Enzyme regulatory mechanism. Medical search. Frequent questions

11 of these proteins are predicted to be non-functional, leaving 79 functional enzymes. (wikipedia.org)
genetic disruptions of lipid regulatory proteins such as cell surface receptors leading to human disease. (mcgill.ca)
Intracellular iron levels are elaborately balanced by iron efflux, uptake, and storage proteins that are regulated by iron regulatory proteins (IRPs, including IRP1 and IRP2) [ 16 ]. (nature.com)
Proteins that contain linked binding sites are called allosteric proteins and can be of various types, such as enzymes, receptors, structural proteins, and motor proteins. (jove.com)
Little is known about the upstream regulatory mechanisms of Siah proteins. (aacrjournals.org)
In addition, the deubiquitinating enzyme USP13 reduces the substrate degradation activity of Siah proteins ( 11 ). (aacrjournals.org)
The toxic effects of lead result from its interference with the physiologic actions of calcium, zinc, and iron, through the inhibition of certain enzymes, and through binding to ion channels and regulatory proteins. (cdc.gov)
American biochemist who shared (with Edwin G. Krebs ) the 1992 Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine for the discovery of "reversible protein phosphorylation as a biological regulatory mechanism" which governs the activities of proteins in cells. (todayinsci.com)
Repressor proteins are coded for by regulatory genes. (proteopedia.org)
This question is investigated in a family of proteins, including enzymes from highly thermophilic bacteria, a potential source of thermostable biocatalysts. (europa.eu)
After two decades of elucidating mechanisms of RNA regulation by RNA-binding proteins, the Hentze group recently uncovered hundreds of new RNA-binding proteins, including many metabolic enzymes. (centenary.org.au)
Mechanistically, we found that the HSC stimulating effect of CPX was directly mediated by chelation of the intracellular iron pool, which in turn affected iron-dependent proteins and enzymes mediating cellular metabolism and respiration. (lu.se)
Changes in levels of binding proteins and, consequently, changes in bioavailable levels of hormones are well-known endocrine regulatory mechanisms. (medscape.com)

The precise mechanism linking inhibition of TYK2 enzyme to therapeutic effectiveness in the treatment of adults with moderate-to-severe plaque psoriasis is not currently known. (centerwatch.com)
Whereas, the simultaneous binding of UTP and CTP, pyrimidines, results in a 95% inhibition of enzyme activity. (jove.com)

Understanding at the molecular level the conformational transitions underlying catalysis and the transmission of regulatory signals in enzymes is a major goal in fundamental science whereas, in biotechnology, such knowledge is required to lay out the principles of a rational protein design. (europa.eu)

Taken together, our results show differential effects of estrogen and progesterone on P450 expression, suggesting involvement of different regulatory mechanisms in female hormone-mediated P450 regulation. (aspetjournals.org)
Extrapolation of these results to humans, however, is difficult in part due to significant divergence in hepatic drug-metabolizing enzyme genes and apparent differences in regulation of drug-metabolizing enzymes expression between humans and rodents. (aspetjournals.org)
Useful in studying enzyme regulation and inhibitors, determining target substrate, screening caspase inhibitors, or as a positive control in caspase assays. (enzolifesciences.com)
To date the mechanism of regulation of caspase-1 activation is complex and poorly understood. (enzolifesciences.com)
German biochemist who shared (with Konrad Bloch ) the 1964 Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine for his research "concerning the mechanism and regulation of the cholesterol and fatty acid metabolism. (todayinsci.com)
who also correctly proposed the general mechanism of regulation by the lac repressor. (proteopedia.org)
We are using the regulation of shoot branching as a model system to investigate the mechanisms underlying this developmental plasticity. (ens-lyon.fr)
This holds true also to delineate genes and their isoform regulation of enzymes responsible for the metabolism of many commonly prescribed cancer drugs so to calculate, foresee and ideally prevent major side effects of a given compound. (techscience.com)
Optimizing the parameters of the regulatory system allows us to quantify the fitness benefit of regulation. (lu.se)
INTRODUCTION broken, which in realistic situations can severly constrain the Transcriptional regulation of effector genes is a highly successful regulatory options. (lu.se)
A very natural place to study gene detecting and metabolizing lactose, it is known that the overall regulation is in the metabolism of the cell, and then specifically in effect of expressing the lac genes in vain is a drop in the growth rate the regulation of genes that code for enzymes and transporter of as much as 5% [1,6]. (lu.se)
In unicellular organisms like E. coli and yeast, the benefits of between potential cost and benefit, regulation can make the most a well-adapted regulatory system are readily quantified, as the difference to the long-term growth rate if the resource in question fitness of an individual can be estimated by its growth rate in is only available a similarly small fraction of the time. (lu.se)
Over evolutionary time scales, regulation must provide a fitness benefit that offsets the costs of maintaining the regulatory system. (lu.se)

Rotavirus nonstructural protein 1 subverts innate immune response by inducing degradation of IFN regulatory factor 3. (microbiologyresearch.org)
Specifically, because the chitin degradation product represents a carbon and a nitrogen source for fungi, complex regulatory mechanisms involving both nitrogen metabolism repression (NMR) and carbon catabolite repression (CCR) might be engaged. (lu.se)

Then, bioinformatic analysis was performed to investigate the mechanism of action of epigenetic modifying enzymes in regulating target genes. (cbinsights.com)
The lac repressor, and the group of genes it controls, which is called an operon , were the first such gene regulatory system to be discovered. (proteopedia.org)
At the same time, the study of polymorphic variants of genes responsible for the metabolism, transport, absorption, distribution and excretion of the drugs, is helping zooming down to define sinest regulatory mechanisms based on which to design putative modulators. (techscience.com)

[ 16 ] noted that the CYLD gene encodes a deubiquitinating enzyme. (medscape.com)
This gene encodes the enzyme responsible for pre-mRNA editing of the glutamate receptor subunit B by site-specific deamination of adenosines. (cancerindex.org)
This gene encodes a DNA topoisomerase, an enzyme that controls and alters the topologic states of DNA during transcription. (cancerindex.org)

Phosphoinositide 3-kinases (PI3Ks) are a family of lipid-modifying enzymes that phosphorylate the 3′-OH group of inositol phospholipids and play key roles in physiology ranging from cell growth and metabolism to organismal development. (nature.com)
atazanavir will increase the level or effect of vamorolone by affecting hepatic/intestinal enzyme CYP3A4 metabolism. (medscape.com)
chloramphenicol will increase the level or effect of vamorolone by affecting hepatic/intestinal enzyme CYP3A4 metabolism. (medscape.com)
clarithromycin will increase the level or effect of vamorolone by affecting hepatic/intestinal enzyme CYP3A4 metabolism. (medscape.com)
Providing this detailed knowledge of the mechanisms of lipid metabolism makes possible addressing medical problems related to them. (todayinsci.com)
Course work should emphasize fundamental biochemical principles that maintain normal homeostasis in humans which requires learning cellular integration of biochemical pathways, regulatory mechanisms that control intermediary metabolism and how physiologic signals determine pathway utilization. (unm.edu)
The lactose ("lac") repressor controls the expression of bacterial enzymes involved in the metabolism of of the sugar lactose. (proteopedia.org)

PTMs are involved in many protein activities and cellular processes, such as protein folding, stability, conformation, and some significant regulatory mechanisms [ 1 ]. (hindawi.com)
When the lac repressor binds lactose, it changes to an inactive conformation that cannot repress the production of these enzymes. (proteopedia.org)
The results obtained show that the R1-C4 interaction is essential for the establishment of the enzyme conformation having low affinity for aspartate (T state), and consequently for the existence of cooperactivity between the catalytic sites. (europa.eu)

bioenergetics and regulatory mechanisms. (hamilton.edu)
Molecular structures and how they relate to function, enzyme kinetics and bioenergetics are also fundamental. (unm.edu)

For example, aspartate transcarbamoylase, also known as ATCase, is a large enzyme containing six catalytic subunits, each with a substrate binding site. (jove.com)
It also has six additional regulatory subunits, each with a site that can bind both pyrimidines and purines, the building blocks of DNA and RNA. (jove.com)
The pro-enzyme is matured by proteolysis to yield large (20kDa) and small (10kDa) subunits. (enzolifesciences.com)
The active enzyme is a heterotetramer consisting of two large and two small subunits. (enzolifesciences.com)
The aim of the project was to characterize intrachain and interchain interactions involved in the regulatory behaviour of a model allosteric enzyme of known 3-dimensional structure: aspartate carbamoyltransferase (ATCase) of Escherichia coli, a protein consisting of distinct catalytic and regulatory subunits. (europa.eu)

The transcription factor interferon regulatory factor (IRF)-3 is essential for viral-induced IFN-β synthesis. (microbiologyresearch.org)
Our data also demonstrate that NS1 associates with IRF-3 and its transcriptional coactivator CBP, leading to disrupted association of IRF-3 to CBP and subsequent reduced binding of IRF-3 to the IFN-β promoter without blocking viral-induced IRF-3 phosphorylation, nuclear translocation and dimerization, thereby identifying a novel molecular mechanism by which RSV inhibits IFN-β synthesis. (microbiologyresearch.org)
The enzyme catalyzes an essential step in pyrimidine synthesis, the condensation of aspartate and carbamoyl phosphate to produce carbamoyl aspartate. (jove.com)
UTP and CTP, the end products of the pyrimidine synthesis pathway, inhibit the activity of ATCase, the enzyme that catalyzes the first essential step of this pathway. (jove.com)

Ginsenoside Rg1 composite nanoparticles were employed to induce the expression of several key epigenetic enzymes and then activate the VEGF and Notch pathways after the onset of ischemic brain lesions. (cbinsights.com)
Finally, further experimental research studies are needed to evaluate the complex mechanisms by which lead may cause cancer with particular emphasis on the roles of oxidative stress / apoptosis and the roles of cellular defense mechanisms, signaling pathways and intracellular lead binding patterns in mediating these processes. (who.int)

Sotyktu binds to the regulatory domain of TYK2, stabilizing an inhibitory interaction between the regulatory and the catalytic domains of the enzyme. (centerwatch.com)
Binding of UTP and CTP to the enzyme negatively regulates the linked catalytic site when the concentration of pyrimidines is high, relative to the concentration of purines in the cell. (jove.com)
It consists of 2 catalytic (C) trimers held together by 3 dimers of regulatory (R) subunit which is itself composed of an effector binding domain and a Zinc binding domain. (europa.eu)
In order to investigate the interchain contacts involved in the cooperative interactions between the catalytic sites, a series of modified forms of the enzyme was prepared by site directed mutagenesis. (europa.eu)
The results establish that C his 134 is indeed the residue interacting with the carbonyl group of CP but that it is not directly involved in the catalytic mechanism. (europa.eu)

DNA (cytosine-5)-methyltransferase 3A (DNMT3A)-mutated acute myeloid leukemia (AML) has a poor prognosis, but the exact mechanism is still unclear. (frontiersin.org)
DNMT3A-mutated AML has high-risk characteristics and shows significantly worse overall survival (OS) ( 2 ), but its mechanism is unclear ( 3 ). (frontiersin.org)
Despite the evidence, whether and how the female hormones modulate expression and/or activities of major hepatic P450 enzymes remains unclear. (aspetjournals.org)
The exact mechanisms and biological significance of UFMylation are still unclear, but it adds a new regulatory layer to many fundamental cellular processes. (medicalxpress.com)
however, the specific regulatory mechanism is still unclear. (bvsalud.org)

Therefore, neither the γ-subunit nor the regulatory ATP bound to the ε-subunit is involved in the inhibitory mechanism of this particular enzyme. (rcsb.org)
These quiescent primordial oocytes are activated, perhaps by certain mechanisms involving the interaction between stimulatory and inhibitory factors, to enter the growth phase. (go.jp)

By this mechanism, the enzyme inhibits NF-kappaB pathway activation. (medscape.com)
In adipocytes, the sterol regulatory element binding protein pathway is increased, resulting in increases in levels of sterol regulatory element binding protein 1 and fatty acid synthase. (cdc.gov)
ATCase is part of the CAD multi-enzyme complex, part of the pyrimidine biosynthesis pathway, along with carbamoyl phosphate synthetase II and dihydroorotase. (jove.com)
Regardless of the etiology, a deficiency of cyclooxygenase (COX), a key regulatory enzyme in the synthetic pathway of eicosanoid production, results in beneficial and detrimental physiologic conditions relative to imbalances of the eicosanoids. (medscape.com)

Aspartate transcarbamoylase (ATCase) is a cytosolic enzyme that catalyzes the condensation of L-aspartate and carbamoyl phosphate to N-carbamoyl-L-aspartate. (jove.com)
It acts as an enzyme that catalyzes a post-translational modification called UFMylation. (medicalxpress.com)
This enzyme catalyzes the transient breaking and rejoining of a single strand of DNA which allows the strands to pass through one another, thus altering the topology of DNA. (cancerindex.org)

With the development of high-throughput sequencing technology, gene mutation detection has become another important resource to investigate regulatory mechanisms and cellular processes. (hindawi.com)
The major objective of this study was to investigate the anti-chronic nonbacterial prostatitis (CNP) mechanism of T. patula by metabolomics and network pharmacology. (mdpi.com)
In the present study, a bioinformatics approach was used to investigate the molecular mechanisms and prognosis of ACC. (cancerindex.org)
Here, Acer mono Maxim rejuvenation and non- rejuvenation cuttings were used as test subjects, to investigate the effects of exogenous hormones on the activities of endogenous hormones and antioxidant enzymes in the rooting process of young cuttings. (bvsalud.org)

Exogenous hormones naphthylacetic acid (NAA) + indolebutyric acid (IBA) increased the initial levels of the endogenous hormones , indoleacetic acid (IAA) and abscisic acid (ABA), and the enzyme activities of peroxidase (POD) and polyphenol oxidase (PPO). (bvsalud.org)

ubiquitin-activating enzymes (E1s), ubiquitin-conjugating enzymes (E2s) and ubiquitin ligases (E3s). (wikipedia.org)
Glutathione and polyamines are two nucleophiles that might attack the thiolester bond between ubiquitin and these enzymes. (wikipedia.org)
The enzyme removes Lys-63-linked ubiquitin chains from I-kappaB kinase signaling components. (medscape.com)

Mechanisms of activation of interferon regulator factor 3: the role of C-terminal domain phosphorylation in IRF-3 dimerization and DNA binding. (microbiologyresearch.org)

In this period, she also worked with PhoQ, the sensor kinase component of the PhoPQ two-component regulatory system in Salmonella . (birmingham.ac.uk)

DNMT3A is a key enzyme for de novo epigenetic methylation in humans. (frontiersin.org)
The DNMT3A mutation can cause significant changes in epigenetic modifications and is one of the essential regulatory factors for the occurrence and development of leukemia ( 4 ). (frontiersin.org)
Real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT- PCR), Western blot, immunohistochemistry staining (IHC), and Co-immunoprecipitation (co-IP) were employed to screen for epigenetic enzymes with an up-regulated expression post ginsenoside Rg1-CNV intervention. (cbinsights.com)

After graduating, she moved to the antimicrobial resistance field studying the mechanism of membrane insertion of the well-known LL-37 antimicrobial peptide through crystallographic, biochemical and biophysical techniques. (birmingham.ac.uk)
Research applying genomic methods to develop treatments or vaccines, to understand antimicrobial mechanisms of resistance, and to examine evolutionary processes were also included. (cdc.gov)

In a form with a mutated ε-subunit unable to bind ATP, the enzyme remains inactive and the ε-subunit is down. (rcsb.org)
Caspase-1 exists in cells as an inactive 45kDa pro-enzyme. (enzolifesciences.com)
In THP-1 cells, a large proportion of the caspase-1 is present in the inactive pro-enzyme form. (enzolifesciences.com)

This peptide is endogenously produced in vivo and long term bone marrow cultures and is degraded by angiotensin 1-converting enzyme (ACE) both in vivo and in vitro. (st-andrews.ac.uk)
The renin-angiotensin-aldosterone axis is the main regulatory mechanism of renal sodium excretion. (msdmanuals.com)

My laboratory works on the genetic and molecular mechanisms that regulate aging and aging-related disease. (berkeley.edu)
Complexes of Vps34, the sole class III PI3K member, produce PI 3-phosphate (PI(3)P) in the endolysosomal system and during autophagy to regulate vesicle-mediated sorting en route to lysosomes 1 . (nature.com)
While the characterization of the chitinases has deserved much attention, how fungi regulate the secretion of these enzymes remains poorly explored, although they might have significant consequences for forest carbon storage and primary productivity. (lu.se)

The shoot auxin transport system involves diverse transporters and mounting evidence suggests that different transporters are differentially sensitive to shoot branching regulatory signals, including auxin flux, cytokinin and strigolactone. (ens-lyon.fr)

However, in the Escherichia coli enzyme, there is no evidence that such ATP binding to the ε-subunit is mechanistically important for modulating the enzyme's hydrolytic activity. (rcsb.org)

The mechanisms responsible for the increased adiposity are changes in gene expression of multiple enzymes and transcription factors by the virus ( 8 - 15 ). (cdc.gov)
Additional mechanisms include generating reactive oxygen species and altering gene expression (ATSDR, 2007). (cdc.gov)

We speculate that our proposed mechanism of macrophage induced nitrosative stress contributes to effective clearance of apoptotic cells and regulates switching of acute inflammatory response to anti-inflammatory phase as has been observed in the lung and in the brain in in vivo experiments with inhalation of single-walled carbon nanotube s and cortical trauma, respectively. (cdc.gov)
In addition, little is known about the structure and biochemical mechanism that directly regulates Lyp function. (elsevierpure.com)

Studies in rat found that this enzyme acted on its own pre-mRNA molecules to convert an AA dinucleotide to an AI dinucleotide which resulted in a new splice site. (cancerindex.org)
One important mechanism that bacteria employ in order to become resistant is antibiotic efflux where efflux pumps actively pump molecules, including antibiotics, out of bacterial cells. (birmingham.ac.uk)
To elucidate regulatory mechanisms governing the maintenance and propagation of human HSCs ex vivo, we screened libraries of annotated small molecules in human cord blood (CB) cells using an optimized assay for detection of functional HSCs during culture. (lu.se)

Importantly, exogenous overexpression of the UBA5 gene did not cause any obvious defects, suggesting a potentially safe therapeutic strategy to increase UBA5 enzyme levels, which is encouraging. (medicalxpress.com)

Following medical training in Germany and the UK, he co-discovered "iron-responsive elements" as the first mammalian regulatory elements in mature mRNAs during his postdoctoral research at NIH. (centenary.org.au)

Consistent with a cell-cycle regulatory function, CYLD localizes to microtubules in interphase and the midbody during telophase CYLD 's protein levels decrease as cells exit from mitosis. (medscape.com)
Because protein S-nitrosylation can act as a regulatory redox-sensitive mechanism, we hypothesized that nitrosative stress enhances PS externalization in cells by inhibiting APT activity. (cdc.gov)
These mechanisms are often used by cancer cells to surive and spread. (lu.se)

The enzyme contains catalytically competent cysteines whose oxidation/alkylation results in loss of its activity. (cdc.gov)
These results demonstrate that A. mono cuttings can achieve the purpose of improving the rooting rate by adding the exogenous hormone (NAA + IBA), which is closely related to the changes of endogenous hormone content and enzyme activity, and these changes of A. mono rejuvenation cuttings are different from non- rejuvenation cuttings. (bvsalud.org)
Our results demonstrate that LTD4 via the CysLT1R can activate the enzyme cPLA2-alpha. (lu.se)

Furthermore, the underlying molecular mechanism of carcinogenesis is poorly understood, and prognostic prediction of ACC has low accuracy. (cancerindex.org)

Iron regulatory protein 2 (IRP2) is a key factor in regulating brain iron homeostasis. (nature.com)

During her PhD, Enea specialized in structural enzymology working with urea cycle enzymes. (birmingham.ac.uk)

The mechanism of citrinin toxicity is not fully understood, especially not whether citrinin toxicity and genotoxicity are the consequence of oxidative stress or of increased permeability of mitochondrial membranes. (researchgate.net)

From similar experiments, it appears that the contact between the carboxyl terminal region of the R chain and the 240s loop of the C chain (R1-C4 interaction) is essential for the transmission of the CTP regulatory signal. (europa.eu)

For example, enzyme activity is often regulated through a feedback mechanism where the end product of the biochemical process serves as an inhibitor. (jove.com)
In collaboration with Dr. Jonathan Pruneda and Dr. Ruth Napier at Oregon Health & Science University and the Raiden Science Foundation of Beaverton, Oregon, the team also established several new biochemical assays to determine the impact of these disease alleles on the stability and activity of the UBA5 enzyme. (medicalxpress.com)
Effect of Exogenous Plant Growth Regulators and Rejuvenation Measures on the Endogenous Hormone and Enzyme Activity Responses of Acer mono Maxim in Cuttage Rooting. (bvsalud.org)
Rejuvenation treatment prolonged the time of increase in ABA content and indoleacetic acid oxidase (IAAO) activity at the root primordium induction stage, while increasing trans- zeatin riboside (ZR) content and decreasing POD enzyme activity in cuttings. (bvsalud.org)
The student will learn fungal microbiology, extracellular enzyme activity quantification, and comparative genomics, which are valuable skills for a potential career in biotechnology or academic research. (lu.se)

Regulatory mechanisms to control tissue alpha-tocopherol. (oregonstate.edu)
It is described as a housekeeping enzyme, being responsible for cell-to-cell signaling, tissue homeostasis, and cytoprotection. (medscape.com)

Structure and bonding of organic compounds and their acid-base properties, stereochemistry, introduction to reactions and reaction mechanisms of carbon compounds and the relationship of reactivity and structure. (hamilton.edu)

When the open reading frame 1 early region 4 gene was transferred to a retrovirus and inserted into preadipocytes in vitro, the gene was capable of inducing the enzymes and enhancing fat accumulation ( 13 ). (cdc.gov)

however, the mechanism(s) responsible is not fully known. (microbiologyresearch.org)
Reporting to the Chief Regulatory Officer or designee, you'll be responsible for managing and implementing the regulatory development plan for assigned programs ensuring they are in compliance with regulatory requirements. (biospace.com)

Role in viral-induced interferon regulatory factor activation. (microbiologyresearch.org)
Rac1 and PAK1 are upstream of IKK-ϵ and TBK-1 in the viral activation of interferon regulatory factor-3. (microbiologyresearch.org)
We unravel a coincident mechanism of lipid-induced activation of PI3KC2α at membranes that involves large-scale repositioning of its Ras-binding and lipid-binding distal Phox-homology and C-C2 domains, and can serve as a model for the entire class II PI3K family. (nature.com)
Our data establish a mechanism by which PKC could attenuate the cellular function of Lyp, thereby augmenting T cell activation. (elsevierpure.com)
Little is known about the mechanism regulating the activation of primordial oocytes. (go.jp)
This enzyme releases arachidonic acid, the precursor of CysLTs, from the cell membranes, upon activation. (lu.se)
One major regulatory mechanism of GPCRs is the internalization from cell membrane upon activation. (lu.se)

Here, we aimed to explore the mechanism of immune escape in AML with DNMT3A mutation. (frontiersin.org)

Our objective was to characterize the molecular epidemiology and AMR mechanisms of this pathogen. (who.int)

The observation of fecal excretion of radioactive strontium weeks to decades after an oral exposure or over shorter time periods after an intravenous exposure suggests the existence of a mechanism for transfer of absorbed strontium into gastrointestinal tract, either from the bile or directly from the plasma (ATSDR 2001e). (cdc.gov)

Estradiol also increased enzyme activities of CYP2C9 and CYP2E1 without affecting the mRNA expression levels by unknown mechanisms. (aspetjournals.org)

Anatomy27

Organisms18

Diseases1

Chemicals and Drugs79

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment29

Phenomena and Processes98

Disciplines and Occupations4

Technology, Industry, Agriculture1

Information Science8

Proteins13

Inhibition2

Catalysis1

Regulation13

Degradation2

Genes3

Encodes3

Metabolism7

Conformation3

Bioenergetics2

Subunits5

Synthesis4

Pathways2

Catalytic5

Unclear5

Inhibitory2

Pathway4

Catalyzes3

Investigate4

Hormones1

Ubiquitin3

Phosphorylation1

Kinase1

Epigenetic3

Antimicrobial2

Inactive3

Angiotensin2

Regulate3

Signals1

Escherichia1

Gene expression2

Regulates2

Molecules3

Therapeutic1

Mammalian1

Cells3

Results3

Poorly1

Protein1

Structural1

Oxidative stress1

Interaction1

Activity5

Tissue2

Carbon1

Vitro1

Responsible2

Activation7

Immune1

Characterize1

Decades1

Expression1