type B and Type C cells. (anti-agingfirewalls.com)
  • Until now we've relied on studies in mice to understand human germ cell differentiation, but the reproductive genes are not the same. (sciencedaily.com)
  • When treated in this manner, about 2 percent of the differentiated human embryonic stem cells were haploid after 14 days of differentiation. (sciencedaily.com)
  • The following chapters cover the epigenetic systems of plants, the epigenetic profile of embryonic stem cells, cell differentiation, imprinting marks, and random X chromosome inactivation. (caister.com)
  • Deletion of HP1β, but not HP1α, in ESCs provokes a loss of the morphological and proliferative characteristics of embryonic pluripotent cells, reduces expression of pluripotency factors and causes aberrant differentiation. (biomedcentral.com)
  • However, in differentiated cells, loss of HP1β has the opposite effect, perturbing maintenance of the differentiation state and facilitating reprogramming to an induced pluripotent state. (biomedcentral.com)
  • We demonstrate an unexpected duality in the role of HP1β: it is essential in ESCs for maintaining pluripotency, while it is required for proper differentiation in differentiated cells. (biomedcentral.com)
  • This unique duality makes them an attractive system for potential regenerative medicine and cell therapies, but also for differentiation studies in vitro and for modeling diseases. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Ideally, iPSC-based therapies in the future will rely on the isolation of skin fibroblasts or keratinocytes, their reprogramming into iPSCs, and the correction of the genetic defect followed by differentiation into the desired cell type and transplantation. (biomedcentral.com)
  • An error during these developmental steps in females may lead to defective gonads, affecting the differentiation and/or function of the gonads and the development, differentiation, and maturity of the germ cells. (lidsen.com)
  • It has been reported that Sirtuin 6 (Sirt6), a member of the sirtuin family of NAD + -dependent protein deacetylases, is involved in embryonic stem cell differentiation. (biomedcentral.com)
  • OP9 feeder cell co-culture system was used to measure the hematopoietic differentiation from mouse ES and iPS cells. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Furthermore, we showed that Sirt6-null iPS-like cell line has intrinsically a differentiation defect even though the establishment of normal self-renewal. (biomedcentral.com)
  • To further understand the epigenetic regulators for specific lineage differentiation from iPS cell would have great significance for potential regeneration therapy and human disease modeling [ 8 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • During the preparation of our manuscript, another group reported that Sirt6 knockout ES cells skewed towards neuroectoderm differentiation [ 20 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • But the exact role of Sirt6 in mouse somatic reprogramming and iPS cell differentiation remains unrevealed. (biomedcentral.com)
  • During the process, known as cellular differentiation, the zygote develops into pluripotent stem cells which can give rise to all of the different organs in the body. (activemotif.com.cn)
  • This picture is a metaphor for the decisions that need to be made in the development and differentiation of a cell. (activemotif.com.cn)
  • Mammalian adult stem cells resemble the blastomeres of planktonic and benthic organisms with small eggs and may have evolved in mature organisms as an adaptation to the growth and maintenance of tissues via proliferation and the regulation of organ size via cell loss (e.g., terminal differentiation). (iospress.com)
  • Stability of Imprinting and Differentiation Capacity in Naïve Human Cells Induced by Chemical Inhibition of CDK8 and CDK19. (axonmedchem.com)
  • As ES cells progressed down a differentiation pathway, the levels of HERV-H RNA decreased progressively. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Role of extracellular RNA-carrying vesicles in cell differentiation and reprogramming. (unicyte.ch)
  • In particular, stem cells are highly sensitive to extracellular signals that play a critical role in mainten- ance of stem cell characteristics, differentiation, and interplay with somatic cells. (unicyte.ch)
  • Several other environmental factors including oxy- gen concentration and mechanical, metabolic, and bio- chemical conditions have been shown relevant in cell differentiation and have been reviewed extensively (Fig. 1) [3]. (unicyte.ch)
  • Model simulations demonstrate that the low-Nanog state benefits cell differentiation through serving as an intermediate state to reduce the barrier of transition. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Our modeling results quantitatively show a dual role of Nanog during stem cell differentiation and reprogramming, and the importance of the intermediate state during cell state transitions. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Our approach offers a general method for analyzing key regulatory factors controlling cell differentiation and reprogramming. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Very few studies have addressed the functional roles of the bimodal heterogeneity of Nanog expression in the differentiation and specification process of stem cells. (biomedcentral.com)
  • One hypothesis based on these results is: During the stem cell differentiation process, the low-Nanog state of stem cell functions as the "gate-keeper" state. (biomedcentral.com)
Mutations6
  • Activating (gain-of-function) mutations, which are generally somatic and not heritable, have been associated with progression in certain cancers. (creation.com)
  • These alterations can take the form of epigenetic modifications, point mutations, translocations, amplifications or deletions and modify gene functions in ways that deregulate cellular signalling pathways leading to the cancer phenotype. (bmj.com)
  • Although this level of plasticity is still found in the fully differentiated gonads, errors like mutations or epigenetic modifications impact ovarian development and, later, folliculogenesis, resulting in infertility. (lidsen.com)
  • Setting aside sporadic mutations, every somatic cell in the body contains an identical genome with an identical complement of genes, each of which encodes a specific protein. (ernolaszlo.com)
  • Myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) are clonal hematopoietic disorders, representing high risk of progression to acute myeloid leukaemia, and frequently associated to somatic mutations, notably in the epigenetic regulator TET2. (diagenode.com)
  • Activating mutations upstream may also underlie some epigenetic or within the ERK1/2 cascade are events that change cell signalling. (who.int)
Regulation14
  • Critical epigenetic regulation of primate embryogenesis entails DNA methylome changes. (nature.com)
  • The regulation of telomere length and telomerase activity is a complex and dynamic process that is tightly linked to cell cycle regulation in human stem cells. (nature.com)
  • The differential regulation of aos and btd domains by dri occurs at a time when Dri is found in all somatic nuclei of the embryo, so that Dri must be acting to permit the proper function of other developmental regulatory factors. (sdbonline.org)
  • It is presumed that Dri, like Osa, which is a member of the Trithorax Group of genes implicated in the modification of chromatin structures required for epigenetic regulation (Vazquez, 1999), is acting to establish stable chromatin structures. (sdbonline.org)
  • The topics are pretty diverse: the gut microbiome, chromatin regulation, epigenetic inheritance, and chronic disease. (mpg.de)
  • We also summarize the important role of PRC2 in regulating biological behaviors such as epithelial mesenchymal transition, invasive metastasis, apoptosis, cell cycle regulation, autophagy, and PRC2-mediated resistance to LC chemotherapeutic agents in LC cells. (bvsalud.org)
  • Elucidate the structure, dynamics and functions of intrinsically disordered proteins and protein regions (IDPs/IDRs) and their biological regulation by Post-translational modifications. (upstate.edu)
  • Recent data show that these extrinsic environmental factors synergize with intrinsic age-related changes to influence epigenetic regulation of gene expression, ultimately contributing to the visible-and invisible-signs of skin aging (Chevalier 2019). (ernolaszlo.com)
  • Subsequent sections focus on the epigenetic regulation of gene expression and its relevance to skin aging. (ernolaszlo.com)
  • Their larval and adult cells have narrow potencies, sometimes coupled to virtually unlimited … proliferation, and function in the growth, maintenance and regulation of body size. (iospress.com)
  • The embryos of larger arthropods and deuterostomes with well-provisioned eggs or viviparity, on the other hand, exhibit regulative development, while their larval "set-aside" or adult stem cells function in the growth, maintenance, and regulation of organ size coupled to constrained proliferation and cell turnover. (iospress.com)
  • The developmental regulation of HERV-H expression, the association of HERV-H with binding sites for pluripotency transcription factors, and the extremely high levels of HERV-H RNA in human ES cells suggest that HERV-H contributes to pluripotency in human cells. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The increase of interleukin-4 (IL-4) level in tumor environment and the up-regulation of IL-4 receptor (IL-4R) on tumor cells have been long observed. (shengsci.com)
  • Nanog has been recognized as a critical pluripotency gene in stem cell regulation. (biomedcentral.com)
Pluripotent stem13
Embryo7
  • At conception, the embryo is all Type A cells. (anti-agingfirewalls.com)
  • In 1-cell and 2-cell embryos Dnmt1s is derived from the oocyte, whereas from the 2-cell stage onward the embryo starts to synthesize its own Dnmt1s 8 . (nature.com)
  • This question had been asked by embryologists since 1886 ( Rauber, 1886 ), and Spemann ( Spemann, 1938 ) had demonstrated by an egg ligation experiment that the nuclei of an eight-cell frog embryo are developmentally totipotent. (biologists.com)
  • However, Briggs and King ( Briggs and King, 1957 ) had also found that the nucleus of an endoderm cell from a neurula embryo could no longer support normal development ( Fig. 2 ). (biologists.com)
  • The effect of the DAZ family members on the embryonic stem cells varied according to whether the cells were derived from a male or a female embryo. (sciencedaily.com)
  • Embryonic stem cells (ESCs), derived from the blastocyst-stage embryo, are capable of generating all cell types of the mammalian body (pluripotency) and of maintaining the capacity for indefinite self-renewal without compromising their genomic integrity. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Our own bodies start out as a single cell zygote which eventually develops into an embryo and then a fully grown human with about 10 trillion cells . (activemotif.com.cn)
Pluripotency6
  • Shortly afterwards, the original experimental protocol was replicated and optimized by several laboratories, confirming that iPSCs share the gene expression profile, epigenetic modifications, and proliferation rates as well as the pluripotency of ESCs [ 3 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Particularly, by performing transcriptome analysis, we observed that several pluripotent transcriptional factors increase in knockout cell line, which explains the underlying loss of pluripotency in Sirt6-null iPS-like cell line. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Differentiated somatic cells can be reprogrammed into a pluripotent-like state through four defined factors known to regulate pluripotency, including Oct4, Sox2, Klf4, and c-Myc (OSKM) [ 1 , 2 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Similar strong association was observed between HERV-H and the binding sites within ES cells for the pluripotency transcription factors NANOG, OCT4, and SOX2. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Proximity of HERV-H to binding sites for pluripotency transcription factors within ES cells might be due to retention of the same chromatin features that determined the site of integration of the ancestral, exogenous, gamma-retrovirus that gave rise to HERV-H in the distant past. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Either way, HERV-H RNA provides a specific marker for pluripotency in human cells. (biomedcentral.com)
Genes13
  • rather, it is the epigenetic changes to the genes. (wikipedia.org)
  • Promoters of genes associated with oxidative phosphorylation are preferentially remethylated at the 8-cell stage, suggesting that this mode of energy metabolism may not be favored. (nature.com)
  • Hence, although rare, IAP-induced local heterochromatin spreading into nearby genes may influence expression and, in turn, host fitness. (prolekarniky.cz)
  • Other genes affecting coloration are involved in pigment production or development (i.e. regulating the development and migration of pigment cells during embryogenesis). (creation.com)
  • The very important question to be addressed at that time was whether all cell types in the body have the same set of genes. (biologists.com)
  • In the current study, the researchers treated human embryonic stem cells with proteins known to stimulate germ cell formation and isolated those that began to express germ-cell-specific genes -- about 5 percent of the total. (sciencedaily.com)
  • In addition to expressing key genes, these cells also began to remove modifications, or methyl groups, to their DNA that confer cell-specific traits that would interfere with their ability to function as germ cells. (sciencedaily.com)
  • The Polycomb repressive complex 2 (PRC2), composed of EZH1/2, SUZ12, and EED, is an epigenetic silencer that controls the expression of target genes and is crucial for cell identity in multicellular organisms. (bvsalud.org)
  • RNA sequencing was measured to identify the differential expressed genes due to loss of Sirt6 in somatic and pluripotent cells. (biomedcentral.com)
  • We hypothesized that a high fat diet in non-human primates would induce changes in hepatic chromatin structure resulting in altered expression of fetal genes critical to the development of childhood and adult obesity. (nih.gov)
  • Thus, gene expression must be tightly regulated so that only appropriate genes are expressed in a particular cell type. (ernolaszlo.com)
  • Despite the morphology of these two states being completely different, the genes of the caterpillar and the adult butterfly don't change. (activemotif.com.cn)
  • In terms of the gene regulatory network defining cellular potency, Nanog has direct mutual interactions with two other core stem cell specific genes Oct4 and Sox2. (biomedcentral.com)
Genome7
  • However, robust and large-scale genome-wide reprogramming of DNA methylome occurs during two critical developmental processes: (1) development of primordial germ cells and (2) pre-implantation embryogenesis. (nature.com)
  • Although the genome-wide DNA demethylation is believed to be a hallmark of mammalian embryogenesis, previous study also indicated that the somatic form of dnmt1 ( dnmt1s ) is actually expressed at each stage of pre-implantation embryos and plays a role in the maintenance of DNA imprinting 8 . (nature.com)
  • It has been increasingly recognized that other types of alterations in the genome, known as epigenetic changes, can modulate its structure and function without affecting the underlying DNA sequence. (ernolaszlo.com)
  • Given that one of the major roles of the piRNA pathway is the inactivation of transposable elements, impairment of this pathway can lead to overexpression of transposable elements, which may result in increased genome stability and thus germ cell defects and sterility. (molcells.org)
  • We examined the consequences of CTCF depletion in immortalised human and mouse cells using shRNA knockdown and CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing and examined the growth and development of heterozygous Ctcf ( Ctcf +/- ) mice. (preprints.org)
  • Eukaryotic cells compact their large genome into highly ordered chromatin structures within the nucleus. (aging-us.com)
  • Incorporation of histone variants confers variability to the chromatin and expands the repertoire of epigenetic marks in a functional alphabet that controls genome plasticity and dynamics [ 4 ]. (aging-us.com)
Nuclei4
  • Histones are proteins found in cell nuclei that package and order the DNA into structural units called nucleosomes. (wikipedia.org)
  • These developmental defects have been attributed to incomplete reprogramming of the somatic nuclei by the cloning process. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Even advanced donor cells from the endoderm of Xenopus tadpoles have nuclei that can sometimes yield normal individuals after nuclear transfer [data taken from Briggs and King ( Briggs and King, 1957 ) for Rana and from Gurdon ( Gurdon, 1962 ) for Xenopus ]. (biologists.com)
  • In normal control adult mouse eyes, ETS-1 was mostly present in the nuclei of all neuroretinal layers whereas ETS-2 was mostly localized in the cytosol of the cell bodies of these layers with a smaller amount present in the nuclei. (molvis.org)
Pathways4
  • A critical length of telomere repeats is required to ensure proper telomere function and avoid the activation of DNA damage pathways that result in replicative senescence or cell death. (nature.com)
  • Recent studies have revealed that AXL contributes to leukaemic phenotypes through activation of oncogenic signalling pathways that lead to increased cell migration and proliferation. (cancerindex.org)
  • We have gained crucial insights into molecular factors and pathways of the cells generating either the supporting gonadal cells or germ cells of both sexes. (lidsen.com)
  • Likewise, strategies for the containment of cancer might be based on promoting normal pathways of cell loss, the basal mode for handling excess cells. (iospress.com)
Heritable4
  • When these epigenetic changes are heritable, they can influence evolution. (wikipedia.org)
  • Epigenetic modifications are often reversible and can sometimes be heritable. (activemotif.com.cn)
  • Most people now agree that epigenetics is the study of heritable differences in genetic expression passed down through successive generations of cells or organisms, without any change in the primary DNA sequence. (activemotif.com.cn)
  • The genesis of these endogenous retroviruses (ERVs) necessitates establishment of provirus by the ancestral, exogenous retrovirus within host germ cells, such that these elements are maintained as heritable genetic elements in the host species. (biomedcentral.com)
Genetic11
  • Recently, the importance of telomere maintenance in human stem cells has been highlighted by studies on dyskeratosis congenital, which is a genetic disorder in the human telomerase component. (nature.com)
  • It is expected that a highly organized intrinsic genetic network is responsible for controlling spermatogenesis in the testis, and that the elucidation of the underlying molecular mechanism will help us further understand male germ cell development. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Figuring out the genetic 'recipe' needed to develop human germ cells in the laboratory will give us the tools we need to trace what's going wrong for these people. (sciencedaily.com)
  • In addition, as the genetic identity of the donor egg from which the ESCs are derived most likely will differ from that of potential recipients, patients who receive ESC-derived cells or tissues may face the same complications that result from organ transplantation (for example, immunorejection, graft-versus-host disease, and need for immunosuppression). (biomedcentral.com)
  • We are becoming aware of a growing number of organisms that do not express genetic information equally from both parents as a result of an epigenetic phenomenon called genomic imprinting. (bvsalud.org)
  • In addition to basic science investigations in such areas as tumor cell invasion, oncogenes, immunotherapy and genetic inheritance, our scientists and physicians participate in national cancer trials. (upstate.edu)
  • This white paper will first provide a brief refresher on the central paradigm of molecular biology, the rigorously controlled process by which genetic information flows within cells and biological systems. (ernolaszlo.com)
  • Olariu V, Manesso E, commitment and Peterson C. 2017 A deterministic method for estimating free energy genetic network reprogramming paths landscapes with applications to cell commitment and reprogramming paths. (lu.se)
  • Multiple sclerosis and T1D have distinct target organs, genetic risk factors, onset ages, and female to male ratios, but target organ-specific T cells as initiators unite these diseases. (frontiersin.org)
  • For example, genetic modification of animals may lead to technologies that reduce the major losses that occur during the first months of embryogenesis. (nationalacademies.org)
  • e.g. inflammation, genotoxicity, and This chapter focuses on issues as- ellers, growth factors, growth factor epigenetic alterations) and can have sociated with the understanding and receptors, signal transducers, and both genetic and epigenetic origins. (who.int)
Alterations2
  • Epigenetic alterations, acting both independently and together with increasing mutational burden, genomic instability, and stem cell exhaustion, can influence gene expression in ways that promote aging (Saul 2021). (ernolaszlo.com)
  • Epigenetic Alterations of Repeated Relapses in Patient-matchedChildhood Ependymomas. (diagenode.com)
Genomic2
  • Employing ChIP-seq data for these cell lines, we show that IAP elements robustly induce H3K9me3 and H4K20me3 marks in flanking genomic DNA. (prolekarniky.cz)
  • The epigenetic modification of DNA with 5-methylcytosine is an important regulatory event involved in chromatin structure, genomic imprinting, inactivation of the X chromosome, transcription, and retrotransposon silencing. (caister.com)
Histones4
  • Certain post-translational modifications to histones, including H3K4me3, as well as binding sites for the transcription factor STAT1, predict the site of integration of exogenous gamma-retroviruses with great accuracy and cell-type specificity. (biomedcentral.com)
  • While canonical histones H3.1 and H3.2 are synthetized and loaded during DNA replication, the histone variant H3.3 is expressed and deposited into the chromatin throughout the cell cycle. (aging-us.com)
  • Among these regulatory processes, core and linker histones are subjected to a large pattern of posttranslational modifications (PTMs) that influence chromatin state and DNA accessibility [ 4 - 7 ]. (aging-us.com)
  • Along with PTMs, the partial or complete disassembly of nucleosomes allows the exchange and degradation of pre-existing histone proteins, with the incorporation of newly synthesised histones onto chromatin that can eventually result in the resetting of previous epigenetic marks. (aging-us.com)
Stem cells24
  • With growth, these proliferate and, in a remarkably articulated manner, progressively differentiate into multipotent stem cells (Type B), progenitor cells (Type C), mature body somatic cells (Type E), and many eventually become senescent cells (Type E). (anti-agingfirewalls.com)
  • According to the best current understanding of stem cells this is an open-loop process. (anti-agingfirewalls.com)
  • Although in principle stem cells can replicate indefinitely, in fact they age as the organism ages, continuing to change their gene expression. (anti-agingfirewalls.com)
  • IF we could find a way to rejuvenate adult stem cells in their niches, then the stem cell supply chain could possibly be transformed from being a once-through-in-life process to a continuing closed-loop process. (anti-agingfirewalls.com)
  • however, the level of telomerase activity is low or absent in the majority of stem cells regardless of their proliferative capacity. (nature.com)
  • Thus, even in stem cells, except for embryonal stem cells and cancer stem cells, telomere shortening occurs during replicative ageing, possibly at a slower rate than that in normal somatic cells. (nature.com)
  • Here we review the role of telomeres and telomerase in the function and capacity of the human stem cells. (nature.com)
  • In most human somatic cells except for stem cells and lymphocytes, telomerase activity is diminished after birth so that telomere length shortens with each cell division. (nature.com)
  • As stem cells have elongated proliferative capacity, they should have a mechanism that maintains telomere length through many cell divisions. (nature.com)
  • In fact, low levels of telomerase activity have been found in human adult stem cells including haematopoietic and non-haematopoietic stem cells such as neuronal, skin, intestinal crypt, mammary epithelial, pancreas, adrenal cortex, kidney, and mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) ( Table 1 ). (nature.com)
  • Human embryonic stem cells derived from excess IVF embryos may help scientists unlock the mysteries of infertility for other couples struggling to conceive, according to new research. (sciencedaily.com)
  • They then used a technique called RNA silencing to examine how blocking the expression of each of three DAZ family members in the embryonic stem cells affected germ cell development. (sciencedaily.com)
  • The researchers plan to use a similar strategy to optimize the production of eggs from embryonic stem cells, as well as investigating whether reprogrammed adult cells called induced pluripotent cells, or iPS cells, can also be used to create germ cells. (sciencedaily.com)
  • Pluripotent embryonic stem cells (ESCs) have the unique ability to differentiate into every cell type and to self-renew. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The potential use of embryonic stem cells (ESCs) for cell replacement therapies is limited by ethical concerns and the technical hurdles associated with their isolation from human embryos. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Profoundly different patterns of potency and division are exhibited by mammalian embryonic and adult stem cells. (iospress.com)
  • Additional confusion surrounds stem-cell surrogates, cache and reserve cells having some characteristics of stem cells and not others. (iospress.com)
  • Mystification may have been introduced historically with the concepts of determinate and regulative development, but, hopefully, the muddle can be resolved by tracing the evolution of stem cells in Metazoa. (iospress.com)
  • Mammalian embryonic stem cells would seem adapted to rapid proliferation, functioning in part to enclose yolk or to acquire access to maternal resources. (iospress.com)
  • The cellular products of embryonic stem cells routinely come under global influences and give rise to the cells of germ layers and organ rudiments. (iospress.com)
  • Strategies for regenerative therapies in adult mammals, therefore, might be based on stimulating growth of adult stem cells or their surrogates in specific tissues rather than on introducing embryonic stem cells into adults. (iospress.com)
  • Efficient generation of embryonic stem cells from single blastomeres of cryopreserved mouse embryos in the presence of signalling modulators. (axonmedchem.com)
  • We present a gene regulatory network model to investigate the bimodal Nanog distribution in stem cells. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Objectives Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) play an important role in the development and growth of tumor cells. (immune-source.com)
Regulator3
  • However, whether and how other sirtuins, especially nuclear epigenetic regulator Sirt6, regulate mouse somatic reprogramming still remains exclusive. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Purpose: We have previously shown that TRDMT1 methyltransferase is a regulator of chemotherapy-associated responses in glioblastoma cells. (diagenode.com)
  • Cell cycle analysis showed an accumulation of tumor cells predominantly in 511296-88-1 manufacture G0/G1 phase with an increase in concentration of TD-MSCs, which was confirmed by increased mRNA expression of cell cycle negative regulator p21. (immune-source.com)
Epigenetics2
  • The team uses a wide range of state-of-the-art approaches from the microbiome and epigenetics fields to determine whether microbiome-mediated epigenetic effects are transmitted across generations. (mpg.de)
  • A hallmark illustration of epigenetics is the transformation a butterfly makes inside a chrysalis from caterpillar to adult butterfly. (activemotif.com.cn)
Tissues3
  • Recently, new evidence suggests that PIWI proteins and piRNAs also play important roles in various somatic tissues, including neurons. (molcells.org)
  • In this study, we investigated the role of autophagy and apoptosis in Newcastle disease virus (NDV)-infected chicken cells and tissues. (immune-source.com)
  • In bottom line, we confirmed that autophagy brought about by genotype VII NDV infections was important for virus-like replication, NDV-induced apoptosis, and cell survival in buy 480-11-5 chicken cells and tissues. (immune-source.com)
Influences3
  • Research from recent decades has highlighted how microbiota influences the cellular and molecular responses of the host somatic cells. (mpg.de)
  • However, whether and how Sirt6 influences epigenetic reprogramming remains unknown. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Animal modeling and human mechanistic data are summarized to support the view that vitamin D probably influences thymic negative selection, effector Th1 and Th17 pathogenesis and responsiveness to extrinsic cell death signals, FoxP3 + CD4 + T-regulatory cell and CD4 + T-regulatory cell type 1 (Tr1) cell functions, and a Th1-Tr1 switch. (frontiersin.org)
Germ cell development1
  • They found that one family member, DAZL, functions very early in germ cell development, while two others, DAZ1 and BOULE, stimulate the then-mature germ cells to divide to form gametes. (sciencedaily.com)
Histone modification1
  • However, in perennial, iteroparous relatives the histone modification rapidly disappears when temperatures rise, allowing expression of the floral inhibitor to increase and limiting flowering to a short interval. (wikipedia.org)
Transcriptional2
  • However, the B3galtl gene is subject to transcriptional silencing via IAP-induced heterochromatin. (prolekarniky.cz)
  • Growing evidence suggests that transcriptional regulators and secreted RNA molecules encapsulated within membrane vesicles modify the phenotype of target cells. (unicyte.ch)
Proteins4
Molecular5
  • It will quite effectively cater to the needs of molecular biologists, molecular geneticists, cell and molecular biologists, animal, plant, and crop geneticists, synthetic biologists, biotechnologists, and researchers involved with the fields of stem cell and molecular aspects of cancer research. (caister.com)
  • The molecular biology underlying renal cell carcinoma (RCC) development and progression has been a key milestone in the management of this type of tumor. (cancerindex.org)
  • Molecular Cell , 82 (1), 190-208. (axonmedchem.com)
  • Molecular cell, 82(1), 106-122. (axonmedchem.com)
  • Epigenetic anomalies develop during carcinogenesis regardless of whether the molecular initiating event is associated with genotoxic (GTx. (diagenode.com)
Molecules3
  • Membrane vesicles, actively released by cells, represent a mechanism of intercellular communication that is conserved evolutionarily and involves the transfer of molecules able to induce epigenetic changes in recipient cells. (unicyte.ch)
  • FOXO3 is considered one of the molecules responsible for the dormancy of primordial oocytes in adult ovaries. (go.jp)
  • As scaffolding molecules, they significantly regulate the DNA packaging into the nucleus of all eukaryotic cells. (aging-us.com)
RNAs1
Embryos2
  • The somatic cell and the oocyte is then fused (f) and the embryos is allowed to develop to a blastocyst in vitro (g). (biomedcentral.com)
  • In 1957, after performing some experiments on embryos of D. melanogaster , Waddington proposed his model of the "epigenetic landscape. (activemotif.com.cn)
Gene expression4
  • Stem cell gene expression evolves with age. (anti-agingfirewalls.com)
  • Of interest, we have observed in a rodent transgenerational model of intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) that a diet supplemented with essential nutrients, yet unaltered in its caloric content, prevents adult metabolic disease and is associated with abrogation of reprogrammed gene expression. (nih.gov)
  • The novel innovation and significance resides within its potential to provide (1) an expanded understanding of the mechanism through which a maternal high fat diet reprograms primate gene expression and (2) a simple intervention (essential nutrient supplementation with neither diet nor behavioral modification) with tremendous potential impact given the current obesity epidemic and the lack of efficacious therapeutics. (nih.gov)
  • However, cell types are differentiated by their program of gene expression. (ernolaszlo.com)
Turnover2
  • Many human body cell types have a remarkable rate of turnover. (anti-agingfirewalls.com)
  • Critically, we review the importance of H3.3 turnover as part of epigenetic events that influence senescence and age-related processes. (aging-us.com)
Apoptosis2
  • Endogenous interleukin-4 promotes tumor development by increasing tumor cell resistance to apoptosis. (shengsci.com)
  • Apoptosis of tumor cells increased significantly as concentration of cocultured TD-MSCs increased. (immune-source.com)
Proliferation2
Progenitor1
  • In essence, early-on the body sets up pools of stem and progenitor cells to replace lost somatic cells. (anti-agingfirewalls.com)
Nuclear transfer5
  • Cloning by nuclear transfer using mammalian somatic cells has enormous potential application. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Because cattle are a species widely used for nuclear transfer studies, and more laboratories have succeeded in cloning cattle than any other specie, this review will be focused on somatic cell cloning of cattle. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Somatic cell cloning (cloning or nuclear transfer) is a technique in which the nucleus (DNA) of a somatic cell is transferred into an enucleated metaphase-II oocyte for the generation of a new individual, genetically identical to the somatic cell donor (Figure 1 ). (biomedcentral.com)
  • Various strategies have been employed to modify donor cells and the nuclear transfer procedure in attempts to improve the efficiency of nuclear transfer. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Although exciting results have been achieved by means of somatic cell nuclear transfer, cell fusion, and culture-induced reprogramming [ 1 ], these procedures are technically demanding and inefficient and therefore unlikely to become a common approach for producing patient-specific pluripotent cells. (biomedcentral.com)
Suggests2
  • The best available evidence suggests that glioblastomas originate from cells that give rise to glial cells. (bmj.com)
  • Emerging evidence suggests that epigenetic factors play a significant role in regulating post-stro. (diagenode.com)
Repressive2
  • Indeed, the repressive histone modifications H3K9me3 and H4K20me3 are associated with ERVs in mouse ES cells [12] , [13] . (prolekarniky.cz)
  • The deposition of the repressive epigenetic mark H3K27me3 on the male pronucleus is responsible for the imprinted state, which is reset by the end of meiosis. (bvsalud.org)
Embryonic cell1
  • SUMOylation of linker histone H1 drives chromatin condensation and restriction of embryonic cell fate identity. (axonmedchem.com)
Embryogenesis2
  • One locus important in embryogenesis, KIT , has been associated with white coat patterns in several mammalian species and piebaldism in humans. (creation.com)
  • My lab will explore gut microbiota-epigenetic interaction in early life programming (i.e. oogenesis and embryogenesis), and identify microbiome-sourced metabolites that regulate chromatin functions. (mpg.de)
IPSCs1
  • Several experimental strategies have been developed to derive iPSCs from differentiated somatic cells (summarized in Figure 1 ). (biomedcentral.com)
Tumor4
  • Clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) is the seventh most frequently diagnosed tumor in adults in Europe and represents approximately 2.5% of cancer deaths. (cancerindex.org)
  • Calebin-A induced death of malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor cells by activation of histone acetyltransferase. (cancerindex.org)
  • Effects of tumor cell viability and inoculum density on growth parameters in the human tumor, soft-agar clonogenic assay. (shengsci.com)
  • Choroidal melanoma is the most common primary malignant ocular tumor in human adults. (molvis.org)
Transplantation3
  • To take human organ generation via BC and transplantation to the next step, we reviewed current emerging organ generation technologies and the associated efficiency of chimera formation in human cells from the standpoint of developmental biology. (frontiersin.org)
  • As a brand new graduate student starting in October 1956, my supervisor Michail Fischberg, a lecturer in the department of Zoology at Oxford, suggested that I should try to make somatic cell nuclear transplantation work in the South African frog Xenopus laevis . (biologists.com)
  • BACKGROUND: Spermatogonial stem cell transplantation (SSCT) is proposed as a fertility therapy for childhood cancer survivors. (diagenode.com)
Hallmark1
  • Such epigenetic reprogramming is a hallmark of germ cell formation. (sciencedaily.com)
Stable2
  • or movements in a free energy landscape such that lineage choices are paths between stable cell states. (lu.se)
  • The bi-stable switch would enable T cells to integrate signals from pathogens, hormones, cell-cell interactions, and soluble mediators and respond in a biologically appropriate manner. (frontiersin.org)
Senescence3
  • At an advanced age, the pools of Type B and Type C cells become depleted in part because of replicative senescence and the cells remaining in the pools lose their ability to differentiate as necessary to replace Type D cells. (anti-agingfirewalls.com)
  • In somatic cells, the activity of telomerase, a reverse transcriptase that can elongate telomeric repeats, is usually diminished after birth so that the telomere length is gradually shortened with cell divisions, and triggers cellular senescence. (nature.com)
  • Telomerase can add telomeric repeats onto the chromosome ends, and prevents the replication-dependent loss of telomere and cellular senescence in highly proliferative cells of the germline and in the majority of cancers ( Blasco, 2005 ). (nature.com)
Inheritance3
  • Gut microbiota plays an important role in regulating host physiology and operates at the interface of host-environment interactions, but their impact on epigenetic inheritance and early life programming remains largely unexplored. (mpg.de)
  • Determine the impact of parental gut dysbiosis on epigenetic inheritance. (mpg.de)
  • This review summarizes the neuronal functions of the PIWI-piRNA pathway in multiple animal species, including their involvement in axon regeneration, behavior, memory formation, and transgenerational epigenetic inheritance of adaptive memory. (molcells.org)
Oxidative stress1
  • One important heat shock protein is discussed further in the blog entry HSP70 to the rescue The relatively recent blog entries Mitohormesis and Radiation hormesis define hormesis in more detail and discuss it as it relates to mitochondrial oxidative stress and stress induced by radiation. (anti-agingfirewalls.com)
Primordial3
  • Mammalian ovaries are endowed with a huge number of small oocytes (primordial oocytes) in primordial follicles. (go.jp)
  • We think that primordial oocytes in adult mammals are different from those in neonatal mammals. (go.jp)
  • In this review, we summarize the results regarding the activation of primordial oocytes in neonatal and adult ovaries of different species and propose a model in which ovaries of neonatal mammals contain a mixed population of both quiescent and activated primordial oocytes, while almost all primordial oocytes are quiescent in adult females. (go.jp)
Sequences2
  • Telomeric DNA consists of short guanine-rich repeat sequences in all eukaryotes with linear chromosomes, and its length in human somatic cells is remarkably heterogeneous among individuals ranging from 5 to 20 kb, according to age, organ, and the proliferative history of each cell ( Wright and Shay, 2005 ). (nature.com)
  • Specifically, the concepts of tumour heterogeneity, oncogene addiction, non-oncogene addiction, tumour initiating cells, tumour microenvironment, non-coding sequences and DNA damage response will be reviewed. (bmj.com)
Mice2
  • Basically, given the difference of telomere and telomerase activity in human and mouse cells, the telomere and telomerase status in stem cell populations is different between humans and mice ( Harrington, 2004 ). (nature.com)
  • Interesting examples of epigenetic modification and reversions have been documented in mice. (creation.com)
Neurons1
  • Neural defects of retn mutant cells include mushroom body ß-lobe fusion and pathfinding errors by photoreceptor and subesophageal neurons. (sdbonline.org)
Donor3
  • Cells are collected from donor (a) and cultured in vitro (b). (biomedcentral.com)
  • A matured oocyte (c) is then enucleated (d) and a donor cell is transferred into the enucleated oocyte (e). (biomedcentral.com)
  • Most of these efforts are focused on donor cells. (biomedcentral.com)
Development10
  • Here, variation in a gene affecting the development and movement of pigment cells, KIT , is examined. (creation.com)
  • 4 It encodes a receptor tyrosine kinase involved in the development and homeostasis of several cell lines including melanocytic (pigment), hematologic (blood), mast, and germ cells. (creation.com)
  • It was clear that a definitive experiment required the replacement of a zygote nucleus by a somatic cell nucleus, asking whether the somatic nucleus could functionally replace the zygote nucleus by eliciting normal development of the enucleated recipient egg ( Fig. 1 )? (biologists.com)
  • And because germ cells begin to form very early in embryonic development (by eight to 10 weeks), there's been a dearth of human material to work with. (sciencedaily.com)
  • Epigenetic changes play a key role in normal development as well as in disease. (caister.com)
  • Immunoreceptor signaling during development, homeostasis, and effector function of T cells and NK cells. (upstate.edu)
  • In addition, environmental endocrine disruptors (EDs) in everyday household products are also found to perturb fertility development and cause epigenetic aberrations. (ndltd.org)
  • The PIWI protein was initially described in Drosophila , and its name, P-element-induced wimpy testis (PIWI), was assigned as a result of the destructive effect on testis development observed in PIWI knockout ( Lin and Spradling, 1997 ). (molcells.org)
  • We explore the method on three circuits for haematopoiesis and embryonic stem cell development for commitment and reprogramming scenarios and illustrate how the method can be used to determine sequential steps for onsets of external factors, essential for efficient reprogramming. (lu.se)
  • While CTCF is essential for embryonic development, little is known of its absolute requirement in somatic cells and the consequences of CTCF haploinsufficiency. (preprints.org)
Signals5
  • These vesicles can transfer signals capable of altering cell function and/or reprogramming targeted cells. (unicyte.ch)
  • Similarly, reprogramming of somatic cells involves a complex interaction among intracellular and extracellular signals leading to epigenetic remodeling [6]. (unicyte.ch)
  • The cell phenotype is therefore determined by signals that target the cells received within a defined microenvironment. (unicyte.ch)
  • This process involves the ability of cells to change pheno- type depending upon specific signals. (unicyte.ch)
  • This concept is based on the observation that vesicles may transfer different types of signals between cells [7, 8]. (unicyte.ch)
Senescent cells1
  • Inflammation plays a role in the progression to cancer and it is linked to the presence of senescent cells. (shengsci.com)
Testis2
  • Analysis of male germ cell-related cell lines (F9, GC-1 and GC-2) revealed that some of the testis-specific lncRNAs were expressed in each of these cell lines. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Our results revealed that all of them were expressed exclusively in the testis, and 23 of the 26 showed germ cell-specific expression. (biomedcentral.com)
Intracellular1
  • The receptor makes a single pass through the cell membrane and contains an intracellular kinase catalytic region divided by a hydrophilic insert. (creation.com)
Mammals1
Malignant1
  • Different levels of viable cell inoculum density produced contrasting effects between 255 solid tumors as compared to 72 malignant. (shengsci.com)
Functional2
  • This is the first evidence that you can create functional human germ cells in a laboratory. (sciencedaily.com)
  • Information exchange between cells coordinates devel- opment and functional interplay in complex organisms. (unicyte.ch)