• Histone H2A monoubiquitination is associated with transcriptional repression and needs to be removed by deubiquitinases to facilitate gene transcription in eukaryotes. (bvsalud.org)
  • Mutations in the major core histones relieve transcriptional repression and bypass the requirement for SNF/SWI and SAGA. (sdbonline.org)
  • It is generally accepted that H3K27me3-enriched heterochromatin maintains transcriptional repression established during early development and regulates cell fate. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The function of specific proteins from this organism are the subject of intense scientific interest and have been used to derive basic understanding of the functioning similar proteins in higher eukaryotes. (lookformedical.com)
  • CTCF is one of the main architecture proteins in higher eukaryotes, and in combination with other architecture proteins and regulators, also shapes the three-dimensional organization of a genome. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Thus, although most regulation of gene expression occurs through transcriptional control in prokaryotes, regulation of gene expression in eukaryotes occurs at the transcriptional level and post-transcriptionally (after the primary transcript has been made). (pressbooks.pub)
  • Epigenetics is the study of how the environment, behavior, and other mechanisms cause changes to the genome that can contribute to the regulation of gene expression and other biological processes without changing to the underlying primary DNA sequences. (activemotif.com.cn)
  • The conserved histone variant H2AZ has an important role in the regulation of gene expression and the establishment of a buffer to the spread of silent heterochromatin. (sdbonline.org)
  • These modifications lead to either repression or enhancement of gene expression. (nationaljewish.org)
  • The internal N6-methyladenosine (m6A) modification in messenger RNA is one of the most abundant RNA modifications in eukaryotes. (chicagobiomedicalconsortium.org)
  • Below we discuss mechanisms in the form of pioneer transcription factors, histone modifications, and recently identified actin-dependent mechanisms that regulate chromosome accessibility and gene regulation during cellular reprogramming. (cytoskeleton.com)
  • In this book the molecular mechanisms and biological processes in which epigenetic modifications play a primordial role are described in detail. (caister.com)
  • These epigenetic mechanisms are mediated by chemical modifications of DNA, proteins (most commonly histones), and RNA. (activemotif.com.cn)
  • Epigenetic modifications are often reversible and can sometimes be heritable. (activemotif.com.cn)
  • We established genome-wide patterns of H3K27me3 and H3K9me3 modifications, and found these marks mutually exclusive within gene-rich regions but not within repeats. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Polycomb Group (PcG) of proteins compact chromatin keeping genes in a repressed state. (chicagobiomedicalconsortium.org)
  • Finally, we demonstrate that Polycomb proteins and associated epigenetic marks are crucial for the control of the replication timing of the INK4a/ARF locus during senescence. (plos.org)
  • Agherbi H, Gaussmann-Wenger A, Verthuy C, Chasson L, Serrano M, Djabali M (2009) Polycomb Mediated Epigenetic Silencing and Replication Timing at the INK4a/ARF Locus during Senescence. (plos.org)
  • Polycomb-group (PcG) proteins are part of an epigenetic memory system that regulates global gene expression throughout development in multicellular eukaryotes (Butenko and Ohad, 2011). (plantae.org)
  • Two major PcG complexes present in eukaryotes-POLYCOMB RESPRESSIVE COMPLEX1 (PRC1) and PRC2-each consist of four core subunits. (plantae.org)
  • Arabidopsis Polycomb Repressive Complex 2 binding sites contain putative GAGA factor binding motifs within coding regions of genes. (plantae.org)
  • Polycomb Group Protein Displacement and Gene Activation through MSK-Dependent H3K27me3S28 Phosphorylation. (plantae.org)
  • Title story: Polycomb Repressive Complex 2 (PRC2) represents a group an evolutionarily conserved multi-subunit complexes that repress gene transcription by trimethylating lysine 27 on histone 3 (H3K27me3). (mdpi.com)
  • This review provides an overview of current knowledge about PRC2 core composition and PRC2-mediated repression across major eukaryotic supergroups, with a focus on the green lineage, as well as emerging questions and research directions for future Polycomb repression and evolution studies. (mdpi.com)
  • Chromatin carries epigenetic information by molding the genome into transcriptionally active or repressed inheritable domains. (chicagobiomedicalconsortium.org)
  • During my PhD thesis, I tackled chromosome end biology from three different angles to improve our understanding of how virulence gene expression is regulated and how genome integrity is preserved. (unibas.ch)
  • Genome-wide mapping by ChIP-Seq experiments not only confirmed that PfTRF indeed binds to all chromosome termini in vivo, but as well revealed an unexpected second binding hotspot at telomere repeat-like sequences found in subtelomeric var gene promoters. (unibas.ch)
  • Here, we use a computational approach to perform genome-wide identification and analysis of 611 orthologues of the Arabidopsis thaliana flowering genes. (springer.com)
  • Conservation of the genes belonging to the photoperiod, gibberellin and autonomous pathways was observed, while orthologues of the key genes found in the vernalisation pathway (FRI, FLC) were absent from the quinoa genome. (springer.com)
  • 2017 ). Recently, the high quality tomato genome and large scale transcriptomic datasets have significantly accelerated the illumination of the structural genes and transcriptional regulators underlying the formation of high quality fruit (The Tomato Genome Sequencing Consortium 2012 ). (biomedcentral.com)
  • The sre Gene( ORF469) has a Site-Specific Recombinase Responsible for Integration of the R4 Phage Genome, 1996 J. Transgene approximating by the online artificial photosynthesis receptor functionality: substances for the cytoplasm of several IntechOpen data in promoters and bacteria, 2000 Plant Mol. (scoutconnection.com)
  • Achieving systematic, genome-scale perturbations within intact biological systems is important for elucidating gene function and epigenetic regulation. (cdc.gov)
  • Elucidating the mechanisms controlling gene expression is important to the understanding of human health. (pressbooks.pub)
  • In fact, amplification of genes by over replication of certain regions of DNA is one of the primary mechanisms by which cancer cells become resistant to drug therapy. (nih.gov)
  • Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Gene Regulatory Mechanisms (2023) 1866 (3): 194966. (biologists.com)
  • In addition to the host regulatory mechanisms response to disease, the microbiome can make changes to the expression of the host features such as their genes, proteins, and/or PTMs. (rsc.org)
  • Although PRCs are evolutionarily conserved in plants and animals, the proteins that recognize the H3K27me3 mark and the mechanisms of gene silencing differ between these kingdoms (Köhler and Villar, 2008). (plantae.org)
  • Histone acetylation that controlled by two mutually antagonistic enzyme families, histone acetyl transferases (HATs) and histone deacetylases (HDACs), as one of major epigenetic mechanisms controls transcription and its abnormal regulation was implicated in various aspects of cancer. (bvsalud.org)
  • This article provides an introduction to the world of epigenetics, covers the history of this field in biology, discusses the factors and players that play a role in this process, and highlights which biological processes are influenced by epigenetic mechanisms. (activemotif.com.cn)
  • While significant advances have been made in understanding the plant adaptation in stress environments, there are still challenges to translate this acquired knowledge for improved crop performance and productivity under stress environments due to complex genetics involving multitude of genes and stress tolerance mechanisms and interaction with numerous environmental factors pose. (eurekaselect.com)
  • The epigenetic modification of DNA with 5-methylcytosine is an important regulatory event involved in chromatin structure, genomic imprinting, inactivation of the X chromosome, transcription, and retrotransposon silencing. (caister.com)
  • However in recent years with the development of epigenesis, genomic imprinting and the horizontal transferences of the genes, Lamarck's ideas have resurfaced. (intechopen.com)
  • DNA is, however, supercoiled and wound around "packaging" proteins called histones (in eukaryotes), and both superstructures are vulnerable to the effects of DNA damage. (wikipedia.org)
  • The variant histone H2A.Z regulates gene transcription, and deletion of the gene encoding H2A.Z strongly increases the requirement for SNF/SWI and SAGA. (sdbonline.org)
  • CCR down-regulates genes mainly involved in mitochondrial respiratory metabolism. (microbialcell.com)
  • The epigenetic DNA modification 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5hmC) has crucial roles in development and gene regulation. (siddharthdey.com)
  • Such coordinated loci exhibit preferential interactions as detected by Hi-C. Finally, the consistency of NL contacts is inversely linked to gene activity in single cells and correlates positively with the heterochromatic histone modification H3K9me3. (siddharthdey.com)
  • Several genes involved in different aspects of stem cell activation are being studied, including some that transduce initial signals, and others that regulate self-renewal and differentiation. (chicagobiomedicalconsortium.org)
  • Whereas regulating gene expression in multicellular organisms allows for cellular differentiation, in single-celled organisms like prokaryotes, it primarily ensures that a cell's resources are not wasted making proteins that the cell does not need at that time. (pressbooks.pub)
  • The following chapters cover the epigenetic systems of plants, the epigenetic profile of embryonic stem cells, cell differentiation, imprinting marks, and random X chromosome inactivation. (caister.com)
  • In contrast, the 'facultative' heterochromatin corresponds to the deposition of H3K27me3 on gene-rich regions, whose silencing is transient and dynamic across developmental processes, allowing cell type-specific differentiation and rapid adaptation of gene expression [ 5 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Higher order chromatin structure is important for epigenetic regulation and control of gene activation and silencing. (silverchair.com)
  • We are studying the role that normal chromatin structure plays in gene regulation in hematopoietic cells and how its disruption leads to altered development and cancer. (stanford.edu)
  • [9] Histone equivalents and a simplified chromatin structure have also been found in Archea [10] , proving that eukaryotes are not the only organisms that use nucleosomes. (wikidoc.org)
  • Pausing provides a mechanism to tune these key genes to cellular and external regulatory cues. (nature.com)
  • Recent years have witnessed a sea change in our understanding of transcription regulation: whereas traditional models focused solely on the events that brought RNA polymerase II (Pol II) to a gene promoter to initiate RNA synthesis, emerging evidence points to the pausing of Pol II during early elongation as a widespread regulatory mechanism in higher eukaryotes. (nature.com)
  • It attempts to understand the mechanism by which the expression of particular genes is being modulated by some means other than the DNA sequence. (activemotif.com.cn)
  • This mechanism also applies to hematopoietic cells transformed by other HOX genes, including CDX2, which is highly expressed in a majority of acute myeloid leukemias, thus providing a molecular approach based on GSK-3 inhibitory strategies to target HOX-associated transcription in a broad spectrum of leukemias. (stanford.edu)
  • The expression of a gene is a highly regulated process. (pressbooks.pub)
  • Understanding the interaction between the gene expression of a pathogen and that of its human host is important for the understanding of a particular infectious disease. (pressbooks.pub)
  • These interactions lead to the expression of some genes and the suppression of others, depending on circumstances. (pressbooks.pub)
  • however, gene expression in eukaryotes is more complicated because of the temporal and spatial separation between the processes of transcription and translation. (pressbooks.pub)
  • This loss is accompanied with an increased expression of the histone demethylase Jmjd3 and with the recruitment of the MLL1 protein, and correlates with the expression of the Ink4a/Arf genes. (plos.org)
  • PTFs also enable other transcription factors, histone modifiers, and nucleosome remodeling complexes to alter the chromatin state and promote gene expression of silenced genes. (cytoskeleton.com)
  • The transcription factors Oct4, Sox2, and Klf4 were found to trigger endogenous expression of pluripotent genes [2] and were identified as PTFs due to their ability to access closed chromatin [3] . (cytoskeleton.com)
  • It is believed that this specialised environment at chromosome ends generates a structural framework for the epigenetic control of var gene expression. (unibas.ch)
  • Surprisingly, however, neither phenotypic changes nor differential gene expression were observed in a conditional PfSIP2-loss-of-function mutant and hence this approach didn't uncover novel insights into the function of this ApiAP2 factor. (unibas.ch)
  • In this review, we discuss considerations of the study design for each data feature, the limitations in gene and protein abundance and their rate of expression, the current data integration methods, and microbiome influences on gene and protein expression. (rsc.org)
  • Finding that PWO1 belongs to a small gene family ( PWO1 - 3 ) in Arabidopsis, and that the members of this family had almost identical expression patterns, the authors conducted a mutant analysis to compare their roles. (plantae.org)
  • Four ethylene receptors genes ( AcERS1b , AcERS1b , AcETR2a , and AcETR2b ) have been cloned, and expression analysis showed that AcERS1b , AcETR2a , and AcETR2b play key roles in pineapple flowering 13 . (nature.com)
  • The reduced expression of most of these genes in htz1Delta cells was reversed by the deletion of SIR2 (sir2Delta) suggesting that H2A.Z antagonizes telomeric silencing. (sdbonline.org)
  • Recent studies have revealed that variants of histone H2A and histone H3 play important roles not only in gene expression but also in the repair of DNA breaks and the assembly of chromosome centromeres. (sdbonline.org)
  • Cells maintain their internal homeostasis by adequate reprogramming of metabolic activities at all levels of gene expression, including chromatin remodeling, mRNA expression and degradation, translation and protein degradation. (prolekarniky.cz)
  • While gene expression noise has been shown to drive dramatic phenotypic variations, the molecular basis for this variability in mammalian systems is not well understood. (siddharthdey.com)
  • Gene expression has been shown to be regulated by promoter architecture and the associated chromatin environment. (siddharthdey.com)
  • These elements are involved in control of gene expression which governs the phenotype and also plays role in disease biology. (researchgate.net)
  • The compact architecture of heterochromatin limits the accessibility of the transcription machinery to the embedded DNA, thereby silencing gene expression. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Based on the available public RNA-Seq data, the expression patterns of PgGRF and PgGIF genes were analysed from 14 different tissues. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The expression of the PgGRF gene was significantly upregulated under GA3 induction and three weeks of heat treatment. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The expression level of the PgGIF gene changed only slightly after one week of heat treatment. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The WRC domain can be combined with the cis-acting regions of downstream genes to regulate their expression. (biomedcentral.com)
  • 2) We have discovered a group of oncoproteins that are implicated in long-term maintenance of gene expression through their effects on the state of chromatin. (stanford.edu)
  • Comparison of mRNA levels of P. falciparum gametocytes before and 30 min following activation using suppression subtractive hybridization (SSH) identified 126 genes, which changed in expression during gametogenesis. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Among these, 17.5% had putative functions in signaling, 14.3% were assigned to cell cycle and gene expression, 8.7% were linked to the cytoskeleton or inner membrane complex, 7.9% were involved in proteostasis and 6.4% in metabolism, 12.7% were cell surface-associated proteins, 11.9% were assigned to other functions, and 20.6% represented genes of unknown function. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Of these, 22 genes were expressed in gametocytes, and for 15 genes transcript expression in gametocytes was increased compared to asexual blood stage parasites. (biomedcentral.com)
  • For selected genes, a regulated expression during gametogenesis was confirmed on the protein level, using quantitative confocal microscopy. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The obtained transcriptome data demonstrate the regulations of gene expression immediately following malaria parasite transmission to the mosquito. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Proteins control gene expression by either binding to specific regions of DNA, or by interacting with other DNA-bound proteins to modulate their function. (pharmaceuticalintelligence.com)
  • The challenge resembled trying to figure out interactions in a crowded mosh pit by studying a few waltzing couples in an otherwise empty ballroom, and it has severely limited what could be learned about the dynamics of gene expression. (pharmaceuticalintelligence.com)
  • others affect the expression of genes great distances away. (pharmaceuticalintelligence.com)
  • this both compacts DNA and creates an added layer of regulatory control which ensures correct gene expression. (wikidoc.org)
  • Systematic interrogation of gene function requires the ability to perturb gene expression in a robust and generalizable manner. (cdc.gov)
  • The signature of our top screening hits is significantly correlated with gene expression data from clinical melanoma samples. (cdc.gov)
  • Programmable DNA binding proteins have emerged as an exciting platform for engineering synthetic transcription factors for modulating endogenous gene expression 5 - 11 . (cdc.gov)
  • These dCas9-activator fusions targeted to the promoter region of endogenous genes can then modulate gene expression 7 - 11 . (cdc.gov)
  • Microarray analysis revealed that HTZ1-activated genes cluster near telomeres. (sdbonline.org)
  • While this constitutes at most only 0.0003125% of the human genome's approximately 3.2 billion bases, unrepaired lesions in critical genes (such as tumor suppressor genes) can impede a cell's ability to carry out its function and appreciably increase the likelihood of tumor formation and contribute to tumor heterogeneity. (wikipedia.org)
  • The INK4/ARF locus encodes three tumor suppressor genes (p15 Ink4b , Arf and p16 Ink4a ) and is frequently inactivated in a large number of human cancers. (plos.org)
  • For example, in E. coli , all of the structural genes that encode enzymes needed to use lactose as an energy source lie next to each other in the lactose (or lac ) operon under the control of a single promoter, the lac promoter. (pressbooks.pub)
  • During evolution, CpG rich regions, so-called CpG islands, have been established as prominent features of promoter regions of genes. (caister.com)
  • This synthetic genetic interaction is seen at the level of single genes and acts downstream of promoter nucleosome reorganization. (sdbonline.org)
  • Our analysis indicated that on average each Arabidopsis flowering gene has two orthologous copies in quinoa. (springer.com)
  • Although TRFs are highly conserved and play essential roles in preserving chromosome integrity and regulating chromosome length in model eukaryotes, so far no TRF homologue has been found in the malaria parasites. (unibas.ch)
  • The obvious next step is to integrate this information and learn how genes, proteins, and/or epigenetic factors influence the phenotype of a disease in context of the system. (rsc.org)
  • We use these engineered Cas9 activation complexes to investigate sgRNA targeting rules for effective transcriptional activation, demonstrate multiplexed activation of 10 genes simultaneously, and upregulate long intergenic non-coding RNA (lincRNA) transcripts. (cdc.gov)
  • Transcript levels of seven genes were particularly high in activated gametocytes, pointing at functions downstream of gametocyte transmission to the mosquito. (biomedcentral.com)
  • We exploited the fungus Podospora anserina , a valuable alternative to higher eukaryote models, to question the biological relevance and functional interplay of these two distinct heterochromatin conformations. (biomedcentral.com)
  • A retinoblastoma-binding protein that is involved in CHROMATIN REMODELING, histone deacetylation, and repression of GENETIC TRANSCRIPTION. (lookformedical.com)
  • In recent years, with the development of the next generation sequencing, molecular and genetic analysis methods, lots of genes which are involved in the chlorophyll, carotenoid, cell wall, central and secondary metabolism have been identified and confirmed to regulate pigment contents, fruit softening and other aspects of fruit flavor quality. (biomedcentral.com)
  • To resolve misconfigured cells we include a Bayesian fitted online artificial that is a different restriction to perform the genetic and the yeast genes, Qbeing P-splines. (scoutconnection.com)
  • Although pausing has been connected to extremely rapid and synchronous activation of genes, pausing is also highly associated with constitutively expressed genes that encode signalling and transcription factors. (nature.com)
  • The ENCODE, for the Encyclopedia of DNA Elements , project was a five-year collaboration of more than 440 scientists in 32 labs around the world to reveal the complex interplay among regulatory regions, proteins and RNA molecules that governs when and how genes are expressed. (pharmaceuticalintelligence.com)
  • Our studies have demonstrated that several of the proteins encoded by cellular oncogenes function in fundamental aspects of gene regulation. (stanford.edu)
  • In this way, regulation of the transcription of all of the structural genes encoding the enzymes that catalyze the many steps in a single biochemical pathway can be controlled simultaneously, because they will either all be needed at the same time, or none will be needed. (pressbooks.pub)
  • Distinct signals that act through diverse targeted transcription factors can regulate different steps in the transcription pathway and provide a highly modulated transcriptional response at individual genes. (nature.com)
  • This is due to concomitant relief of carbon catabolite repression (CCR) and activation of mitochondrial retrograde signaling, a mitochondria-to-nucleus communication pathway causing up-regulation of various nuclear target genes, such as CIT2 , encoding peroxisomal citrate synthase, dependent on the positive regulator RTG2 in response to mitochondrial dysfunction. (microbialcell.com)
  • Some bacteria carry tRNA genes encoding CCA termini, thus the CCA-adding enzyme is primarily involved in repairing damaged CCA ends in these organisms [9] . (prolekarniky.cz)
  • Many of these lesions cause structural damage to the DNA molecule and can alter or eliminate the cell's ability to transcribe the gene that the affected DNA encodes. (wikipedia.org)
  • A considerable amount of research has reported that fruit quality is affected by metabolic shifts which are under the coordinated regulation of both structural genes and transcriptional regulators. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Here, we focus on the recently obtained knowledge considering structural genes as well as transcriptional and post-translational regulators involved in the metabolic pathways underlying both appearance and internal quality such as those involved in chlorophyll, carotenoid, cell wall, central and secondary metabolism (Table 1 , Figure 1 ). (biomedcentral.com)
  • In this study, we demonstrate that exposure to oxidative stress results in a quick repression of translation by deactivation of the aminoacyl-ends of all transfer-RNA (tRNA). (prolekarniky.cz)
  • Antioxidant genes such as ferritin are transcriptionally activated in oxidative stress via the antioxidant responsive element (ARE), to which nuclear factor-E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) binds and activates transcription. (embl.de)
  • This high conversion rate was linked to the targeted de-repression of the ap2-g locus that codes for the ApiAP2 transcription factor AP2-G, which is essential for gametocyte conversion. (unibas.ch)
  • The dose-dependent induction of FLOWERING LOCUS T-like genes ( FTLs ) may have contributed to dose-dependent flowering induction in pineapple by ethylene. (nature.com)
  • Other Htz1-activated genes flank the silent HMR mating-type locus. (sdbonline.org)
  • To identify YpdB-regulated genes, we compared the transcriptomes of E. coli cells overproducing either YpdB or a control protein. (cipsm.de)
  • Intriguingly, this protein appears to be evolutionary distinct from TRFs in other eukaryotes as it binds to telomere repeat DNA via a C-terminal C2H2-type zinc finger domain instead of a MYB domain. (unibas.ch)
  • Most PgGRF and PgGIF gene promoters contain some hormone- and stress- related cis-regulatory elements. (biomedcentral.com)
  • We also synthesize a library consisting of 70,290 guides targeting all human RefSeq coding isoforms to screen for genes which, upon activation, confer resistance to a BRAF inhibitor. (cdc.gov)
  • PRC1 then binds to this histone mark (H3K27me3), ubiquitinates a lysine residue of histone H2A, and recruits complementary factors that lead to chromatin compaction and epigenetic silencing of genes in the region. (plantae.org)
  • 5-Methylcytosine (5mC) and DNA methyltransferases (DNMTs) are broadly conserved in eukaryotes but are also frequently lost during evolution. (elifesciences.org)
  • Figure 2: Patterns of Pol II distribution across gene regions. (nature.com)
  • ADR1 and CAT8 were identified as positive regulators of RTG -dependent gene transcription. (microbialcell.com)
  • Before our work, only the combination of two or three regulatory proteins were studied, which oversimplified how gene regulators collaborate to find their targets," Xie said. (pharmaceuticalintelligence.com)
  • Given the considerable time needed to activate new genes and/or de novo synthesize mRNA, the translation of existing mRNAs provides the necessary plasticity for the cell to selectively and rapidly respond to stress [1] , [2] . (prolekarniky.cz)
  • The combination implies something in addition to gene inheritance, hinting at a second layer of information on top of the primary information passed on. (activemotif.com.cn)
  • Whithout mutations we would know very little about inheritance and the existence of genes. (intechopen.com)
  • We also identified 459 quinoa-specific genes uniquely expressed in the flower and/or meristem, with no known orthologues in other species. (springer.com)
  • The genes were found to have overlapping functions in regulating post-embryonic growth and meristem maintenance. (plantae.org)
  • Transcriptional regulation of the human ferritin gene by coordinated regulation of Nrf2 and protein arginine methyltransferases PRMT1 and PRMT4. (embl.de)
  • Quantifying the abundance of this epigenetic mark at the single-cell level could enable us to understand its roles. (siddharthdey.com)
  • Epigenetic changes play a key role in normal development as well as in disease. (caister.com)
  • however, its role in antioxidant gene transcription remains elusive. (embl.de)
  • The results of this study may be helpful for further study of the function of PgGRF and PgGIF genes and lay a foundation for further study of their role in the growth and development of Panax ginseng . (biomedcentral.com)
  • based role shuffling of truncated and clinical observed genes: large amounts and women: time-dependent systems for the several using of different and baculovirus-dependent h0tis are Alternatively recently taken for a heterologous logarithmic estimationAfter and a longitudinal uptake example. (scoutconnection.com)
  • The endonucleolytic tRNA cleavage is a conserved feature in higher eukaryotes. (prolekarniky.cz)
  • GRF genes are usually expressed at higher levels in young tissues but at lower levels in mature tissues [ 6 ]. (biomedcentral.com)