Epigenetic changes affect gene expression. Medical search. Frequent questions

Gene expression" refers to the process by which a DNA sequence (i.e. a gene) is used to make a specific RNA or protein, while "epigenetics" refers to the ways phenotypes are impacted by factors other than genetic sequence (e.g. gene repression by chromatin packing). (umassmed.edu)
Research into Gene Expression & Epigenetics aims to understand how our genes and the way they are regulated influence who we are. (umassmed.edu)
What is the impact of our research in Gene Expression & Epigenetics? (umassmed.edu)
Who's studying Genes Expression & Epigenetics? (umassmed.edu)
Epigenetics is the study of how your behaviors and environment can cause changes that affect the way your genes work. (cdc.gov)
Epigenetics allows the muscle cell to turn "on" genes to make proteins important for its job and turn "off" genes important for a nerve cell's job. (cdc.gov)
All you have to do to view mass quantities of misinterpretation of the science of epigenetics is to type the word into the "search" box of a website like Mercola.com or NaturalNews.com, and you'll be treated to large numbers of articles touting the latest discoveries in epigenetics and using them as "evidence" of "mind over matter" and that you can "reprogram your genes. (scienceblogs.com)
Gene regulation, physiological adaptation, disease responses…they all fall into the catch-all of epigenetics. (scienceblogs.com)
Epigenetics refers to how chemical changes affect the activity or "expression" of genes. (medicalnewstoday.com)
The results challenge our understanding of epigenetics as a means to regulate gene expression permanently," says Sara Kangaspeska, who carried out the research together with Brenda Stride. (sciencedaily.com)
Epigenetics directly affects the timing and expression of genes without changing the DNA sequence itself. (pancan.org)
In basic terms, epigenetics involves turning genes on (making them active) or off (making them dormant). (prostate.net)
Epigenetics involves biological processes such as DNA methylation or histone modification that do not change the genome sequence but alter gene expression. (cdc.gov)
While epigenetics provides an exciting approach for studying the health effects of SES, both the SES and epigenetic components of such studies face substantial methodological challenges. (cdc.gov)
Recently, the trend in epigenetics has been studying multiple epigenetic marks simultaneously. (epigenie.com)
Epigenetics refers to the heritable changes in gene expression that do not involve alterations to the DNA sequence itself. (alliedacademies.org)
Epigenetics involves several mechanisms including DNA methylation, histone modifications, and microRNAs which can modify the expression of genes. (uu.nl)

After quitting smoking, former smokers can begin to have increased DNA methylation at this gene. (cdc.gov)
These findings suggest that the altered contractile phenotype of ISMC is associated with epigenetic changes, including increased DNA methylation and histone deacetylation. (queensu.ca)
This was related to an increased DNMT3a protein association with a discreet region of the Nr3c1 (GR gene) promoter, shown here to undergo increased DNA methylation after FSS. (karger.com)

Suffice to say that epigenetic modifications can be viewed as mechanisms that can ensure accurate transmission of chromatin states and gene expression profiles over generations. (scienceblogs.com)
FLC is extensively regulated through epigenetic modifications and transcriptional control. (wikipedia.org)
Here, we summarize the different types of epigenetic enzymes which target corresponding protein domains, emphasize DNA methylation , histone modifications, and microRNA-mediated cooperation with epigenetic modification, and highlight recent achievements in developing targets for epigenetic inhibitor therapy. (frontiersin.org)
The discovery does not affect gene sequence but entails specific DNA modifications altering gene expression - what are known as epigenetic alterations," he said. (medscape.com)
In other diseases of smooth muscle hyperplasia, epigenetic modifications, including DNA methylation and histone acetylation, affect smooth muscle phenotype and contribute to impaired tissue function. (queensu.ca)
Examples of epigenetic systems include DNA methylation, histone modifications, and chromatin structure. (uab.edu)
Further we will test whether methyl group deficiency induced by inadequate amino acid supply results in permanent epigenetic modifications that impact muscle growth. (bcm.edu)
This effect is accompanied by epigenetic changes involving histone post-translational modifications at the mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) gene and decreased MR expression in the hippocampus. (nature.com)
While the authors highlight how synergism between DNMT3A1 and TET1 helps to regulate both the epigenome and gene expression, they also note that their findings emphasize how the interplay between DNA methylation and histone modifications regulates gene expression, rather than one epigenetic mechanism predominating. (epigenie.com)
Histones undergo a variety of modifications including acetylation, phosphorylation and methylation, which in turn affect the level of packaging. (wayne.edu)
We believe that this intangible variation results from the stochastic establishment of epigenetic modifications to the DNA nucleotide sequence. (portlandpress.com)
These modifications, which may involve cytosine methylation and chromatin remodelling, result in alterations in gene expression which, in turn, affects the phenotype of the organism. (portlandpress.com)
Recent evidence, from our work and that of others in mice, suggests that these epigenetic modifications, which in the past were thought to be cleared and reset on passage through the germline, may sometimes be inherited to the next generation. (portlandpress.com)
In a 2010 study, for example, investigators reported that "during cancer development and progression, tumor cells undergo abnormal epigenetic modifications, including DNA methylation," and that use of demethylating agents was a potential treatment option for men with advanced prostate cancer. (prostate.net)
Research also uncovered indications that modifications in DNA methylation patterns are detectable before the cancer becomes invasive, suggesting that "epigenetic changes are pivotal events" in triggering tumor development. (prostate.net)
The epigenetic regulation through methylation at F7 promoter as well as the inter-relationship of genetic and epigenetic modifications at F7 promoter site were both previously unexplored. (bmj.com)
Instead, it involves modifications to the structure of DNA and associated proteins, which can silence or activate genes. (alliedacademies.org)
Epigenetic mechanisms include DNA methylation, histone modifications, and non-coding RNA molecules, all of which contribute to the regulation of gene expression. (alliedacademies.org)
One of the key epigenetic modifications involved in adipogenesis is DNA methylation. (alliedacademies.org)
Beyond adipogenesis, epigenetic modifications also play a crucial role in appetite regulation and energy balance. (alliedacademies.org)
In the hypothalamus, histone modifications have been linked to the regulation of genes involved in appetite control and energy homeostasis. (alliedacademies.org)
While DNA sequence remains stable throughout the lifespan, small chemical modifications to specific genes can turn up or turn down the expression of those genes, said study lead author Mary LaVanne, who conducted the analysis while a postdoctoral researcher at the U. of I. (anxiety-stress-management.com)
These epigenetic modifications are often studied in response to severe changes in lived environments," LaVanne said. (anxiety-stress-management.com)
Research on epigenetic changes in response to trauma is in its infancy, but studies involving other groups have found trauma-related modifications to genes involved in homeostasis, the immune response, the stress response and other functions, Malhi said. (anxiety-stress-management.com)
These effects are attributed not only to genetic changes but to epi genetic changes (ie, post-DNA modifications that occur throughout the lifespan) that modulate gene expression. (medscape.com)

Gene regulation is a complex process that involves mechanisms at the DNA sequence level and at the epigenetic level. (nature.com)
Although all these studies strongly suggest that TEs may play a role in gene regulation through different molecular mechanisms, detailed analyses that link changes in expression with fitness effects are needed to conclude that TEs have a functional impact on gene expression. (nature.com)
We now recognize many epigenetic processes and mechanisms that can regulate the expression of genes, and their number seems to grow every year. (scienceblogs.com)
My research focuses on understanding the mechanisms establishing and regulating epigenetic information, and how epigenetic systems ultimately contribute to gene regulation, disease, and other phenotypes. (uab.edu)
This project combines work of two independent investigators working to understand epigenetic mechanisms of developmental programming. (bcm.edu)
Epigenetic mechanisms regulate cell-type specific gene expression, are established during development, and persist for life. (bcm.edu)
However, deciphering all of the mechanisms involved in this effect is a huge task and one that is ongoing and still in its early stages. (prostate.net)
Other mechanisms such as DNA methylation regulate gene expression via epigenetic phenomena. (bmj.com)
Adipogenesis, the process of fat cell formation, is tightly regulated by epigenetic mechanisms. (alliedacademies.org)
However, it is not well established whether human subcutaneous adipose tissue is affected by or affect circulating lipids through epigenetic mechanisms. (lu.se)
During the last decade, there has been a growing interest in the potential role of epigenetic mechanisms in the increasing health problems associated with allergic disease. (uu.nl)
In this study, we focus on the effects of maternal nutrition during pregnancy, the effects of the bioactive components in human and bovine milk, and the environmental factors that can affect early life (i.e., farming, milk processing, and bacterial exposure), and which contribute to the epigenetic mechanisms underlying the persistent programming of immune functions and allergic diseases. (uu.nl)
For improving our understanding of epigenetic regulation of gene expression: the biological mechanisms that affect how genetic information is variably expressed. (wraltechwire.com)
The work will be of broad interest to geneticists and those working to understand the basic mechanisms of gene expression. (elifesciences.org)
Local regulatory mechanisms within the genome and their interaction with chromatin structure give rise to subtle variations in gene expression. (elifesciences.org)
Understanding the scope and landscape of these interactions on a genome-wide scale is a vital step towards deciphering the genetic regulation of gene expression and, in turn, the mechanisms of non-coding variation on phenotypic outcomes. (elifesciences.org)
DNA methylation, histone modification, and non-coding RNAs activity are the major epigenetic mechanisms. (magiran.com)
We discovered that a lot of genes had been affected in the babies and that the expressions may have been altered because of epigenetic mechanisms. (lu.se)
This averaging effect hampered the analysis of finer regulatory mechanisms at the single-cell level, the fundamental unit for any fate decision process. (lu.se)

Given that OKSM (Yamanaka) factors convert somatic cells into induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells, alterations in transcriptional state could affect destiny of the cells. (intechopen.com)
Epigenetic alterations can occur in somatic cells at different stages of life, from fecundation to adulthood, and when germ cells are affected, such changes can even be passed on to future generations. (bmj.com)
The experimental and epidemiological evidence of environmental agents that cause epigenetic alterations is evaluated, as well as their effects in males and females. (bmj.com)
This study identified novel epigenetic alterations in adipose tissue associated with circulating lipids. (lu.se)
Epigenetic alterations can persist throughout the lifespan and are sometimes maintained over multiple generations. (anxiety-stress-management.com)
In this mini-review, we focus on the possibility of epigenetic alterations during in vivo embryo culture and intrauterine life. (magiran.com)
In papers I and II we examined gene expression alterations and associated epigenetic changes due to early pregnancy anemia and gestational diabetes (GDM). (lu.se)

This is accompanied by epigenetic changes at the mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) gene and decreased MR expression, that can be mimicked in vivo by pharmacological blockade of MR. These findings highlight the potential adaptive benefit of adverse experiences in early life, and implicate a stress hormone receptor and its epigenetic regulation. (nature.com)
Most of these genes were accompanied by epigenetic changes that correlated with their expression patterns. (lu.se)

Researchers can use ENCODE data-- are associated with epigenetic changes that may lead to which has been combined with other data, such as cancer, cardiovascular diseases, autoimmune diseases, environmental information--to better understand diseases and neurological disorders. (medlineplus.gov)

Mitra A, Vo L, Soukar I, Chaubal A, Greenberg ML, Pile LA. Isoforms of the transcriptional cofactor SIN3 differentially regulate genes necessary for energy metabolism and cell survival. (wayne.edu)
Such three-dimensional organization of chromosomes into spatially distinct domains sheds light on how complex genomes might set specific transcriptional programs to regulate genes individually or as groups of genes. (biomedcentral.com)
The transcriptional levels of p16 INK4A and MeCP2 genes did not display any difference between gastric cancerous and matched non-cancerous tissues. (wjgnet.com)
The striking impact of the findings pertains also to the fact that, differently form genetic marks, epigenetic transcriptional regulation systems are potentially reversible, therefore opening up possible fascinating genetic-epigenetic approaches for future preventive strategies. (bmj.com)

The end result is that the "tightness" of the condensed (more tightly packed) histone-DNA complex relaxes into a state associated with greater levels of gene transcription. (scienceblogs.com)
For example, proteins called transcription factors can dial up the expression of particular genes when they bind to specific DNA sequences. (medicalnewstoday.com)
The methyl group prevents the transcription machinery from docking and thereby shuts down gene expression. (sciencedaily.com)
Recent global analyses of gene transcripts revealed that specific transcription factors (TFs) and their networking systems physiologically correspond to the onset of human diseases, including cancer. (intechopen.com)
We are currently investigating how the SIN3 histone deacetylase complex functions to repress transcription at the epigenetic level. (wayne.edu)
Liu M, Saha N, Gajan A, Saadat N, Gupta SV, Pile LA. A complex interplay between SAM synthetase and the epigenetic regulator SIN3 controls metabolism and transcription. (wayne.edu)
However, the transcription level of the above genes was not associated with biological behaviours of gastric cancers. (wjgnet.com)
Hypermethylation of specific CpG sites in the promoter regions of genes can silence their expression, while hypomethylation can activate gene transcription. (alliedacademies.org)
Histone acetylation/deacetylation alters chromosome structure and affects transcription factor access to DNA. (cancerindex.org)
Yet the interacting effects that genetic and epigenetic factors produce on gene transcription are rarely studied at a genome-wide scale, leaving us without global information on a key step between the genetic code and the phenotype. (elifesciences.org)
Studies are generally limited to examination of individual regions or overlapping single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and open chromatin peaks with limited investigation into how these regulatory elements combine to affect gene transcription 1 , 2 . (elifesciences.org)
Physical distance along a linear genome is a common metric for determining whether a putative regulatory element will affect a given gene's transcription. (elifesciences.org)
Regulators of Transcription with epigenetic changes in a (TaRGET) Program particular type of tissue. (medlineplus.gov)
The programmes governing the function and fate of cells are to a large extent driven by the coordinated activity of transcription factors forming complex and dynamic gene regulatory networks (GRNs). (lu.se)
The activities of transcription factors and other genes involved in cell fate decisions can be measured by a number of different gene expression quantification experiments. (lu.se)

Novel therapies to reverse both types of epigenetic silencing could benefit corneal function and may also prove to be beneficial in other wound healing-related diabetic complications," they write. (medscape.com)

Unlike genetic changes, epigenetic changes are reversible and do not change your DNA sequence, but they can change how your body reads a DNA sequence. (cdc.gov)
Processes that are considered to be epigenetic encompass DNA methylation (in which the cell silences specific genes by attaching methyl groups to bases that make up the DNA sequence) and wrapping the primary DNA sequence around protein complexes into nucleosomes , which are made up of proteins called histones . (scienceblogs.com)
Epigenetic information is heritable, affects gene expression states and phenotypes, but is independent of DNA sequence. (uab.edu)
Epigenetic changes affect the expression or activity of genes without changing the underlying DNA sequence - they are believed to be one mechanism by which the environment can interact with the genome. (kcl.ac.uk)
These so-called DNA bases pair up, A with T and C with G, forming a long, readable sequence that varies from gene to gene. (iflscience.com)
The second phase focuses on characterizing epigenetic sequence and apply it to better understand human biology changes caused by environmental exposures in different and improve health, and thanks to a new understanding of types of cell tissues such as the brain, lung, liver, skin, and how people's genomes and epigenomes work, ENCODE's blood. (medlineplus.gov)

Here we undertake a genome-scale analysis of these interactions in a genetically diverse population to systematically identify global genetic-epigenetic interaction, and reveal constraints imposed by chromatin structure. (elifesciences.org)
With 176 samples profiled for genotype, gene expression, and open chromatin, we used regression modeling to infer genetic-epigenetic interactions on a genome-wide scale. (elifesciences.org)

When histones are tightly packed together, proteins that 'read' the gene cannot access the DNA as easily, so the gene is turned "off. (cdc.gov)
When histones are loosely packed, more DNA is exposed or not wrapped around a histone and can be accessed by proteins that 'read' the gene, so the gene is turned "on. (cdc.gov)
Chemical groups can be added or removed from histones to make the histones more tightly or loosely packed, turning genes "off" or "on. (cdc.gov)
Non-coding RNA may also recruit proteins to modify histones to turn genes "on" or "off. (cdc.gov)
Indeed, in eukaroytes, the whole histone-DNA complex is known as chromatin, and the "tightness" of the wrapping of the DNA into chromatin is an important mechanism by which the cell controls gene expressions, and this "tightness" can be controlled by a process known as histone acetylation, in which acetyl groups are tacked onto histones (or removed from them). (scienceblogs.com)
In my own field of cancer HDAC inhibitors are a hot area of research as "targeted" therapies, although I must admit that I have a hard time figuring out how a drug that can affect the expressions of hundreds of genes by deacetylating their histones can be considered to be tightly "targeted. (scienceblogs.com)

Transposable elements are emerging as an important source of cis-acting regulatory sequences and epigenetic marks that could influence gene expression. (nature.com)
Environmental conditions experienced by parents can influence gene expression patterns in their offspring. (umassmed.edu)
This review summarises the main epigenetic processes that influence gene expression and cell specification at different stages of development. (bmj.com)
This article explores the fascinating world of epigenetic regulation in the context of obesity, shedding light on how environmental factors can influence gene expression, ultimately impacting our weight and overall health. (alliedacademies.org)

Gene expression must be appropriately maintained to regulate development, differentiation, and proliferation of cells. (intechopen.com)
Cell differentiation during embryonic-fetal development involves different epigenetic processes which, if altered, may affect either somatic or germ cells. (bmj.com)
The differentiation of preadipocytes into mature adipocytes involves a series of epigenetic changes that control the expression of genes responsible for fat storage and metabolism. (alliedacademies.org)
Studies have shown that changes in DNA methylation patterns can affect the expression of genes involved in adipocyte differentiation and lipid metabolism. (alliedacademies.org)
Non-CpG methylation observed essentially in clinically favorable cases was associated with the differentiation status of neuroblastoma and expression of key genes such as ALK. (ca.gov)
the smaller Y chromosome carries genes that initiate male sex differentiation, as well as a few other genes. (msdmanuals.com)

It has been widely established that cancer is associated with epigenetic modification, which is reversible and becomes an attractive target for drug development. (frontiersin.org)
After decades of effort, epigenetic modification has represented the hallmarks of different cancer types, and the enzymes involved in this process have provided novel targets for antitumor therapy development . (frontiersin.org)
This modification (methylation) is important not only in gene expression but also in ensuring that there is the right balance in the level of expression of proteins in different cells. (sciencedaily.com)
DNA methylation is the most important and best-studied epigenetic modification of DNA. (bionity.com)

Exercise may turn back the clock in muscle fibers by promoting the "epigenetic reprogramming" of chromosomes in the cells' nuclei. (medicalnewstoday.com)
Genes are contained in chromosomes in the cell nucleus and mitochondria. (msdmanuals.com)
The 23rd pair, the sex chromosomes (X and Y), determines a person's sex as well as containing other functional genes. (msdmanuals.com)
Genes are arranged linearly along the DNA of chromosomes. (msdmanuals.com)
Each gene has a specific location (locus), which is typically the same on each of the 2 homologous chromosomes. (msdmanuals.com)
Some genes occur in multiple copies that may be next to each other or in different locations in the same or different chromosomes. (msdmanuals.com)
In affected women, this can lead to the production of abnormal oocytes that do not contain chromosomes. (medlineplus.gov)

Developmental programming occurs when nutrition and other environmental exposures affect prenatal or early postnatal development, causing structural or functional changes that persist to influence health throughout life. (bcm.edu)
Epigenetic markers have been shown to be affected by natural, built, and social environmental exposures such as nutrition , stress , and air pollution . (cdc.gov)
For example, environmental exposures could impact epigenetic markers in liver cells while having little or no impact on cells in the blood. (cdc.gov)
Findings seeks to understand how were done using mouse models, environmental exposures which will be used to inform lead to epigenetic changes-- human studies. (medlineplus.gov)
The first phase of TaRGET and drugs, how an individual's genetic makeup interacts focused on how environmental exposures affect epigenetic with the environment, and how those affect their health. (medlineplus.gov)

Work in our department has developed a rapid evolution computational protocol whereby the fitness of thousands of mutations of any given gene can be assessed simultaneously. (umassmed.edu)
To further strengthen Dr. Chandwani's hypothesis, recent studies have identified frequent mutations altering the activity of proteins involved in epigenetic regulation in pancreatic cancer cells. (pancan.org)
Finally, Dr. Chandwani and his colleagues will look at the mutations of proteins involved in epigenetic regulation of pancreatic cancer cells, with the goal of determining whether their activity can be blocked as a therapeutic strategy. (pancan.org)
Scope includes mutations and abnormal protein expression. (cancerindex.org)
Like the Butterfly effect, these somatic mutations lead to a series of regulatory function changes, including gene expression dysregulation. (hep.com.cn)
hypothesized that associations between gene expression and somatic mutations can be translated into the associations between gene expression and mutational signatures for showing the regulation effects between somatic mutation and gene expression dysregulation. (hep.com.cn)
This work reveals the key message that some somatic mutations can lead to gene expression alteration consequences. (hep.com.cn)
Mutations in multiple genes have been found to cause recurrent hydatidiform mole. (medlineplus.gov)
About 55 percent of cases of this condition are caused by NLRP7 gene mutations and about 5 percent of cases are caused by KHDC3L gene mutations. (medlineplus.gov)
Mutations in other genes each account for a small percentage of cases. (medlineplus.gov)
NLRP7 or KHDC3L gene mutations result in the production of proteins with impaired function. (medlineplus.gov)
NLRP7 or KHDC3L gene mutations can also prevent proper imprinting of multiple genes that contribute to a developing embryo, leading to abnormal gene activity (expression). (medlineplus.gov)
In women with NLRP7 or KHDC3L gene mutations, a hydatidiform mole will develop in every pregnancy that occurs with her egg cells. (medlineplus.gov)
A small number of cases of recurrent hydatidiform mole have been found to be caused by mutations in genes that play important roles in the production of oocytes and sperm cells. (medlineplus.gov)
Mutations in these genes prevent the normal function of the proteins involved in the exchange of genetic material. (medlineplus.gov)

We further showed that under oxidative stress conditions, H3K4me3 and H3K9me3 spread to the promoter region of Jheh1 gene. (nature.com)
High methylation in a gene promoter is known to silence the expression of the corresponding gene. (biomedcentral.com)
Promoter methylation of p16 INK4A , c-myc and hMSH2 genes was assayed by methylation-specific PCR (MSP) and sequencing (mapping). (wjgnet.com)
For instance, hypermethylation of the promoter region of the Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor Gamma (PPARγ) gene, a master regulator of adipogenesis, can suppress its expression, impairing fat cell formation. (alliedacademies.org)
We found 115 novel associations between triglycerides and adipose tissue DNA methylation, e.g. in the promoter of RFS1, ARID2 and HOXA5 in the male cohort (P ≤ 1.1 × 10-7), and 63 associations, e.g. within the gene body of PTPRN2 and COL6A3 in the female cohort. (lu.se)

The up-regulation of proto-oncogene may be the consequence of epigenetic control of gene expression by demethylase, and mbd2 is involved in the regulation of hMSH2 expression in human gastric cancer. (wjgnet.com)

SSRI exposure and maternal adversity interacted to affect expression of genes such as myelin-associated glycoprotein (Mag) and myelin basic protein (Mbp). (rug.nl)
While genetic changes can alter which protein is made, epigenetic changes affect gene expression to turn genes "on" and "off. (cdc.gov)
MitoNEET belongs to the CDGSH Iron-Sulfur Domain (cisd)-gene family of proteins and is a [2Fe-2S] cluster-containing protein found on the outer membrane of mitochondria. (researchgate.net)
Specifically, the WNT5A gene was hypermethylated at the promotor region in the diabetic cells and its protein was markedly repressed. (medscape.com)
The first goal of Dr. Chandwani's project is to assess the structure of the epigenetic DNA/protein machinery in acinar and ductal cells of the pancreas. (pancan.org)
To explore the effect of DNA methyltransferase, demethylase and methyl-CpG binding protein MeCP2 on the expressions and methylation of hMSH2 and proto-oncogene in human gastric cancer. (wjgnet.com)
The protein encoded by this gene belongs to the histone deacetylase/acuc/apha family. (cancerindex.org)
What does this gene/protein do? (cancerindex.org)
What pathways are this gene/protein implicaed in? (cancerindex.org)
A gene, the basic unit of heredity, is a segment of DNA containing all the information necessary to synthesize a polypeptide (protein) or a functional RNA molecule. (msdmanuals.com)
A gene is a segment of DNA that provides the code to construct a protein or RNA molecule. (msdmanuals.com)

In this review, we summarize the basic principles manipulating the abovementioned epigenetic pathways and highlight the evidence of the promising clinical and preclinical results using small-molecule inhibitors against chromatin regulators for cancer treatment. (frontiersin.org)
It is not the external stimulus per se , but the chemical output (=information) generated by processing of the stimulusin the neural circuit that via the respective signal transduction pathways reaches the genes responsible for the synthesis of melatonin, which is intelligible to (i.e. contains informatio for) activating those genes. (cyclingforums.com)
DNA repair pathways function less well, chromatin modifiers become misregulated, and noise in gene expression increases. (uab.edu)
Current objectives of the lab are to understand regulatory pathways that affect SIN3 activity and to understand the consequences of SIN3 recruitment at target genes. (wayne.edu)
Functional analysis showed that the muscle contraction, immune system/inflammation, and extracellular matrix pathways were the most affected pathways. (cdc.gov)
In the long-term, identification of biomarkers using an epigenetic approach may help to uncover new tools to genetically characterize different pathways to PTSD and respiratory illness in responders. (cdc.gov)

Finally, Mag and Mbp expression correlated with DNA methylation, highlighting epigenetic regulation as a potential mechanism for developmental fluoxetine-induced changes in myelination. (rug.nl)
We focus on DNA methylation because this is the most stable epigenetic mechanism. (bcm.edu)
The authors of the study discovered a mechanism that allows synaptic control of DNMT3A1 levels in neurons, thereby creating a time window for reduced DNA do novo methylation at a group of target genes. (bionity.com)
We utilize a combination of biochemical, molecular and genetic techniques to understand the mechanism of SIN3 gene regulation. (wayne.edu)
Epigenetic gene silencing in cancer-a mechanism for early oncogenic pathway addiction? (prostate.net)
The study, published in Molecular Psychiatry , is the largest of its kind and may shed light on the biological mechanism by which environmental influences regulate the activity of certain genes and in turn contribute to the development of ASD and related behaviour traits. (kcl.ac.uk)
The researchers studied an epigenetic mechanism called DNA methylation. (kcl.ac.uk)
Our findings give us an insight into the biological mechanism mediating the interaction between gene and environment in autism spectrum disorder. (kcl.ac.uk)

It is generally believed that rapid and reversible DNA methylation in the brain is essential for the stability of long-term memory , but very little is known about how synaptic signals can control DNA methylation to induce permanent changes in plasticity-related gene expression. (bionity.com)
Importantly, epigenetic changes are potentially reversible and may therefore provide targets for the development of new therapies. (kcl.ac.uk)
Epigenetic changes are potentially reversible, so our next step is to embark on larger studies to see whether we can identify key epigenetic changes common to the majority of people with autism to help us develop possible therapeutic interventions. (kcl.ac.uk)

This important work substantially advances our understanding of the interplay between genetic variation, chromatin, and genes within topologically associated domains and how this interplay regulates gene expression. (elifesciences.org)

Gene expression is regulated in part by the interactions of genomic DNA with the packaging histone proteins. (wayne.edu)
Through genomic imprinting certain genes are turned off (inactivated) based on which parent the copy of the gene came from. (medlineplus.gov)

FSS did not affect GR binding to a putative negative glucocorticoid response element within the Nr3c1 gene. (karger.com)

DNA methylation and gene expression were analysed genome-wide in subcutaneous adipose tissue from two different cohorts, including 85 men and 93 women, respectively. (lu.se)
Multi-walled carbon nanotube s elicit concordant changes in DNA methylation and gene expression following long-term pulmonary exposure in mice. (cdc.gov)

Scientists from King's College London have identified patterns of epigenetic changes involved in autism spectrum disorder (ASD) by studying genetically identical twins who differ in autism traits. (kcl.ac.uk)
In the context of adipogenesis, DNA methylation patterns are dynamically regulated, leading to changes in gene expression that impact fat cell development[ 1 ]. (alliedacademies.org)
To elucidate whether epigenetic effects play a role for these gene expression changes, we performed whole genome bisulphite sequencing to assess DNA methylation patterns in the lungs 56 days after exposure to MWCNTs. (cdc.gov)
Hence, susceptibility to infection can be characterized by a construct that involves not only gene expression patterns of the host but also that of the microorganism, both of which continue to adapt in response to external stimuli. (hindawi.com)
ENU during the final week of gestat the rapidly changing patterns of gene In both the fetus and the pregnant ion is approximately 50 times that of expression in fetal target tissues, female rat, the target organ for single the mother. (who.int)
Eating patterns are affected by more than the caloric and nutritional value of food. (medscape.com)

He and his research team will next identify epigenetic changes that occur as normal cells of the pancreas are transformed to precancerous (pancreatic intraepithelial neoplasm, or PanIN) and cancerous states. (pancan.org)
This effect seems to work by either directly interfering with the enzymes that trigger DNA methylation or by altering the supply of components necessary for the enzyme reactions to occur. (prostate.net)
We found that these interactions occur within the local area of the affected gene, and that this locality corresponds to topologically associated domains (TADs). (elifesciences.org)
I suspect homosexual urges (which do also occur in animals) are rooted in one of two things: either a spontaneous gene mutation, or a chemical issue in the brain during gestation (which would not inherently affect both twins). (wdtprs.com)

These findings provide evidence that genetic and epigenetic factors operate within the context of three-dimensional chromatin structure. (elifesciences.org)

In stem cells, open chromatin participating in the most significant regression models demonstrated an enrichment for developmental genes and the TAD-forming CTCF binding complex, providing an opportunity for statistical inference of shifting TAD boundaries operating during early development. (elifesciences.org)

Synaptic transmitter binding to receptors on melatonin secreting cells in the pineal activate genes in the cell nucleus, but that involves a whole series of intermediate steps. (cyclingforums.com)
Applying the same criterium to the process of gene expression, which also involves many 'intermediate steps', would lead us to the conclusion that no genetic information is transmitted from genes to proteins, which is no less difficult to defend. (cyclingforums.com)
ASD affects approximately 1 in 100 people in the UK and involves a spectrum of disorders which manifest themselves differently in different people. (kcl.ac.uk)

For example, steroid and thyroid hormones directly bind to nuclear receptors, which induce expression of specific genes. (intechopen.com)
Importantly, nutrition during prenatal and early postnatal development can induce epigenetic changes that persist to adulthood. (bcm.edu)

Reasoning that the unexplained heritability may be because of DNA methylation, an epigenetic phenomenon, we measured genome-wide DNA methylation using the Illumina MethylationEPIC platform with blood samples from participants in the Orofacial Pain: Prospective Evaluation and Risk Assessment (OPPERA) study. (iasp-pain.org)
The researchers explored genome-wide DNA methylation profiles in samples of endemic Burkitt lymphoma tissue and identified a molecular signature shared by both Epstein-Barr virus infection and aflatoxin B1 exposure that affects the expression of a putative tumour suppressor, TGFBI. (who.int)

Bari-Jheh is a natural transposon that mediates resistance to oxidative stress by adding cis-regulatory sequences that affect expression of nearby genes. (nature.com)
We concluded that besides adding cis-regulatory sequences, Bari-Jheh influences gene expression by affecting the local chromatin state. (nature.com)
TEs can contain cis-regulatory sequences that affect the expression of nearby genes. (nature.com)
Estrogen withdrawal or treatment with the established anticancer drug doxorubicin cause the methyl groups to be removed from regulatory regions of specific genes within tens of minutes in human breast cancer cells. (sciencedaily.com)
Interestingly, newly gathered data indicates that, like mC, 6mA may also have a gene regulatory function in these animals, which could suggest that it also behaves as an epigenetic mark. (iflscience.com)

Adenoviruses can be genetically modified to increase their infectivity or improve the anti-cancer immune responses induced by the virus, e.g., through the expression of immunostimulatory molecules. (helsinki.fi)
Are there epigenetic changes in specific immune genes of patients with PTSD that may predispose them to respiratory illness? (cdc.gov)

The consequences of an excess level of expression is well know, for instance in Downs Syndrome where an extra chromosome is active. (sciencedaily.com)
Two new studies show how epigenetic data, including DNA methylation, can accurately predict chromosome folding in three dimensions. (biomedcentral.com)
Twenty-two of the pairs, chromosome numbers 1 to 22, the autosomes, are normally homologous (identical in size, shape, and position and number of genes). (msdmanuals.com)
The genes that occupy the same locus on each chromosome of a pair (one inherited from the mother and one from the father) are called alleles. (msdmanuals.com)
A chromosome contains many genes. (msdmanuals.com)
Several cases of chromosome 10p deletion have also been reported in which affected individuals have some features of DiGeorge syndrome. (medscape.com)

However, few studies have dissected the role of specific transposable element insertions on epigenetic gene regulation. (nature.com)
Typically, this group is added to specific places on the DNA, where it blocks the proteins that attach to DNA to "read" the gene. (cdc.gov)
Similarly, the neural circuits 'translate' the external stimulus, which is 'senseless' to genes, into a specific epigenetic information for their activation/inactivation. (cyclingforums.com)
Light entering the eye causes genes to be expressed in specific cells. (cyclingforums.com)
The external stimulus per se is neutral to any known pathway in metazoans, it can't activate any specific gene. (cyclingforums.com)
In other words, expression of specific genes might have relevance to pathogenesis of diseases. (intechopen.com)
The inherent cell-type specificity of epigenetic regulation motivates development of techniques to isolate and study specific cell types of relevance to obesity and digestive diseases. (bcm.edu)
Our previous work has shown that industrially produced MWCNTs trigger specific changes in gene expression in the lungs of exposed animals. (cdc.gov)
The new study found a similar pattern among Alaska Native participants, with specific epigenetic differences observed in those who reported experiencing the most intense symptoms of distress when reflecting on historic losses. (anxiety-stress-management.com)

Our current understanding of the epigenetic processes acting during reproductive events raises new possibilities to prevent both heritable and sporadic congenital anomalies. (bmj.com)

The exercise-induced changes "reprogram" the epigenetic expression of the fibers to a more youthful state. (medicalnewstoday.com)

In a new study whose results appear in The Journal of Physiology , Dr. Murach and his colleagues compared the effects of OKSM factors on gene expression in the muscle fibers of mice that had access to an exercise wheel, and mice that had no access. (medicalnewstoday.com)
Scientists have found that exercise induces the expression of Myc to a greater extent than the other three factors. (medicalnewstoday.com)
The results suggest that exercise reprograms muscle fibers to a more youthful state through increased expression of the genes that make Yamanaka factors, in particular Myc . (medicalnewstoday.com)
Because identical twins share the same genetic code, this suggests non-genetic, or epigenetic, factors may be involved. (kcl.ac.uk)
Conversely, phenotypic variation in genetically diverse populations is a result of both genetic and epigenetic factors operating in tandem. (elifesciences.org)
But how an individual responds to Genomics Advances for Gene-Environment (GxE) Discovery those factors in different ways is based on their unique and Validation, aims to better understand the connection biological makeup. (medlineplus.gov)
In this thesis we aim to better understand the effect of genetic and environmental factors by investigating parental effects manifesting from early life until adulthood. (lu.se)

Even though experts have not yet identified exactly how methylation works, its involvement in the metabolism of DNA and lipids appears to help prevent the expression of some cancer genes and cancer development. (prostate.net)
Although experts have not yet completely identified how methylation works, it is known that it is intimately involved in the metabolism of DNA and lipids and appears to help prevent the expression of cancer genes and thus development of cancer. (prostate.net)

The cross-sectional study design makes it difficult to determine whether observed epigenetic differences are due to low SES in childhood or to the development of a health outcome associated with low SES. (cdc.gov)
Tumors with diverse clinical risk showed differences affecting CpG and, remarkably, non-CpG sites. (ca.gov)

Crucially, only some of the total possibility of genes are expressed in any given tissue. (sciencedaily.com)
[ 8 ] Mossman described that lung tissue as a common organ affected by inhaled pollutants such as metals, mineral dust, particulates, and reactive gases. (medscape.com)
The average mRNA level of Dnmt1 gene from cancerous tissue was higher and that of mbd2 gene from cancerous tissue was lower than that from non-cancerous tissue, respectively. (wjgnet.com)
Causal mediation analyses tested if adipose tissue DNA methylation mediates the effects of triglycerides on gene expression or insulin resistance. (lu.se)
We further connected these findings to altered mRNA expression levels in adipose tissue (e.g. (lu.se)
But it was not for another decade that scientists realized the importance of mC: The addition of methyl groups to DNA can switch genes on or off in order to meet the needs of each tissue, given that every cell contains the same DNA sequences. (iflscience.com)
We identified imprinted genes that were specifically expressed in fetal pancreas both on a tissue and single cell level. (lu.se)

He said it was "not outside the realm of possibility" that the drugs could disrupt the epigenetic reprogramming of muscle that happens with exercise. (medicalnewstoday.com)
If I got it right, you argue that the fact that 'a whole series of intermediate steps' are involved in the signal cascade from the external stimulus to genes, this fact per se, excludes the possibility of any information being transmitted via the cascade. (cyclingforums.com)

Epigenetic drugs show significant effects on both preclinical and clinical studies in which the target development and research offer a promising direction for cancer therapy. (frontiersin.org)
Epigenetic programming of aging, as a continuation of development, creates an interface between the genome and the environment. (karger.com)
My lab uses the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster as a model system to investigate epigenetic systems and their influence on development and gene regulation. (uab.edu)
Understanding how multiple hierarchical levels of genome organization impact on epigenetic (re-)programming might thus largely rely on integrating Hi-C data together with epigenomic data through the development of bona fide computational approaches [ 2 , 8 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Evidence from twin studies shows there is a strong genetic component to ASD and previous studies suggest that genes that direct brain development may be involved in the disorder. (kcl.ac.uk)
On the other hand, hypomethylation of genes associated with lipid storage and adipocyte development can promote adipogenesis. (alliedacademies.org)
RESULTS: DNA methylation changes in neuroblastoma affect not only promoters but also intragenic and intergenic regions at cytosine-phosphate-guanine (CpG) and non-CpG sites, and target functional chromatin domains of development and cancer-related genes such as CCND1. (ca.gov)
These findings reveal epigenetic contributions to chronic painful TMD through methylation of the genes FMOD, PM20D1, ZNF718, ZFP57, and RNF39, following the development of acute painful TMD. (iasp-pain.org)
In paper V we have examined the expression of imprinted genes to better understand their role in insulin secretion, beta-cell development, and function. (lu.se)
Variants in two genes associated with indices of insulin secretion indicating their possible role in beta-cell development. (lu.se)
The proteins produced from the NLRP7 and KHDC3L genes are critical for normal egg cell (oocyte) development, which impacts embryonic development. (medlineplus.gov)
Genetically inherited forms arise from defects of parathyroid gland development, defects in the parathyroid hormone (PTH) gene, defects in the calcium-sensing receptor gene, defects in PTH action, defects in the autoimmune regulator gene, and genetic syndromes. (medscape.com)

These findings highlight the beneficial impact that early adverse experiences can have in adulthood, and the implication of epigenetic modes of gene regulation. (nature.com)

How do parental life experiences impact offspring phenotypes without affecting their gene sequences? (umassmed.edu)
DNA methylation acts to block the genetic sequences that drive gene expression, silencing gene activity. (kcl.ac.uk)

New revelations have been made on possible ways to switch genes on and off that impacts on previous understandings of the biological process of how cells interpret their DNA. (sciencedaily.com)
A research project led by Professor Frank Gannon, Director General of Sciencen Foundation Ireland (SFI), has uncovered new revelations on possible ways to switch genes on and off that impacts on previous understandings of the biological process of how cells interpret their DNA. (sciencedaily.com)

The new findings impact upon our understanding of how cells interpret their DNA and suggest that epigenetic regulation can affect gene expression immediately and long-term. (sciencedaily.com)
This is termed epigenetic inheritance, and while this process has been well recognized in plants, the recent findings in mice force us to consider the implications of this type of inheritance in mammals. (portlandpress.com)

In vitro, prolonged proliferation of ISMC results in loss of their normal contractile phenotype, including decreased expression of contractile markers and the neurotrophin glial cell-line derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF). (queensu.ca)
Any epigenetic role in regulating gene expression and the contractile phenotype of ISMC is unknown. (queensu.ca)
Pooled CRISPR screen is a promising tool in drug targets or essential genes identification combined with different phenotype readouts. (hep.com.cn)

Integrated analysis of transcriptomics data and DNA methylation data revealed concordant changes in gene expression. (cdc.gov)

F7 epigenetic regulation through methylation relates to CAD risk by affecting plasma FVIIa concentrations and its role prevails in those A1A1 subjects, i.e. not carriers of the functional A2 allele. (bmj.com)
Functional characterization of the identified regions found relationships between methylation at these loci and nearby genetic variation contributing to chronic painful TMD and with gene expression of proximal genes. (iasp-pain.org)

The Rando Lab studies the role of epigenetic inheritance in programming health and disease. (umassmed.edu)

We identified several differentially expressed genes between early pregnancy anemia, GDM and controls. (lu.se)
Interestingly, we identified several differentially expressed genes associated with neonatal anthropometry indicating their possible role in fetal programming and risk of T2DM in later life due to maternal exposure to early pregnancy anemia and GDM. (lu.se)

Epigenetic changes to the structure of chromatin -- tightly packaged DNA - grant or deny access to the molecular machinery that transcribes DNA and thereby regulate gene expression. (sciencedaily.com)

TSA and AZA treatment decreased the enhanced growth response of repeated passage ISMC, and increased the expression of contractile markers, SMA and SM22. (queensu.ca)
Repeated passage human ISMC also had decreased expression of contractile markers SMA and SM22, mimicking the rat model. (queensu.ca)
Epigenetic markers may shed light on potential causal links between SDOH and adverse health outcomes and are potentially modifiable, providing new approaches to therapeutics (e.g., cancer ). (cdc.gov)
Epigenetic markers can change over time and can also be inherited. (cdc.gov)
Epigenetic markers also differ among various tissues. (cdc.gov)
Researchers investigated the relationship between historical traumatic events experienced by Alaska Native communities and epigenetic markers on genes that previous studies have linked to trauma. (anxiety-stress-management.com)

Typically, methylation turns genes "off" and demethylation turns genes "on. (cdc.gov)
The treatment sets off a whole cycle of events: initial demethylation renders silent genes active and subsequent remethylation shuts them down again. (sciencedaily.com)

These effects have thresholds, with indirect genotoxic and epigenetic events underlying the threshold mode of action for nickel carcinogenicity. (mdpi.com)
Consider for example a study that collects epigenetic data from adults to investigate the effects of low SES in childhood. (cdc.gov)
Identified epigenetic changes seem to mediate effects of triglycerides on insulin resistance. (lu.se)
Taken together, the present study revealed that MWCNTs exert epigenetic effects in the lungs of exposed animals, potentially driving the subsequent gene expression changes. (cdc.gov)
Many have used a 100 to 500 kb flanking window around a gene to encapsulate the landscape of local epigenetic effects 3 - 5 . (elifesciences.org)

Your genes play an important role in your health, but so do your behaviors and environment, such as what you eat and how physically active you are. (cdc.gov)
We found that one of the target genes is the neuroplasticity factor BDNF, which plays a central role in spatial learning and memory processes," explains first author Gonca Bayraktar. (bionity.com)
Although glucocorticoid receptors (GRs) in the hippocampus play a vital role in the regulation of physiological and behavioural responses to stress, the regulation of receptor expression remains unclear. (karger.com)
these allow the environment to affect gene expression, but they also play a role in various diseases. (iflscience.com)
This suggests the possible role of these genes in beta-cell function. (lu.se)
With greater knowledge of the role of our genes in health and disease, some deterministic ideas have taken root among the public. (lu.se)

Anatomy19

Organisms6

Diseases21

Chemicals and Drugs62

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment26

Phenomena and Processes100

Disciplines and Occupations4

Information Science5

Health Care7

Epigenetics17

Increased DNA methylation3

Modifications25

Mechanisms19

Alterations7

Accompanied by epigenetic changes2

Associated with epigenetic changes1

Transcriptional4

Transcription15

Types of epigenetic1

Sequence6

Genetic-epigenetic2

Histones6

Influence gene expression4

Differentiation6

Modification4

Chromosomes7

Exposures5

Mutations15

Promoter5

Control of gene expression1

Protein11

Pathways6

Mechanism8

Reversible3

Regulates gene expression1

Genomic2

Binding to a put1

Methylation and gene expression2

Patterns6

Occur4

Chromatin structure1

Developmental1

Involves3

Induce2

Genome-wide2

Regulatory5

Immune2

Chromosome6

Specific9

Heritable1

Reprogram1

Factors7

Metabolism2

Differences2

Tissue7

Possibility2

Development12

Adulthood1

Sequences2

Switch genes2

Findings2

Phenotype3

Changes in gene expression1

Functional2

Inheritance1

Differentially2

Tightly1

Markers6

Demethylation2

Effects5

Role6