• There are two structural groups of ephrin ligands which bind to a family of receptor tyrosine kinases (Eph). (rndsystems.com)
  • The Eph receptor tyrosine kinases and their membrane-bound ephrin ligands control a diverse array of cell-cell interactions in the developing and adult organisms. (rcsb.org)
  • Cell surface GPI-bound ligand for Eph receptors, a family of receptor tyrosine kinases which are crucial for migration, repulsion and adhesion during neuronal, vascular and epithelial development. (affbiotech.com)
  • Results from RNA sequencing revealed that AEG‑1 modulated neuronal morphology and development by regulating the expression of numerous genes, such as ubiquitin C, C‑X‑C motif chemokine ligand 1, MMP9, Notch1, neuropilin 1 and ephrin type‑A receptor 4. (spandidos-publications.com)
  • This Mouse Ephrin Type-A Receptor 4 (EphA4) ELISA Kit from Innovative Research is intended for quantitative detection of mouse EphA4 in cell culture supernates, serum and plasma (heparin, EDTA). (innov-research.com)
  • Expression system for standard: EPH receptor A4 (ephrin type-A receptor 4) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the EPHA4 gene. (innov-research.com)
  • This gene encodes an EFNA class ephrin which binds to the EPHA2, EPHA4, EPHA5, EPHA6, and EPHA7 receptors. (wikipedia.org)
  • This gene encodes a protein that binds ephrin-A ligands. (creativebiomart.net)
  • Receptor tyrosine kinase which binds promiscuously GPI-anchored ephrin-A family ligands residing on adjacent cells, leading to contact-dependent bidirectional signaling into neighboring cells. (creativebiomart.net)
  • Some cross-reactivities have been reported, most notably for EphA4, which binds both ligand subclasses ( Pasquale, 2008 ). (silverchair.com)
  • Eph binds to respective ephrin ligand, through the ligand binding domain and forms a tetrameric complex to activate the kinase domain. (genominfo.org)
  • Ephrin A1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the EFNA1 gene. (wikipedia.org)
  • EFNA1 belongs to the ephrin (EPH) family. (prospecbio.com)
  • Highly promiscuous, it has the unique property among Eph receptors to bind and to be physiologically activated by both GPI-anchored ephrin-A and transmembrane ephrin-B ligands including EFNA1 and EFNB3. (nih.gov)
  • Reacts with human EFNA1 / Ephrin A1. (covalab.com)
  • Ephrin-A ligands are structurally related to the extracellular domains of the transmembrane Ephrin-B ligands. (cellgs.com)
  • Ephrins, also known as ephrin ligands, and Eph receptors (Ephs), which are RTKs, are key regulators of physiological and pathological processes involved in development and disease, such as cellular motility, cell repulsion, and cell adhesion [ 4 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • They exclusively bind membrane-tethered ligands known as ephrin proteins. (silverchair.com)
  • Effects of altered ephrin-A5 and EphA4/EphA7 expression on tumor growth in a medulloblastoma mouse model. (ucdenver.edu)
  • Based on their structures and sequence relationships, ephrins are divided into the ephrin-A (EFNA) class, which are anchored to the membrane by a glycosylphosphatidylinositol linkage, and the ephrin-B (EFNB) class, which are transmembrane proteins. (wikipedia.org)
  • Sequence alignments indicated conservation of the ephrin-B2 and ephrin-B3 receptor binding sites, the glycosylation site on the G attachment protein, as well as the editing site in phosphoprotein, suggesting production of nonstructural proteins V and W, known to counteract the host innate immunity. (cdc.gov)
  • Both receptors and ligands are membrane-bound proteins that require direct cell-cell interaction for activation. (hindawi.com)
  • The gH/gL complex has a structure that mimics ephrins, the proteins that naturally bind to the EphA2 receptor. (pasteur.fr)
  • Eph and ephrin proteins interact with a number of other ligand/receptor systems to influence how cells translate environmental signals to orchestrate morphogenetic events. (silverchair.com)
  • Typically, EphA receptors bind to glycosylphosphatidylinositol anchor (GPI)-linked ephrin A proteins and EphB receptors bind to transmembrane ephrin B proteins. (silverchair.com)
  • Neurotrophic Factors (a family of proteins that induce the survival, development, and function of neurons) - neurotrophins, glial cell-line derived neurotrophic factor family ligands, neuropoietic cytokines, etc. (abnova.com)
  • Dans la deuxième partie de notre travail, nous montrons, in vivo, en utilisant des souris doubles et quadruples mutantes pour les récepteurs Boc, EphB1 ou les trois récepteurs EphB, que l'abrogation des deux voies de signalisation Shh et éphrine-B2 conduit à l'absence de projections ipsilatérales. (umontreal.ca)
  • Eph receptors are subdivided into two subclasses, termed EphA and EphB, based on sequence similarity and their preference for binding a particular subclass of ephrins. (silverchair.com)
  • Based on sequence homology, Eph and ephrin have been classified into EphA/EphrinA and EphB/EphrinB class of families [ 2 ]. (genominfo.org)
  • For example, in EphB1/ EphB2/EphB3-deficient mice dendritic spines (the small protru-sions bearing postsynaptic structures) have reduced density and size [3,7,8] while activation of EphB receptors by ephrins induces rapid dendritic spine formation [7,9]. (123dok.org)
  • Family A receptors (EPHA) and ligands (EFNA) can act as oncogenes or tumor suppressors and are implicated in chemoresistance. (hindawi.com)
  • Ephrin family A includes ten receptors named EPHA (1-10) and five ligands designated as EFNA (1-5) [ 6 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • Several Ephrin A (EPHA/EFNA) family members are overexpressed or downregulated in a variety of tumors, suggesting that they act as oncogenes or as tumor suppressors according to the cellular context [ 9 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • In general, class EphA receptors bind GPI-anchored ephrin-A ligands. (umbc.edu)
  • There are ten vertebrate EphA receptors (EphA1-10), which display promiscuous interactions with six ephrin-A ligands. (umbc.edu)
  • For example, the competition between ephrin-A1:EphA2 and EGF:EGFR ligand-receptor complexes for Grb2 and SOS is directly quantified on the same cell surface. (utmb.edu)
  • We used a hybrid substrate with micropatterned supported lipid bilayers (SLB) where ephrin-A1 ligands are present on SLB surface allowing fluid rearrangement, clustering, and activation of EphA2 receptors on the membrane regions. (utmb.edu)
  • We found that EphA2 activation by ephrin-A1 triggers a local increase in contractility and a global increase in focal adhesion dynamics, a phenotype in agreement with cancer migration. (utmb.edu)
  • Finally, we demonstrate that the EphA2 signalling system is intrinsically sensitive to the spatial organization of activating ligands with polarized ligand presentation leading to directional cell migration. (utmb.edu)
  • We apply this approach to characterize ephrin-A1:EphA2 signaling systems and find that EphA2 clustering enhances receptor phosphorylation and subsequent Grb2 adaptor protein interactions relative to non-clustered receptors within the same cell. (utmb.edu)
  • Recent studies in the hippocampus and cerebral cortex show that Eph receptors and ephrins are important in the regulation of synaptic morphology and plasticity. (123dok.org)
  • Catalytic domain of the Protein Tyrosine Kinase, Ephrin Receptor A10. (umbc.edu)
  • A-type ephrins bind A-type receptors, which are tethered to the cell membrane via a glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) anchor. (rndsystems.com)
  • B-type ephrins bind to B-type receptors, which have a single transmembrane domain and a cytoplasmic region. (rndsystems.com)
  • Soluble monomeric ephrin ligands bind the receptor but do not induce receptor autophosphorylation and activation. (rndsystems.com)
  • The receptors are also categorized as A or B according to the type of ligand they bind to. (hindawi.com)
  • EphB2 has been shown to bind ephrin-B1, ephrin-B2, and ephrin-B3 (2, 3). (rndsystems.com)
  • The Eph receptors and their membrane-bound ligands ephrins play important roles in a variety of biological processes such as for example cell adhesion and movement. (cancerrealitycheck.com)
  • Critical roles for EPH/EPHRIN signaling in neuronal pathfinding have uncovered a key role in repulsive migration, but this mechanism may not explain how EPH/EPHRIN signaling drives cell segregation in dense developing tissues where cells continuously contact other cells ( 4 ). (rupress.org)
  • Only membrane bound or Fc-clustered ephrin ligands are capable of activating the receptor in vitro . (rndsystems.com)
  • The ligands can have a glycosylphosphatidylinositol anchor (A type) or a membrane-spanning protein domain (B type). (hindawi.com)
  • Eph receptors and their membrane-tethered ligands have important functions in development. (silverchair.com)
  • Eph and ephrin are membrane-bound and thus regulate cell-cell interaction, migration, partitioning, and cell adhesion [ 3 ]. (genominfo.org)
  • The overall domain organization of EphAs and EphBs are similar, however, ephrin A is GPI anchored to the membrane, whereas ephrin B has an intracellular PDZ binding domain. (genominfo.org)
  • Ligand binding to the receptor open entails clustering of the ligand:receptor complex on the cell membrane, which often appears to have functional consequences. (utmb.edu)
  • Central to understanding the design principles underlying tissue self-organization are studies of EPH receptors and their membrane-associated EPHRIN ligands, which are important drivers of morphogenesis across many tissues ( 2 , 3 ). (rupress.org)
  • Both ligand and receptor are membrane bound, and signaling, which can be bidirectional, requires cell-cell contact, enabling the study of proximal influences of EPH/EPHRIN signaling on individual cells. (rupress.org)
  • Binding of the ephrin ligand to EphR requires cell-cell contact since both are anchored to the plasma membrane. (umbc.edu)
  • Mutations reported in different functional domains of RTKs are linked to the kinase constitutive expression, ligand-independent signaling, and drug sensitivity [ 1 ]. (genominfo.org)
  • Structurally Eph receptors are similar to RTKs, comprises extracellular region, a ligand binding and fibronectin repeat domain, whereas intracellular has a juxtamembrane, kinase, and SAM domain. (genominfo.org)
  • The ectodomain contains a globular ligand binding domain (LBD), a cysteine-rich region with a Sushi and an epidermal growth factor (EGF)-like domain, and two fibronectin type III domains (FN1 and FN2). (silverchair.com)
  • constituting the extracellular ligand binding domain, a fibronectin domain followed by intracellular juxtamembrane kinase, and SAM domain. (genominfo.org)
  • EphRs contain an ephrin binding domain and two fibronectin repeats extracellularly, a transmembrane segment, and a cytoplasmic tyr kinase domain. (umbc.edu)
  • EPH/EPHRIN signaling is crucial to the segregation of cell populations during the morphogenesis of many tissues. (rupress.org)
  • Eph-Ephrin interactions are widely involved in the regulation of cell migration, tissue morphogenesis, and cancer progression. (cellgs.com)
  • Ephrin/EphR interaction results in cell-cell repulsion or adhesion, making it important in neural development and plasticity, cell morphogenesis, cell-fate determination, embryonic development, tissue patterning, and angiogenesis. (umbc.edu)
  • Trans interactions of Eph receptors with ephrins at cell-cell interfaces promote a variety of cellular responses, including repulsion, attraction and migration. (silverchair.com)
  • Thirty-two mutations predicted to be pathogenic using SIFT, Polyphen-2, PROVEAN, SNPs&GO, PMut, iSTABLE, and PremPS in-silico tools were found located either in critical functional regions or encompassing interactions at the binding interface of Eph-ephrin. (genominfo.org)
  • Together these data strongly argue for positive regulation of Tiam1 in smooth muscle cells by ephrin-B2 whereas MAP kinase activity reduces Tiam1 expression. (biomasswars.com)
  • Activation of kinase activity occurs after ligand recognition and binding. (rndsystems.com)
  • Our outcomes create that ephrin-B2 can be an essential regulator of PDGFRβ endocytosis and thus works as a molecular change managing the downstream signaling activity of the receptor in mural cells. (biomasswars.com)
  • The signaling pathway downstream of the receptor is referred to as forward signaling while the signaling pathway downstream of the ephrin ligand is referred to as reverse signaling. (creativebiomart.net)
  • Moreover, Eph/ephrin signalling can be bi-directional, with intracellular pathways operating downstream of both the Eph receptor (forward signalling) and the ephrin ligand (reverse signalling) ( Kullander and Klein, 2002 ). (silverchair.com)
  • Eph-ephrin regulates many downstream pathways that lead to physiological events such as cell migration, proliferation, and growth. (genominfo.org)
  • The resulting downstream signals occur bidirectionally in both EphR-expressing cells (forward signaling) and ephrin-expressing cells (reverse signaling). (umbc.edu)
  • In vivo, ephrin ligands and receptors display reciprocal expression. (rndsystems.com)
  • Change signaling through the intracellular domains of transmembrane ephrins Clobetasol is currently a broadly recognized idea. (cancerrealitycheck.com)
  • It has been shown that ephrin-Bs utilize both phosphorylation-dependent and -impartial signaling pathways which may be viewed as three possible modes of reverse signaling: 1) one mode where tyrosine phosphorylation of the intracellular domain name of ephrinB prospects to recruitment of signaling molecules that exert a functional effect. (cancerrealitycheck.com)
  • Eph/ephrin signal transduction occurs not only in the receptor-expressing cell but also in the ligand-expressing cell via bidirectional signaling [ 5 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • Actomyosin accumulation occurs at EPH/EPHRIN interfaces, suggesting that interfacial tension driven by increased cortical actomyosin contractility may be an important driver of EPH/EPHRIN-mediated cell segregation ( 2 , 3 ). (rupress.org)
  • This gene encodes a member of the ephrin (EPH) family. (wikipedia.org)
  • The activities of the ephrin family in breast cancer (BrCa) are complex. (hindawi.com)
  • The Ephrin family consists of multiple Ephs and ephrins. (hindawi.com)
  • http://www.santacruzsentinel.com/ci_10080054?source=email Feldheim studies the role of the Eph family of receptor linkurl:tyrosine kinases;http://www.the-scientist.com/news/display/54773/ and their ligands, the linkurl:ephrins,;http://www.the-scientist.com/article/display/19418/ in the development of the mouse visual system. (the-scientist.com)
  • Eph-ephrin as a family is ubiquitously expressed in different tissues [ 4 ]. (genominfo.org)
  • Ephrin-A1 is a member of Ephrin-A family, and it is also known as B61 and LERK-1. (cellgs.com)
  • Eph/ephrin signaling is a cell-to-cell communication pathway, which regulates cell migration and proliferation. (5dok.org)
  • In the majority of cases, Eph forward signalling causes cell repulsion away from the ephrin-expressing cell, although adhesive responses have been described. (silverchair.com)
  • This uncovered that lack of ephrin-B2 resulted in pronounced adjustments in gene appearance (Supplemental Fig. 2A B). Among the best down-regulated genes (49-fold decrease weighed against control) was knockout VSMCs (Fig. 2A). (biomasswars.com)
  • An ephrin that was originally identified as the product of an early response gene induced by TUMOR NECROSIS FACTORS. (umassmed.edu)
  • All ephrin ligands share a conserved extracellular sequence, which most likely corresponds to the receptor binding domain. (rndsystems.com)
  • In contrast to homotypic pairs of EPHB2 or EPHRIN-B1-expressing cells that formed an extended contact face with large contact angles, heterotypic EPHB2- and EPHRIN-B1-expressing cell pairs exhibited a signaling-dependent reduction in contact face and angle of contact, consistent with an increase in interfacial tension. (rupress.org)
  • Importantly, when EPHB2- and EPHRIN-B1-expressing cells were plated in 3D aggregates in the absence of extracellular matrix attachment, they segregated completely, suggesting that increased interfacial tension may be the key driver of cell segregation. (rupress.org)
  • The extracellular domain facilitates binding to ephrin. (genominfo.org)
  • We showed previously that prolonged EphB4/Fc stimulation triggers pronounced internalization and degradation of ephrin-B2 after TPCA-1 2.5 and 6 h (Foo et al. (biomasswars.com)
  • Ephrin ligands and their receptors, the Eph receptor (Eph) tyrosine kinases, are cell surface molecules that mediate commu-nication between cells. (123dok.org)
  • Upon activation by ephrin ligands, modulates cell morphology and integrin-dependent cell adhesion through regulation of the Rac, Rap and Rho GTPases activity. (nih.gov)
  • When control or knockout cells were treated with the Erk1/2 inhibitor U0126 Tiam1 expression was significantly increased at both the mRNA and protein levels (Fig. 2G H). Conversely Erk1/2 activation with tamoxifen-inducible ΔRaf1-ER reduced Tiam1 mRNA and protein in murine VSMCs (Fig. 2I J). The regulation of Tiam1 by ephrin-B2 does not appear to be regulated by acute reverse signal transduction. (biomasswars.com)
  • 2006). The strong reduction of ephrin-B2 at these time points was accompanied by down-regulation of Tiam1 protein (Fig. 2K). (biomasswars.com)
  • It has been found that nearly all ephrin receptors and ligands are expressed in developing and adult neural tissue. (rndsystems.com)
  • The Clobetasol B-type transmembrane ephrin ligands do not possess any intrinsic catalytic activity for signaling but rely upon a scaffolding activity that recruits signaling molecules to transmit functional effects within the cell. (cancerrealitycheck.com)
  • Appropriately mutant mice missing ephrin-B2 appearance in vascular even muscle created vessel wall flaws and aortic aneurysms that have been connected with impaired Tiam1 appearance and extreme activation of MAP kinase and JNK. (biomasswars.com)
  • Finally, we have studied the role of nanoarchitecture of ephrin ligands in Eph receptor activation. (5dok.org)
  • Defective spreading of knockout cells was rescued by re-expression of full-length Tiam1 (Fig. 2D E) which also significantly restored the proliferation of ephrin-B2-deficient VSMCs (Fig. 2F). (biomasswars.com)
  • The interaction between ligands and receptors via bidirectional signaling and its involvement in cancer biology are mediated by complex processes [ 7 , 8 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • A trans-interaction of Eph-ephrin followed by heterotetramer formation activates the signaling cascade and transforms the kinase domain from closed to open conformation which in-turn, expose the ATP binding pocket [ 5 ]. (genominfo.org)
  • Utilising fly genetics, this study generated the first Drosophila model of human wild-type and P460L mutant EphA1 and tested the effects of Eph /ephrin signalling on AD-relevant behaviour and neurophysiology. (sdbonline.org)
  • The product contains the polyhedrin protein co-crystalized with Human Ephrin-A1. (cellgs.com)
  • The major consequence of EPH/EPHRIN signaling is to impair cell contact between ligand and receptor-expressing cells, thereby contributing to cell segregation and boundary formation in developing tissues ( 2 , 3 ). (rupress.org)