AnatomyOrganismsChemicals and DrugsAnalytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and EquipmentPhenomena and ProcessesDisciplines and OccupationsInformation ScienceHealth Care
Citric Acid CycleCell CycleTricarboxylic AcidsIsocitrate DehydrogenaseFumarate HydrataseBacteriaAcetatesCitratesMalatesCarbon IsotopesKetoglutarate Dehydrogenase ComplexAconitate HydrataseKetoglutaric AcidsCitrate (si)-SynthaseMalate DehydrogenaseSuccinate DehydrogenaseFluoroacetatesPyruvatesGlyoxylatesGlycolysisOxaloacetatesSuccinic AcidFumaratesPyruvic AcidCarbonGlucoseGlutamatesCell Cycle ProteinsAcetyl Coenzyme ASuccinatesPentose Phosphate PathwayGlutamineCitric AcidSuccinate-CoA LigasesGluconeogenesisMagnetic Resonance SpectroscopyMetabolomeCarboxylic AcidsOxidation-ReductionAspartic AcidMitochondriaMolecular Sequence DataCarbon DioxideEpsilonproteobacteriaOxaloacetic AcidIsocitratesModels, BiologicalMetabolic Networks and PathwaysAerobiosisDicarboxylic AcidsAconitumBacterial ProteinsMalonatesMetabolomicsCulture MediaOxygen ConsumptionPyruvate CarboxylaseIsocitrate LyaseCoenzyme AEnergy MetabolismGlutamic AcidHydro-LyasesCell Cycle CheckpointsKineticsDecarboxylationAmino AcidsGlutaratesKetone BodiesLactatesAnaerobiosisGene Expression Regulation, BacterialMutationEscherichia coliMalate SynthaseMenstrual CycleNADCarbohydrate MetabolismPyruvate Dehydrogenase ComplexGram-Negative BacteriaLactic AcidCarbon RadioisotopesAlaninePentosephosphatesChlorobiIndophenolGram-Positive BacteriaG1 PhaseOxidative PhosphorylationAcetic AcidAcetobacterSuccinate-Semialdehyde DehydrogenaseFatty AcidsBase SequenceAmino Acid SequenceDNA, BacterialCoenzyme A-TransferasesTime FactorsCaproatesPhylogenyCell Respiration
Citric acidMetabolismCarboxylic acidsReductive tricarboxylic acidProteinsPathwaysEscherichiaOxidationGenesIntermediatesMoleculePathwayNADHMitochondriaEukaryoticKrebsGlucoseDehydrogenaseSuccinateGlycolysisCitrate synthaseSynthesisMoleculesPhotosynthetic bacteriaChemosynthetic bacteriaPyruvateMetabolitesAerobicAcetic acidSugarsOrganismsCompoundsNitrogenAmino acidUtilizationInhibitsSubstratesGeneAnaerobicMicrobiotaMitochondrial matrixMicrobialAnalysesMethaneEncodesVivoPyruvic acidMicroorganismsInner mitochonAmmoniaCatalyzesCellularMethylmalonic acidConsistsChemical reactionsCrucialPolymersGlycerolRecombinantFermentationCarbohydrates
Citric acid9
Metabolism24
  • Mitochondria play an important role in cell energy metabolism 12 through the tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA), whose main product is adenosine triphosphate (ATP), the fundamental energy molecule for cells 12 . (nature.com)
  • This energy-producing cycle - known as the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle or the Krebs cycle - includes a series of chemical reactions that are used for metabolism by most forms of life, including bacteria, molds, protozoa and animals. (world.edu)
  • This series of chemical reactions eventually leads to the production of ATP - molecules responsible for providing energy for cell metabolism. (world.edu)
  • The word metabolism can also refer to the sum of all chemical reactions that occur in living organisms, including digestion and the transportation of substances into and between different cells, in which case the above described set of reactions within the cells is called intermediary (or intermediate) metabolism. (wikipedia.org)
  • The chemical reactions of metabolism are organized into metabolic pathways, in which one chemical is transformed through a series of steps into another chemical, each step being facilitated by a specific enzyme. (wikipedia.org)
  • Enzymes are crucial to metabolism because they allow organisms to drive desirable reactions that require energy and will not occur by themselves, by coupling them to spontaneous reactions that release energy. (wikipedia.org)
  • The metabolism of cancer cells is also different from the metabolism of normal cells, and these differences can be used to find targets for therapeutic intervention in cancer. (wikipedia.org)
  • Many proteins are enzymes that catalyze the chemical reactions in metabolism. (wikipedia.org)
  • Its genomic and transcriptomic analyses have revealed that it possesses many genes that are involved in methane metabolism and secondary metabolite biosynthetic pathways, including the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, the ribulose monophosphate (RuMP) cycle, the Embden-Meyerhof-Parnas (EMP) pathway, the pentose phosphate (PP) pathway, the Entener-Doudoroff (EDD) pathway, and the methylerythritol 4-phosphate (MEP) pathway [ 10 , 11 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • While parts of them may be similar to the proteins reportedly involved in solvent stress response in other Gram-positive bacteria, significant role of proline in the proline-glutamate-arginine metabolism was substantiated. (biomedcentral.com)
  • However, relatively high production costs compared to other non- eukaryotic systems (bacteria, yeast, etc.), genetic instability and inefficient metabolism limit productivity. (manchester.ac.uk)
  • This thesis focused on characterizing the central carbon metabolism of different recombinant CHO cells to identify novel molecular mechanisms by increasing the metabolic load overexpressing human erythropoietin (EPO). (manchester.ac.uk)
  • At T1, the significantly more abundant enzyme-coding genes were related to threonine metabolism and those genes related to the glycolytic pathway, explained by the abundance of sugars in the medium. (frontiersin.org)
  • We hypothesized that changes in morphology may indicate changes in cell wall metabolism and identified an aceE gene mutant ( aceE -mut) which presented a deficient colony morphology on 7H10 agar by screening transposon mutagenesis in Mycolicibacterium smegmatis , basonym Mycobacterium smegmatis ( M. smegmatis ). (biomedcentral.com)
  • Impact of ROS-Induced Damage of TCA Cycle Enzymes on Metabolism and Virulence of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium. (uni-osnabrueck.de)
  • For example, mitochondria in liver cells contain enzymes that allow them to detoxify ammonia , a waste product of protein metabolism. (fact-archive.com)
  • Your second year builds on this knowledge and covers areas such as gene regulation, cell biology and metabolism. (kent.ac.uk)
  • The methylmalonyl coenzyme A mutase (MUT) catalyzes the isomerization of L-methyl-malonyl-CoA in succinyl-CoA, a key molecule in the tricarboxylic acid cycle, essential for ATP generation, ketone bodies metabolism, myelinization, and heme biosynthesis. (mjhid.org)
  • 1] Ketones - contrary to popular belief and myth - are a much needed and essential healing energy source in our cells that come from the normal metabolism of fat. (sott.net)
  • The key of these miraculous healing effects relies in the fact that fat metabolism and its generation of ketone bodies (beta-hydroxybutyrate and acetoacetate) by the liver can only occur within the mitochondrion, leaving chemicals within the cell but outside the mitochondria readily available to stimulate powerful anti-inflammatory antioxidants. (sott.net)
  • Here, we find that dysregulation of propionate metabolism produces a pro-aggressive signature in breast and lung cancer cells, increasing their metastatic potential. (biomed.news)
  • The loss of MCEE results in reduced propionate-driven anaplerotic flux and intracellular and intratumoral accumulation of methylmalonic acid, a by-product of propionate metabolism that promotes cancer cell invasiveness. (biomed.news)
  • IBS further showed transcriptional upregulation of enzymes involved in fructose and glucan metabolism as well as the succinate pathway of carbohydrate fermentation. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Diarrhea-predominant IBS (IBS-D) demonstrated shifts in the metatranscriptome and metabolome including increased bile acids, polyamines, succinate pathway intermediates (malate, fumarate), and transcripts involved in fructose, mannose, and polyol metabolism compared to constipation-predominant IBS (IBS-C). A classifier incorporating metabolites and gene-normalized transcripts differentiated IBS-D from IBS-C with high accuracy (AUC 0.86). (biomedcentral.com)
Carboxylic acids4
Reductive tricarboxylic acid1
  • Genomic comparison revealed high conservation of key metabolic features in sublineage II Nitrospira , including respiratory complexes I-V and the machineries for nitrite oxidation and carbon fixation via the reductive tricarboxylic acid cycle. (osti.gov)
Proteins21
  • Autophagy is one of the major digestive processes in cells and plays a critical role in maintaining cell homeostasis through delivering cytoplasmic materials, such as lipids, proteins, and organelles to lysosomes, for degradation 13 . (nature.com)
  • Cells' status can be inferred by examining autophagy proteins such as ATG8, as well as measuring ROS and mitochondrial membrane potential. (nature.com)
  • or anabolic - the building up (synthesis) of compounds (such as proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, and nucleic acids). (wikipedia.org)
  • Proteins are made of amino acids arranged in a linear chain joined by peptide bonds. (wikipedia.org)
  • Other proteins have structural or mechanical functions, such as those that form the cytoskeleton, a system of scaffolding that maintains the cell shape. (wikipedia.org)
  • Proteins are also important in cell signaling, immune responses, cell adhesion, active transport across membranes, and the cell cycle. (wikipedia.org)
  • Moreover, although the abundance of most protein groups reflected that of related bacterial populations, we found a specific independent regulation of bacteria-derived cell envelope proteins. (bmj.com)
  • Chinese Hamster Ovary (CHO) cells are the leading mammalian cell platform for manufacturing therapeutic proteins due to their ability for producing human-like products. (manchester.ac.uk)
  • As a result, reducing waste product production through down-regulating GDPH, an enzyme directly related with glycerol production, as well as overexpressing TCA enzymes such as isocitrate dehydrogenase and aconitase, could potentially increase carbon flux, reduce waste products production and potentially increase productivity of recombinant proteins. (manchester.ac.uk)
  • Twenty alpha-amino acids are the subunits which are polymerized to form proteins. (lookformedical.com)
  • Self-labeling enzyme tags for translocation analyses of Salmonella effector proteins. (uni-osnabrueck.de)
  • The outer and inner membranes are composed of phospholipid bilayers studded with proteins , much like a typical cell membrane . (fact-archive.com)
  • First, cells of the various samples were lysed and proteins extracted and proteolyzed using trypsin. (harvard.edu)
  • With this information, the protein concentrations determined by SRM and/or SID could be transformed to protein copies/cell and a quantitative model was built to translate MS intensities of all quantified proteins to cellular abundance estimates using the Intensity Based Absolute Quantification (iBAQ) approach [ref 4]. (harvard.edu)
  • Specifically, [they] selected the enzymes and iso-enzymes of the glycolytic pathway (including proteins with hypothetical function), tricarboxylic acid cycle enzymes and a few other proteins (Supplementary Table 1). (harvard.edu)
  • The concentration range of the 41 proteins covered more than four orders of magnitudes ranging from around 92,000 (Mdh, on acetate medium) to only 2 (YbhA, 3 d into stationary phase) copies per cell. (harvard.edu)
  • The main types of biological macromolecules that cells use for fuel are sugars, fats, and proteins. (visionlearning.com)
  • In the 1920s and 1930s, biochemists began discovering enzymes - proteins in our cells that catalyze chemical reactions . (visionlearning.com)
  • For example , large molecules such as polysaccharides , nucleic acids , and proteins are broken down into smaller units such as monosaccharides, nucleotides , and amino acids , respectively . (biologyonline.com)
  • Complex organic molecules like proteins, lipids, and polysaccharides are catabolized to their smaller components or monomers, outside cells. (biologyonline.com)
  • Enzymes and other proteins use ATP to power reactions, maintain ion gradients across membranes, contract muscle fibers, and transport molecules across cellular membranes. (microbiologynote.com)
Pathways7
  • The genome of the bacteria reveals that it possesses pathways for the sulfide energy source and encodes cycles for CO2 fixation. (wikipedia.org)
  • In cell engineering fields, such as synthetic biology and metabolic engineering, gene expression is fine-tuned for the robust operation of artificially designed genetic systems and enhanced production of a desired substance via manmade metabolic pathways [ 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Among the existing anti-TB drugs, isoniazid, ethionamide and ethambutol target the cell wall synthesis pathways, among which isoniazid and ethambutol are the first-line anti-TB drugs. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The neurotoxin 1-methy-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP+) is used for its' capacity to induce Parkinsonism through its inhibitory effects on mitochondrial complex I. Most cells may switch between these pathways in order to cope with changing energy demands. (zestrestaurant.co.za)
  • In a cell, chemical compounds are put together, taken apart, and moved around through pathways that resemble moving assembly lines. (visionlearning.com)
  • Hexokinase (HXK) is the only plant enzyme that phosphorylates glucose (Glc), so it is key to fueling several metabolic pathways depending on their substrate specificity, metabolite regulatory responses and subcellular localization. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The alteration of metabolic pathways is a critical strategy for cancer cells to attain the traits necessary for metastasis in disease progression. (biomed.news)
Escherichia3
  • I also describe the activation of the inactive recombinant enzyme produced in mesophilic Escherichia coli from the viewpoint of the relationship between structure and activity. (go.jp)
  • The present invention belongs to the bioengineering field, and relates to a method for fermentation production of L-theanine by using an Escherichia coli genetically engineered bacterium. (justia.com)
  • Alternative methods of production have been trialled, by genetically engineering strains of Escherichia coli to incorporate the necessary pathway, the Wood-Werkman cycle. (atamanchemicals.com)
Oxidation12
  • Nitrification, the oxidation of ammonia via nitrite to nitrate, is a key process in marine nitrogen (N) cycling. (nature.com)
  • A class of enzymes that catalyze the cleavage of C-C, C-O, and C-N, and other bonds by other means than by hydrolysis or oxidation. (lookformedical.com)
  • Enzymes that catalyze the cleavage of a carbon-carbon bond by means other than hydrolysis or oxidation. (lookformedical.com)
  • This is largely due to the fact that the enzyme used for oxidation purposes (Hydrogenase) functions effectively in anaerobic conditions. (microscopemaster.com)
  • During chemosynthesis, chemosynthetic bacteria, being non-photosynthetic, have to rely on energy produced by oxidation of these compounds (inorganic) in order to manufacture food (sugars) while nitrogen-fixing bacteria convert nitrogen gas into nitrate. (microscopemaster.com)
  • The outer mitochondrial membrane, which encloses the entire organelle, is composed of about 50% phospholipids by weight and contains a variety of enzymes involved in such diverse activities such as the oxidation of epinephrine (adrenaline), the degradation of tryptophan , and the elongation of fatty acids . (fact-archive.com)
  • In mitochondria, it oxidizes NADH from the tricarboxylic acid cycle and β-oxidation, reduces ubiquinone, and transports protons across the inner membrane, contributing to the proton-motive force. (gowebamerica.com)
  • Citrate synthase is a central enzyme in this process of sugar oxidation. (rcsb.org)
  • Expression of phosphorylation-defective PLIN5 S155A in Plin5 null cells resulted in decreased rates of lipolysis and triglyceride-derived fatty acid oxidation. (uci.edu)
  • For example, the limiting step and the control point for alginate biosynthesis is the activity of the GDP-mannose dehydrogenase enzyme, which is involved in the irreversible oxidation of GDP-mannose to GDP-mannuronic acid [ 24 ], and is NAD + -dependent [ 25 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The next stage known as glucose oxidation is possible due to this cycle. (brighthub.com)
  • E280 (Propionic acid) is also produced by the aerobic oxidation of propionaldehyde. (atamanchemicals.com)
Genes14
  • The bacteria also contain genes for cell surface adhesion, bacteriotoxicity, and phage immunity. (wikipedia.org)
  • PCC 7002, scouring its genome for genes that might be responsible for making alternative energy-cycle enzymes. (world.edu)
  • The scientists discovered that Synechococcus indeed had genes that coded for one important alternative enzyme, succinic semialdehyde dehydrogenase, and that adjacent to the gene for this enzyme was a misidentified gene that subsequently was shown to encode a novel enzyme, 2-oxo-glutarate decarboxylase. (world.edu)
  • Bryant also said that his team found that the genes coding for the two enzymes are present in all cyanobacterial genomes except those of a few marine species. (world.edu)
  • In metabolic engineering, the overexpression of enzyme genes may fail to increase the production yield because cellular resources are excessively consumed for enzyme synthesis, resulting in decreased cell growth and thereby a decreased yield. (biomedcentral.com)
  • In addition, the non-optimized expression of enzyme genes may facilitate the accumulation of toxic intermediate metabolites, which decreases the production yield. (biomedcentral.com)
  • To resolve this problem, promoters with different strengths are widely employed to fine-tune the expression levels of enzyme genes [ 8 , 9 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Additionally, two DG44 cell lines containing inducible (pcDNA4/TO) or constitutive (pCDNA3.1) vectors (DG44-I and DG44-C cells respectively) with EPO and DHFR genes were generated. (manchester.ac.uk)
  • In order to trigger gene amplification of both genes, DG44-I and DG44-C cells were incubated and sub cultured in the presence of 250 nM MTX for 35 days, leading to EPO titers of 0.123 and 0.15 pg/ul/cell respectively without affecting maximum viable cell density (VCD). (manchester.ac.uk)
  • Identification and alignment of the promoter regions of the transcriptional start sites of glycolytic genes revealed strong similarities to the σ A consensus promoter sequences of Gram-positive bacteria. (microbiologyresearch.org)
  • Glucose depletion led to a rapid repression of most glycolytic genes and a corresponding two- to fivefold increased expression of the gluconeogenic genes pps, pck and malE , which are induced by pyruvate, lactate, acetate and/or other organic acids. (microbiologyresearch.org)
  • The present study used shotgun metagenomics to determine the enzyme-coding genes of the microbiota found in two different groups of cocoa beans varieties during the fermentation process. (frontiersin.org)
  • Changes in the microbiota enzyme-coding genes over time pointed to the distinct ordering of fermentation at 24-48 h (T1), 72-96 h (T2), and 120-144 h (T3). (frontiersin.org)
  • In maize, the HXK family is composed of nine genes, but only six of them (ZmHXK4-9) putatively encode catalytically active enzymes. (biomedcentral.com)
Intermediates2
  • The bacteria lacks enzymes used to synthesize succinate and tricarboxylic acid cycle intermediates, but is able to synthesize nutrients by using sulfur compounds in the environment. (wikipedia.org)
  • Tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA) intermediates, such as citrate, isocitrate and fumarate also increased upon EPO expression. (manchester.ac.uk)
Molecule6
Pathway11
  • During studies 44 years ago, researchers concluded that cyanobacteria were missing an essential enzyme of the metabolic pathway that is found in most other life forms,\" Bryant explained. (world.edu)
  • On paper, a metabolic pathway can be illustrated in a flow diagram that represents a sequence of enzyme-controlled chemical transformations. (thefreshloaf.com)
  • Through a series of chemical reactions of pyruvate decarboxylation, the glycolytic pathway (the final product is pyruvate) and the tricarboxylic acid cycle (the initial reactant is acetyl-coA) can be effectively connected [ 7 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Anaerobic glycolysis is the main pathway responsible for supplying the cell with both ATP and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (reduced) (NADH), a cofactor for methaemoglobin reductase, the enzyme that catalyses the reduction of methaemoglobin to functional haemoglobin (see … Download PDF for free. (zestrestaurant.co.za)
  • One such important chemical pathway is the circular assembly line known as the Krebs cycle. (visionlearning.com)
  • The main biochemical pathway where the breakdown of biological fuels comes together is called the Krebs cycle. (visionlearning.com)
  • This also has a strong impact on the TCA cycle and PP pathway as well as on alginate and P3HB biosynthetic fluxes. (biomedcentral.com)
  • After the end of the glycolysis pathway the pyruvate converts into acetyl-CoA which later participates in Krebs cycle process. (lambdageeks.com)
  • As the glyoxylate cycle is an important pathway in the utilization of alternative carbon sources, we also highlight the key metabolic enzymes in the glyoxylate cycle and its necessity for the pathogenesis of C. glabrata . (biomedcentral.com)
  • Considering evidence from Candida albicans and Saccharomyces cerevisiae , this review summarizes the current knowledge of the glyoxylate cycle as an alternative carbon metabolic pathway of C. glabrata . (biomedcentral.com)
  • Han A. Krebs, during the year of 1937, proposed that cells had a specific metabolic pathway. (brighthub.com)
NADH7
  • Our cells get most of their energy from a long series of reactions that combine oxygen and glucose, forming carbon dioxide and water, and creating lots of ATP and NADH in the process. (rcsb.org)
  • The bacterial enzyme has an additional site that binds to NADH, shown here in magenta. (rcsb.org)
  • Binding of NADH slows the action of the enzyme. (rcsb.org)
  • This helps the cell regulate its level of energy production: high levels of NADH mean that the cell has plenty of energy, so it doesn't need to break down any more sugar. (rcsb.org)
  • However, it is well known that the NADPH is consumed during PHB biosynthesis and the alginate biosynthesis produces NADH in this bacterium. (biomedcentral.com)
  • In Krebs cycle process the acetyl-CoA breaks and after several reactions produces 2 carbon dioxide molecules, 1 GTP (or ATP), 1 FADH2 and 3 NADH molecules. (lambdageeks.com)
  • The resulting acetyl-CoA molecules enter the Krebs cycle, generating additional carbon dioxide, ATP, and electron carriers (such as NADH and FADH2). (microbiologynote.com)
Mitochondria12
Eukaryotic2
  • In cell biology , a mitochondrion (from Greek mitos thread + khondrion granule) is an organelle found in most eukaryotic cells , including those of plants , animals , fungi , and protists . (fact-archive.com)
  • The lower image is colored to highlight the similarity with the eukaryotic enzyme. (rcsb.org)
Krebs6
  • Krebs cycle. (medscape.com)
  • As only though this process the pyruvate converts into acetyl-CoA and acetyl-CoA is the only component which can undergoes Krebs cycle procedure. (lambdageeks.com)
  • Krebs cycle is the third and most important step in cellular respiration process. (lambdageeks.com)
  • Once the acetyl CoA is produced, it has to be completely broken down by entering the Krebs cycle. (brighthub.com)
  • Oxaloacetate is regenerated and the formation of two carbon dioxide molecules occurs during each Krebs cycle. (brighthub.com)
  • Later work completed by Krebs showed that this cycle is not exclusive to only animals, but that almost all aerobic cells have it. (brighthub.com)
Glucose5
  • Nervous and muscle tissues preferentially oxidize ketones over fatty acids, glucose, or amino acids under normal conditions. (medscape.com)
  • Metabolomics data obtained through gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GS-MS) of a tetracycline (tet) inducible CHO T-RExTM cell line capable of expressing 0.09 pg/ul/cell EPO, revealed that 0.1% v/v tet addition does not affect consumption of carbon sources such as glucose, and pyruvate, but concentration of waste products, such as glycerol, threitol, alanine and phenyllactic acid increases towards the end of each batch culture. (manchester.ac.uk)
  • The main reactant in cellular respiration cycle is Glucose and Oxygen molecules. (lambdageeks.com)
  • A healthy ketosis also helps starve cancer cells as they are unable to use ketones for fuel, relying on glucose alone for their growth. (sott.net)
  • By utilizing oxygen, cells maximize the energy yield from glucose breakdown, generating a significant amount of ATP through oxidative phosphorylation. (microbiologynote.com)
Dehydrogenase7
  • Upon LPS stimulation, the expression of key TCA enzymes, including citrate synthase, α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase, and isocitrate dehydrogenase 2, and the mitochondrial membrane potential decreased, whereas the levels of LC3b and ROS increased. (nature.com)
  • Citrate synthase (CS), α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase (OGDH), isocitrate dehydrogenase 2 (IDH2), and malic dehydrogenase 2 (MDH2) are key enzymes in the TCA cycle. (nature.com)
  • They concluded that cyanobacteria lacked the ability to make one enzyme, called 2-oxoglutarate dehydrogenase, and that this missing enzyme rendered the bacteria unable to produce a compound - called succinyl-coenzyme A - for the next step in the TCA cycle. (world.edu)
  • That is, rather than making 2-oxoglutarate dehydrogenase, these bacteria produce both 2-oxoglutarate decarboxylase and succinic semialdehyde dehydrogenase. (world.edu)
  • Identification, sequence analysis, and expression of a Corynebacterium glutamicum gene cluster encoding the three glycolytic enzymes glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, 3-phosphoglycerate kinase, and triosephosphate isomerase. (microbiologyresearch.org)
  • Pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH) is an enzyme complex that catalyzes the conversion of pyruvate into acetyl-coA in vivo. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The enzyme dihydroorotate dehydrogenase (DHODH) links oxidative phosphorylation to de novo synthesis of pyrimidines. (biomed.news)
Succinate1
  • That combination of enzymes allows these organisms to move to the next intermediate - succinate - and to complete the TCA cycle. (world.edu)
Glycolysis5
Citrate synthase3
  • Citrate synthase encodes the first enzyme of the tricarboxylic acid cycle and is highly conserved among all Rickettsia species, serving as a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) target to identify any rickettsial infection. (cdc.gov)
  • Citrate synthase is a classic example of induced fit in enzyme action. (rcsb.org)
  • Citrate synthase is found in all living cells, so it has been a useful enzyme for comparing differences from organism to organism. (rcsb.org)
Synthesis8
  • L-theanine does not participate in protein synthesis and accounts for 40%-70% of the total amount of free amino acids in vivo. (justia.com)
  • Over all, this study indicates that aceE gene plays a significant role in the mycolic acid synthesis and affects the colony morphology, biofilm formation of M. smegmatis and bacteria invasion of macrophage. (biomedcentral.com)
  • As an important intermediate metabolite, acetyl-coA not only participates in tricarboxylic acid cycle as well as the glyoxylate cycle but also provides carbon source for the synthesis of mycolic acid and lipids [ 8 , 9 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Moreover, it causes a reduction of the methionine-derived metabolite S-adenosylmethionine (SAM), required for neurotransmitters and phospholipids synthesis, eventually compromising cell membrane structure and fluidity, myelin formation, and neurotransmission. (mjhid.org)
  • Here we determine the importance of mitochondrial-linked pyrimidine synthesis for the aggressiveness of cancer cells. (biomed.news)
  • The results of this study suggest that inhibition of mitochondrial-linked pyrimidine synthesis in cancer cells results in a more aggressive tumor phenotype. (biomed.news)
  • Cysteine, a thiol-containing amino acid, is crucial for the synthesis of sulfur-containing biomolecules that control multiple essential cellular activities. (biomed.news)
  • Cells require a constant supply of energy to perform vital functions, including nutrient uptake, protein synthesis, DNA replication, and active transport across cell membranes. (microbiologynote.com)
Molecules10
  • Most of the structures that make up animals, plants and microbes are made from four basic classes of molecules: amino acids, carbohydrates, nucleic acid and lipids (often called fats). (wikipedia.org)
  • As these molecules are vital for life, metabolic reactions either focus on making these molecules during the construction of cells and tissues, or on breaking them down and using them to obtain energy, by their digestion. (wikipedia.org)
  • Fluorescent Lactic Acid Micro organism and Bifidobacteria as Automobiles of DNA Microbial Biosensors Administration and quantification of effector molecules comparable to heavy metals, toxins or totally different objective molecules is of good biotechnological, social and monetary curiosity. (phylowidget.org)
  • Therefore, the molecules involved in the cell wall biosynthesis of TB bacilli have been considered as important anti-TB drug targets. (biomedcentral.com)
  • In addition to various enzymes, the mitochondrial matrix also contains ribosomes and several molecules of DNA . (fact-archive.com)
  • Moreover, at the microscopic level within cells , might the processing of molecules also proceed in an organized fashion, as if moving through a tiny factory? (visionlearning.com)
  • Cellular respiration cycle is a combination of various metabolic processes to derive energy from nutrients or food molecules. (lambdageeks.com)
  • Each living cell undertakes a sequential set of reactions that break down and manufacture molecules. (biologyonline.com)
  • The smaller molecules or the monomers are the absorbable form and are taken up by cells and are further converted to smaller molecules like, the acetyl-coenzyme A (acetyl-CoA), and releasing energy in the process. (biologyonline.com)
  • As with acetic and formic acids, it consists of hydrogen bonded pairs of molecules in both the liquid and the vapor. (atamanchemicals.com)
Photosynthetic bacteria2
  • Bryant explained that, in 1967, two groups of researchers concluded that an important energy-making cycle was incomplete in cyanobacteria - photosynthetic bacteria formerly known as blue-green algae. (world.edu)
  • Like photosynthetic bacteria , chemosynthetic bacteria need a carbon source (e.g. carbon dioxide) as well as an energy source in order to manufacture their own food. (microscopemaster.com)
Chemosynthetic bacteria6
Pyruvate1
  • It is also very significant because due to this process the pyruvate cross the plamsa membrane and travels into the mitochondrial matrix from the cytoplasm of cell. (lambdageeks.com)
Metabolites3
  • The absence of this reaction was assumed to render the organisms unable to oxidize metabolites for energy production, although they could still use the remaining TCA-cycle reactions to produce substrates for biosynthetic reactions. (world.edu)
  • Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle Metabolites as Mediators of DNA Methylation Reprogramming in Bovine Preimplantation Embryos In lots of cell varieties, epigenetic adjustments are partially regulated by the provision of metabolites concerned within the exercise of chromatin-modifying enzymes. (phylowidget.org)
  • Environmental factors are sure to play a role, including the gut microbiota and its all-too important metabolites, short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs). (lucymailing.com)
Aerobic2
Acetic acid3
Sugars2
  • In summary, cellular respiration is a fundamental process that enables cells to convert carbohydrates, such as sugars, starch, and glycogen, into usable energy. (microbiologynote.com)
  • Instead, cells store energy in the form of sugars (e.g., glycogen in animals, starch in plants) and fats (triglycerides). (microbiologynote.com)
Organisms3
  • These enzyme-catalyzed reactions allow organisms to grow and reproduce, maintain their structures, and respond to their environments. (wikipedia.org)
  • As a biochemist you study the way living organisms - from viruses and bacteria to mammals, plants and other higher organisms - function at the molecular level. (kent.ac.uk)
  • All living organisms including bacteria, plants, animals all use cellular respiration processes to produce energy. (lambdageeks.com)
Compounds7
  • The research, published in the journal Science on Dec. 16, is expected to help scientists discover new ways of genetically engineering bacteria to manufacture biofuels - energy-rich compounds derived from biological sources. (world.edu)
  • As methane is 84 times more potent than carbon dioxide in exacerbating the greenhouse effect, there is an increasing interest in the utilization of methanotrophic bacteria that can convert harmful methane into various value-added compounds. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Seaweeds are extremely susceptible to microbial colonization due to the release of large amounts of carbon compounds that act as chemical attractants and nutrient sources for bacteria ( 1 ). (asm.org)
  • This group of compounds includes amino acids and fatty acids. (lookformedical.com)
  • As compared to nitrifying bacteria, denitrifying bacteria oxidize nitrate compounds as a source of energy. (microscopemaster.com)
  • Did you know similar to the way cars are manufactured, chemical compounds in living cells are built up, broken down, and moved around in assembly-line fashion? (visionlearning.com)
  • Some of the enzymes which generate aromatic radicals that break down most prominent bacterial strains found were isolated and tax- the complex linkages present in lignin to compounds of lower onomically identified using 16S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) se- molecular weight. (lu.se)
Nitrogen3
  • Nitrification is a key process in oceanic N-cycling as it oxidizes ammonia via nitrite to nitrate, which is the main source of nitrogen for many marine primary producers. (nature.com)
  • The microbiome associated with healthy individuals of the red seaweed Laurencia dendroidea can fix nitrogen and provide relevant amino acids and vitamins to the seaweed ( 3 ). (asm.org)
  • Nitrogen bacteria - Divided into three groups that include nitrifying bacteria, denitrifying bacteria, and nitrogen-fixing bacteria . (microscopemaster.com)
Amino acid2
Utilization2
  • Carbon catabolite repression in bacteria: choice of the carbon source and autoregulatory limitation of sugar utilization. (microbiologyresearch.org)
  • Abstract Starting from mature vegetable compost, four bac- the utilization of these bacteria as cell factories for upgrading terial strains were selected using a lignin-rich medium. (lu.se)
Inhibits2
  • Found in range grasses at varying concentrations, it inhibits the tricarboxylic acid cycle it may be partially responsible for nutritional disorders in grazing cattle. (goldbio.com)
  • E280 (Propionic acid) inhibits the growth of mold and some bacteria at levels between 0.1 and 1% by weight. (atamanchemicals.com)
Substrates1
  • The enzyme starts in an open form (shown at the top, with the product citrate in red), and when it binds to its substrates, it closes around them and performs the linkage reaction (shown at the bottom, with the two substrates in green). (rcsb.org)
Gene6
  • For zinc content, a highly significant SNP was detected in a gene encoding UPF0678 fatty acid-binding protein. (bvsalud.org)
  • In addition, cell growth and lysine (a precursor of cadaverine) production assays suggested that gene expression optimization through transcription tuning can afford a balance between the growth and precursor supply. (biomedcentral.com)
  • This study aimed to identify the functional role of aceE gene in cell wall biosynthesis in M. smegmatis . (biomedcentral.com)
  • The analysis of mycolic acid (MA) using LC-MS indicated deficiency of alpha-MA and epoxy-MA in aceE -mut strain whereas complementation of the aceE -mut with a wild-type aceE gene restored the composition of MA. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Therefore, the dramatic changes of sugar type and concentration during the germination process undoubtedly regulates the enzyme activity and the pattern of gene expression of several enzymes [ 5 , 6 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Our understanding of mitochondrial transcription in mammalian cells has largely progressed, but the mechanisms regulating mtDNA gene expression are still poorly understood despite their profound importance for human disease. (biomed.news)
Anaerobic3
  • Due to fossil resource shortage, butanol has been increasingly produced generally by a conventional process using anaerobic bacteria of the genus Clostridium [ 1 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • For the most part, these bacteria have been shown to be anaerobic and therefore thrive in areas with very little to no oxygen. (microscopemaster.com)
  • Anaerobic digestion occurs naturally, in the absence of oxygen, as bacteria break down organic materials and produce biogas. (zestrestaurant.co.za)
Microbiota1
  • IMPORTANCE Marine bacteria are part of the healthy microbiota associated with seaweeds, but some species, such as Vibrio spp. (asm.org)
Mitochondrial matrix1
  • This process happens in the cells of the body, in the cell's mitochondrial matrix. (brighthub.com)
Microbial1
  • Moreover, ethylamine has an inhibiting effect on microbial growth to cause decreased cell concentration and partial cell autolysis during fermentation, thereby leading to complex components of fermentation broth and difficulties in product extraction. (justia.com)
Analyses1
  • Third, the numbers of cells taken for LC-MS/MS analyses were determined for each sample by flow cytometry. (harvard.edu)
Methane1
  • Methanobacteria /methane bacteria - Although some scientists have suggested that some bacteria use methane as a source of energy for chemosynthesis, this is particularly common among chemosynthetic archaebacteria. (microscopemaster.com)
Encodes1
  • rOmpA encodes a surface-expressed protein of SFG-rickettsiae that is important for adhesion to host cells ( 10 ). (cdc.gov)
Vivo2
  • The accumulation of both peptides in the endothelial cells suggested in vivo inhibitory activity of the angiotensin I-converting enzyme. (go.jp)
  • The integrity of cell wall structure is highly significant for the in vivo survival of mycobacteria. (biomedcentral.com)
Pyruvic acid1
Microorganisms3
  • However, potential pathogens were also previously detected on seaweed thalli and include microorganisms capable of degrading cell wall polysaccharides ( 5 - 7 ). (asm.org)
  • Microorganisms capable of catabolizing lignin-derived ar- carbohydrate and protein components of the organic matter omatics are essentially fungi and bacteria (Bugg et al. (lu.se)
  • One approach to improve productivity and yield during fermentation is through the use of cell immobilization techniques, which also promotes easy recovery, reuse of the cell biomass and enhances microorganisms' stress tolerance. (atamanchemicals.com)
Inner mitochon1
  • Complex I is the first enzyme in the respiratory chain, a series of protein complexes in the inner mitochondrial membrane. (gowebamerica.com)
Ammonia2
  • In the case of nitrifying bacteria, ammonia is first oxidized to hydroxylamine in the cytoplasm (by ammonium monooxygenase). (microscopemaster.com)
  • All known comammox bacteria are affiliated with Nitrospira sublineage II and can be grouped into two distinct clades, referred to as A and B, based on ammonia monooxygenase phylogeny. (osti.gov)
Catalyzes2
  • CN 102719367B has reported that a γ-glutamylmethylamide synthetase is produced by Sporidiobolus pararoseus screened from rhizosphere soil of a tea tree, then the enzyme catalyzes sodium L-glutamate, ethylamine hydrochloride and ATP to produce L-theanine. (justia.com)
  • Hexokinase (HXK) is a glycolytic regulatory enzyme that catalyzes the irreversible phosphorylation reaction of D-hexoses at the sixth carbon using ATP-Mg 2+ as a phosphate donor. (biomedcentral.com)
Cellular7
  • This work revealed the important role of proline as an effective compatible solute that is required to protect cells against butanol chaotropic effect and to maintain cellular functions in B. subtilis 168 during butanol exposure. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Here we describe all possible aspects regarding cellular respiration cycle. (lambdageeks.com)
  • Cellular respiration cycle is a combination of some metabolic processes that occurs in living cells, which converts food or nutrients into energy units (ATP) and releases different by-products from it. (lambdageeks.com)
  • From the diagram of cellular respiration we can see that there are 4 major steps through which the required energy of cell is produced cyclically. (lambdageeks.com)
  • Cellular respiration is a vital metabolic process that occurs within cells, enabling the conversion of energy stored in carbohydrates into energy carriers, most notably adenosine triphosphate (ATP). (microbiologynote.com)
  • The energy released during cellular respiration, in the form of ATP and other energy carriers, fuels various anabolic processes within the cell . (microbiologynote.com)
  • Cellular respiration is the metabolic process by which cells convert carbohydrates into energy in the form of ATP. (microbiologynote.com)
Methylmalonic acid2
  • Other biomarkers, like serum homocysteine or methylmalonic acid, have improved the diagnostic possibilities but are expensive, not widely available, and may be influenced by some confounders (e.g., folate deficiency, or chronic renal failure). (mjhid.org)
  • MMA: methylmalonic acid. (mjhid.org)
Consists3
  • This mostly consists of the bacteria that live around the vent, often forming a dense mat. (wikipedia.org)
  • The complex mainly consists of three enzymes, which are respectively called E1, E2 and E3 components of PDH according to the order in which they participate in the reactions. (biomedcentral.com)
  • This cycle consists of eight steps. (brighthub.com)
Chemical reactions1
  • When ATP is hydrolyzed, the high-energy phosphate bond is broken, releasing energy that can be utilized to drive chemical reactions and mechanical work within the cell. (microbiologynote.com)
Crucial2
  • Seed germination is a crucial process in the plant life cycle when a dramatic variation of type and sugar content occurs just as the seed is hydrated. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Seed germination, which starts with the imbibition, is a crucial event in the plant life cycle when metabolic activity resumes, and reserves are mobilized to support initial plant development. (biomedcentral.com)
Polymers2
  • Lipids are the polymers of fatty acids[citation needed] that contain a long, non-polar hydrocarbon chain with a small polar region containing oxygen. (wikipedia.org)
  • E280 (Propionic acid) is also useful as an intermediate in the production of other chemicals, especially polymers. (atamanchemicals.com)
Glycerol1
  • Glycerol, citrate and isotritate significantly increased in all the cell lines assessed upon EPO expression. (manchester.ac.uk)
Recombinant1
Fermentation3
Carbohydrates1
  • This cycle was created to explain how animal tissues oxidized carbohydrates. (brighthub.com)