• Here we show that SLC4 (Yor175c), a gene of hitherto unknown function, encodes a second 1-acyl-sn-glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase. (unifr.ch)
  • SLC4 harbors a membrane bound O-acyl transferase (MBOAT) motif, and down regulation of SLC4 strongly reduces 1-acyl-sn-glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase activity in microsomes from slc1Δ cells. (unifr.ch)
  • 2008). AGPAT6 is a novel microsomal glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase. (geneticsmr.com)
  • 2008). Identification of a novel sn-glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase isoform, GPAT4, as the enzyme deficient in Agpat6-/- mice. (geneticsmr.com)
  • Functional characterization of the human 1-acylglycerol- 3-phosphate-O-acyltransferase isoform 10/glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase isoform 3. (geneticsmr.com)
  • 2005). Cloning and characterization a novel human 1-acyl-sn-glycerol-3- phosphate acyltransferase gene AGPAT7. (geneticsmr.com)
  • Second, the mitochondrial outer membrane enzyme glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase esterifies an acyl-group to the sn-1 position of sn-glycerol 3-phosphate to form 1-acyl-sn-glycerol 3-phosphate (lysophosphatidic acid or LPA). (smpdb.ca)
  • The enzyme 1-acyl-sn-glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase converts LPA into phosphatidic acid (1,2-diacyl-sn-glycerol 3-phosphate) by esterifying an acyl-group to the sn-2 position of the glycerol backbone. (smpdb.ca)
  • The 1-acylglycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase (AGPAT) acts as a crucial enzyme in the process of triacylglycerol (TAG) synthesis, enabling the acylation of lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) into phosphatidic acid (PA). (bvsalud.org)
  • Enzymes of triacylglycerol synthesis and their regulation. (geneticsmr.com)
  • Last, the enzyme diacylglycerol O-acyltransferase synthesizes triacylglycerol from diacylglycerol and a fatty acyl-CoA. (smpdb.ca)
  • Enzymes involved in triacylglycerol digestion are called lipase (EC 3.1.1.3). (tuscany-diet.net)
  • short-chain fatty acids are mainly esterified in sn -3 position of the triacylglycerol. (tuscany-diet.net)
  • The entire pathway for triacylglycerol synthesis consists of four enzymatic steps, which catalyze sequential reactions starting from sn -glycerol-3-phosphate and ending with triacylglycerol (TG) ( Fig. 1 ). (aocs.org)
  • This enzyme belongs to the family of transferases, specifically those acyltransferases transferring groups other than aminoacyl groups. (wikipedia.org)
  • Cloning and characterization of murine 1-acyl-sn-glycerol 3-phosphate acyltransferases and their regulation by PPARalpha in murine heart. (nih.gov)
  • Thus, Slc1p and Slc4p may not only be active as 1-acylglycerol-3-phosphate O-acyltransferases, but also be involved in fatty acid exchange at the sn-2 position of mature glycerophospholipids. (unifr.ch)
  • This pathway begins with the acylation of glycerol-3-phosphate (G-3-P) by glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferases (GPATs) at the sn -1 position followed by a second acylation of lysophosphatidate (LPA) at the sn -2 position by lysophosphatidate acyltransferases (LPAATs). (aocs.org)
  • In enzymology, a 2-acylglycerol-3-phosphate O-acyltransferase (EC 2.3.1.52) is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction acyl-CoA + 2-acyl-sn-glycerol 3-phosphate ⇌ {\displaystyle \rightleftharpoons } CoA + 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycerol 3-phosphate Thus, the two substrates of this enzyme are acyl-CoA and 2-acyl-sn-glycerol 3-phosphate, whereas its two products are CoA and 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycerol 3-phosphate. (wikipedia.org)
  • The systematic name of this enzyme class is acyl-CoA:2-acyl-sn-glycerol 3-phosphate O-acyltransferase. (wikipedia.org)
  • CGI-58, at least in vitro, also acts as an acyl-CoA-dependent acylglycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase. (imingo.net)
  • Functional characterization of human 1-acylglycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase isoform 8: cloning, tissue distribution, gene structure, and enzymatic activity. (geneticsmr.com)
  • Lipid biosynthesis enzyme Agpat5 in AgRP-neurons is required for insulin-induced hypoglycemia sensing and glucagon secretion. (nih.gov)
  • Conversely, the C-terminal half has primarily a regulatory function, and also includes the hydrophobic region responsible for the binding of lipid droplets, essential for in vivo enzyme activity. (imingo.net)
  • 3,5 Leptin has an essential role in regulating glucose and lipid metabolism, an appetite suppressive effect, and an insulin-sensitizing effect. (omjournal.org)
  • Surprisingly, bacteria in the stationary phase produced N-acyl-phosphatidylethanolamine (NAPE) and another rare lipid we tentatively name as 1-phosphatidyl-2-acyl-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine (PAGPE) based on tandem mass spectrometry. (nature.com)
  • Other enzymes involved in lipid digestion are cholesterol esterase and phospholipases A 1 and A 2 . (tuscany-diet.net)
  • Lipid molecules have these properties because they consist largely of long hydrocarbon tails which are lipophilic in nature as well as polar headgroups (e.g. phosphate-based functionality, and/or inositol based functionality). (medmuv.com)
  • We reviewed a few plausibly organic syntheses of phospholipids under prebiotic conditions with special attention paid to the starting materials as pro-chiral dihydroxyacetone and dihydroxyacetone phosphate (DHAP), which are the key molecules to break symmetry in phospholipids. (mdpi.com)
  • First, dihydroxyacetone phosphate (or glycerone phosphate) from glycolysis is used by the cytosolic enzyme glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase [NAD(+)] to synthesize sn-glycerol 3-phosphate. (smpdb.ca)
  • To test this hypothesis, we selectively deleted both TG-synthesis enzymes, DGAT1 and DGAT2, in adipocytes (ADGAT DKO mice). (elifesciences.org)
  • We generated mice lacking both known TG synthesis enzymes, DGAT1 and DGAT2 1 , 2 , in adipocytes. (elifesciences.org)
  • Categorizing and describing a mitochondrial disorder is complicated in part because there are 3 ways to do so. (medlink.com)
  • The first and rate-limiting step of lipolysis involves the enzyme, adipose triglyceride lipase (or ATGL), which is sensitive to hormones. (imingo.net)
  • ELOVL fatty acid elongase 3 [Source:HG. (gsea-msigdb.org)
  • This mechanism may contribute to neurological deficits associated with n-3 fatty acid deficiency and support protective effects of DHA in pathological models such as brain ischemia or Alzheimer's disease. (gerli.com)
  • Acylglycerols must be first hydrolyzed and, if possible, under conditions that do not cleave the phosphate ester of phospholipids and the glycosyl residue of glycosyl diglycerides, these compounds may be also present in the extract. (gerli.com)
  • In turn, the phosphate group binds a hydrophilic group, such as choline, serine or inositol, via ester bond. (tuscany-diet.net)
  • To generate mice lacking TGs in adipose tissue (ADGAT DKO), we crossed adipose tissue-specific Dgat1 knockout mice (Cre-transgene expressed under control of the mouse adiponectin promoter 3 ) with Dgat2 flox mice 4 . (elifesciences.org)
  • They involve soluble enzymes, substrates with different degree of solubility, and occur primarily in the stomach and small intestine. (tuscany-diet.net)
  • Phospholipids, the main constituents of biological membranes, consist of one glycerol molecule esterified with two fatty acids at the sn -1 and sn -2 positions, and a phosphoric acid at the sn -3 position. (tuscany-diet.net)
  • adaptor related protein complex 3 subu. (gsea-msigdb.org)
  • This gene encodes a protein containing an alpha/beta hydrolase fold, which is a catalytic domain found in a very wide range of enzymes. (thermofisher.com)
  • The advantages of homochiral membranes compared to those of heterochiral membranes were analysed in terms of specific recognition, optimal functions of enzymes, membrane fluidity and topological packing. (mdpi.com)
  • All membrane-localized enzymes are coloured dark green in the image. (smpdb.ca)
  • An enzyme localized predominantly within the plasma membrane of lymphocytes. (wakehealth.edu)
  • The enzyme that catalyzes dephosphorylation of phosphatidate is called phosphatidate phosphatase (PAP), or lipin, and this is an important branch point in glycerolipid biosynthesis. (aocs.org)
  • Lysophosphatidic acid acyltransferase (LPAT) is a key enzyme in biosynthesis pathway of vegetable oil in plant. (chinacrops.org)
  • Any compound containing one or more monosaccharide residues bound by a glycosidic linkage to a hydrophobic moiety such as an acylglycerol (see GLYCERIDES), a sphingoid, a ceramide (CERAMIDES) (N-acylsphingoid) or a prenyl phosphate. (lookformedical.com)
  • Agarwal AK, Sukumaran S, Cortes VA, Tunison K, Mizrachi D, Sankella S, Gerard RD, Horton JD, Garg A: Human 1-acylglycerol-3-phosphate O-acyltransferase isoforms 1 and 2: biochemical characterization and inability to rescue hepatic steatosis in Agpat2(-/-) gene lipodystrophic mice. (smpdb.ca)
  • Despite the importance of the PAP reaction, identification of the genes responsible for encoding PAP enzymes remained elusive until 2006 when the yeast PAP was identified and was shown to be an orthologue of a family of three mammalian proteins called lipins [reviewed in 1]. (aocs.org)
  • The main component of this group is a diacyl form: 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycero-3-phospho-L-serine or phosphatidylserine. (gerli.com)
  • Menaya J, Gonzalez-Manchon C, Parrilla R, Ayuso MS: Molecular cloning, sequencing and expression of a cDNA encoding a human liver NAD-dependent alpha-glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase. (smpdb.ca)
  • Acts upstream of or within acylglycerol metabolic process and hematopoietic progenitor cell differentiation. (nih.gov)
  • 3) that were divided into two major clusters corresponding to the main phases observed during the preadipocyte culture: proliferation and differentiation. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Proliferation cluster comprised 1028 genes up-regulated from days 3 to 8 of culture meanwhile the differentiation cluster was characterized by 2140 induced genes from days 15 to 21. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Although there have been a significant number of in vitro and in vivo assessments of the effects of cannabis on cytochrome P450 and UDP-glucuronosyltransferase enzyme systems, there is limited information regarding the effects of cannabis on the major hepatic esterase, carboxylesterase 1 (CES1). (aspetjournals.org)
  • Neutral lipids (serving mainly as caloriometric reserves) increased from 3 % of total lipids in uninfected to 27 % in stage V gametocyte infected red blood cells. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Enables 1-acylglycerol-3-phosphate O-acyltransferase activity. (nih.gov)
  • Deletion of SLC1 is not lethal and does not eliminate all microsomal 1-acylglycerol-3-phosphate O-acyltransferase activity suggesting that an additional enzyme may exist. (unifr.ch)
  • Then biochemical assays such as oxidative phosphorylation activity by respiratory chain enzymes were used to characterize enzyme disorders (eg, complex 1 or complex 3 deficiencies). (medlink.com)
  • Phosphatidylserine was shown to modulate the activity of several key enzymes involved in cellular signaling. (gerli.com)
  • It catalyzes the transfer of long-chain fatty acids, preferentially unsaturated fatty acids, to lysophosphatides with the formation of 1,2-diacylglycero-3-phosphocholine and CoA. (wakehealth.edu)
  • In yeast it is generated from lyso-phosphatidic acid, which is acylated by Slc1p, a sn-2-specific, acyl-Coenzyme A-dependent 1-acylglycerol-3-phosphate O-acyltransferase. (unifr.ch)
  • In 1959, Seip described a similar congenital syndrome, but without diabetes mellitus, in 3 young Norwegian children. (medscape.com)
  • Neonatal diabetes mellitus (NDM) and maturity-onset diabetes of the young (MODY) account for a major proportion of monogenic diabetes, while syndromic diabetes constitutes a smaller proportion [ 3 , 4 ]. (pfmjournal.org)
  • This enzyme participates in glycerophospholipid metabolism. (wikipedia.org)
  • Whole cell extracts (30 µg lysate) of 3T3-L1 (Lane 1), 3T3-L1 differentiated to adipocytes (Lane 2), Mouse Adipose (Lane 3), Rat Adipose (Lane 4), Mouse Brown Fat (Lane 5) and Mouse Skeletal Muscle (Lane 5) were electrophoresed using Novex® NuPAGE® 4-12 % Bis-Tris gel (Product # NP0322B. (thermofisher.com)
  • Nrf2 regulates the transcription of a battery of protective and metabolic enzymes. (diabetesjournals.org)
  • Lipin-1 and -2 have a second function as transcriptional co-activators acting in a complex with transcriptional regulators called peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-coactivator-1α (PGC-1α) and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-α (PPARα) [1,3] (Fig. 1). (aocs.org)
  • Orthologous to human AGPAT5 (1-acylglycerol-3-phosphate O-acyltransferase 5). (nih.gov)
  • The detection and quantitation method consists of an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay ( ELISA ). (kits-elisa.com)
  • The method can be used to determine the glycerol concentration in plasma after a simple deproteinisation at 100°C (after dilution with 3 volumes of water). (gerli.com)
  • When samples contain up to 1 mg acylglycerols, a simple colorimetric procedure may be used based on the formation of formaldehyde during the periodate oxidation of glycerol. (gerli.com)
  • Polycarpellary (one carpel in Delphinium and 3 to 5 in Aconitum), apocarpous rarely syncarpous (Nigella), ovary superior, marginal placentation (axile in Nigella). (aiousolvedassignment.com)