Enzymatic properties and substrate specificity. Medical search. Frequent questions

The molecules upon which enzymes may act are called substrates, and the enzyme converts the substrates into different molecules known as products. (wikipedia.org)
The study of enzymes is called enzymology and the field of pseudoenzyme analysis recognizes that during evolution, some enzymes have lost the ability to carry out biological catalysis, which is often reflected in their amino acid sequences and unusual 'pseudocatalytic' properties. (wikipedia.org)
Some enzymes can make their conversion of substrate to product occur many millions of times faster. (wikipedia.org)
An enzyme's activity decreases markedly outside its optimal temperature and pH, and many enzymes are (permanently) denatured when exposed to excessive heat, losing their structure and catalytic properties. (wikipedia.org)
Following Buchner's example, enzymes are usually named according to the reaction they carry out: the suffix -ase is combined with the name of the substrate (e.g., lactase is the enzyme that cleaves lactose) or to the type of reaction (e.g. (wikipedia.org)
Many scientists observed that enzymatic activity was associated with proteins, but others (such as Nobel laureate Richard Willstätter) argued that proteins were merely carriers for the true enzymes and that proteins per se were incapable of catalysis. (wikipedia.org)
He selected strains - producers of many enzymes of nucleic metabolism and studied the laws of biosynthesis and the physicochemical properties of these enzymes, the course of catalyzed reactions and the substrate specificity of enzymes in relation to natural and modified nucleotides, nucleosides and nitrogenous bases. (gov.by)
The obtained data on the relationship of the structure of substrate molecules with enzymatic activity became the basis for predicting the ability of enzymes of microorganisms to catalyze reactions in a number of natural components of nucleic acids and their modified analogues and assess the prospects for biotechnological production of practically important compounds of nucleic nature. (gov.by)
Based on their intrinsic properties, i.e., high specificity and high affinity for the substrate, enzymes may provide sustainable alternatives to currently used chemical catalysts for human health monitoring, biopower generation or high-value product synthesis. (mdpi.com)
Enzymes are often used in these sensors because of their specificity and the reaction products can be electrochemically transduced for the measurement. (materialstoday.com)
When enzymes are immobilized to an electronically active substrate, enzymatic reactions can be transduced by direct electron transport. (materialstoday.com)
Other enzymes, such as the lipases, have a lower substrate specificity as well as additional disadvantages, including a poor yield of lysophospholipid and a lower quality of lysophospholipid final product, due to the presence of by-products. (justia.com)

Effects of the degree of deacetylation (DDA) and the molecular mass of chitosan oligosaccharides (CTS-OS), obtained from the enzymatic hydrolysis of high molecular weight chitosan (HMWC), on antitumor activity was explored. (mdpi.com)
Selective hydrolysis of a phospholipid substrate with a Phospholipase A1 produces a 2-acyl lysophospholipid and selective hydrolysis of a phospholipid with a Phospholipase A2 results in the production of a 1-acyl lysophospholipid. (justia.com)
Enzymatic hydrolysis of a phospholipid, such as lecithin, to convert at least part of it to a lysophospholipid, has been shown to improve these properties, and thus to enhance the value of the resulting lecithin derivative. (justia.com)
Enzymatic hydrolysis of a phospholipid, using a phospholipase isolated from a micro-organism, is known. (justia.com)
We are studying the enzymatic hydrolysis of galacto(gluco)mannan, the major soft-wood hemicellulose polysaccharide. (lu.se)

However, the retrosynthesis of given targets with biocatalysed reactions remains a significant challenge: the substrate specificity, the potential to catalyse unreported substrates, and the specific stereo- and regioselectivity properties are domain-specific knowledge factors that hinders the adoption of biocatalysis in daily laboratory works. (ibm.com)
The ability to observe enzymatic activities in real time at the single molecule level has profoundly changed how biochemical reactions are studied. (edu.sa)
The class Enzymatic-Reactions describes information specific to the pairing of an enzyme with a reaction that the enzyme catalyzes, such as its activators, inhibitors, and cofactors. (ecocyc.org)
Enzymatic four-component reactions are very rare although three-component enzymatic promiscuous reactions are widely reported. (inra.fr)
Using molecular oxygen as an electron acceptor, laccase oxidizes its substrates by an electron transfer mechanism that generates unstable free radical intermediates and causes non-enzymatic reactions that break down substrate molecules [ 4 ]. (biomedcentral.com)

4. Schray, K.J. and Rose, I.A. Anomeric specificity and mechanism of two pentose isomerases. (qmul.ac.uk)
Single-molecule FRET unveils induced-fit mechanism for substrate selectivity in flap endonuclease 1. (edu.sa)
Based on substrates and mechanism of action, pectinase is classified into the following sub-types: protopectinase, pectinesterase, and depolymerase (Kashyap et al. (springeropen.com)

Structure of human lysine methyltransferase Smyd2 reveals insights into the substrate divergence in Smyd proteins. (humlalitkala.com)
The enzymatic activity of bromelain is primarily attributed to its proteolytic components, which break down proteins into smaller peptides and amino acids. (bcr.org)
It will also extend the technique of single-molecule analysis from a few proteins to large multi-protein complexes, often containing many enzymatic activities. (edu.sa)
Proteins associated with the Wnt/β-catenin pathway have been identified as SUMOylated substrates, and evidences suggested that the initiation and progression of cancers depended on the function of the SUMOylation ( 23 ). (frontiersin.org)
This new approach has been shown to preserve mobility and enzymatic activity of transmembrane proteins in the resulting nSLB. (lu.se)

Our interest was to explore potential new high contrast metabolic markers of HCC using hyperpolarized 13C-MR. This work led to the identification of a class of substrates, low molecular weight ethyl-esters, which showed high specificity for carboxyl esterases and proved in many cases to possess good properties for signal enhancement. (inra.fr)
Using this substrate a liver cancer implanted in rats was diagnosed as a consequence of an approximately 4 times higher metabolic substrate-to-product ratio than in the surrounding healthy tissue, (p=0.009). (inra.fr)
Hexokinase (HXK) is the only plant enzyme that phosphorylates glucose (Glc), so it is key to fueling several metabolic pathways depending on their substrate specificity, metabolite regulatory responses and subcellular localization. (biomedcentral.com)
The interactions of these components give the tissue its structural properties, while the cells embedded in the matrix give the tissue its metabolic properties. (earthwormexpress.com)

The activity of bromelain is influenced by various factors, including temperature, pH, substrate specificity, and the presence of other substances. (bcr.org)
Here we show that the corresponding N9 neuraminidases display equal enzymatic activity on a soluble monovalent substrate and similar substrate specificity on a glycan array. (uu.nl)
Mutational analysis showed these differences to result from substitution T401A in the 2(nd) SIA-binding site, indicating that substrate binding via this site enhances NA catalytic activity. (uu.nl)
Here, we show that their N9 protein displays reduced binding to and lower enzymatic activity against multivalent substrates, resulting from mutation of the 2(nd) sialic acid-binding site. (uu.nl)
Alcalase 2,4L FG and Protex 6L-obtained hydrolysates were the most promising extracts showing improved bioactivities suitable for skin anti-ageing formulations, namely antioxidant activity, inhibiting approximately 80% cellular reactive oxidative species, anti-inflammatory and anti-wrinkle properties, inhibiting around 36% of myeloperoxidase activity and over 83% of elastase activity. (upc.edu)
Biological applications with a focus on permeability enhancing, antimicrobial activity, and antibiofilm properties of 6′-lactose-based esters are also reported. (researchgate.net)
Here, we use the molecular transformer architecture to capture the latent knowledge about enzymatic activity from a large data set of publicly available enzymatic data, extending forward reaction and retrosynthetic pathway prediction to the domain of biocatalysis. (ibm.com)
While the role of collective protein motions in substrate binding, product release, and regulation of enzymatic activity is generally understood, their roles in catalytic steps per se remain uncertain. (scilifelab.se)
Lecithin is a surface active agent, it has antioxidant activity and physiological activating action, as well as other properties. (justia.com)
The zwitterionic 5-monosubstituted barbiturates with pyrazolyl ring showed promising pharmacological activity upon screening for antibacterial and apoptotic properties. (inra.fr)
From the six HXKs analyzed here, only ZmHXK9 has minimal hexose phosphorylating activity even though enzymatic function of all isoforms (ZmHXK4-9) was confirmed using a yeast complementation approach. (biomedcentral.com)
The enzyme activity of PGLA-rep4, measured at 235 nm with 0.2% apple pectin as the substrate, was 554.0 U/mL, and the specific enzyme activity after purification using a nickel column was 822.9 U/mg. (springeropen.com)
Re-expression of glucuronyl C5-epimerase in the mutant MEF cells increases heparan sulfate epimerization but has no influence on the Golgi localization and enzymatic activity of 2-O-sulfotransferase. (uu.se)
Activity of cellulase in the presence of disparate agronomical wastes such as wheat bran and sugarcane bagasse are quite higher when compared to chemical substrate such as CMC. (aascit.org)
In addition, several in silico techniques are employed in the optimization of the prodrug structure or prodrug-enzyme LY2835219 kinase activity assay complex, in order to facilitate enzymatic cleavage. (mycareerpeer.com)
Thus, efficient virus replication requires the balanced actions of HA receptor-binding specificity and NA sialidase activity. (cdc.gov)
However, some antibodies inhibit or neutralize the enzymatic activity of BoNT, so the choice of antibody for toxin extraction is critical. (cdc.gov)

In addition to possessing identical sequence specificity of cleavage (Ile-Glu-Gly-Arg ) to factor Xa on prothrombin, the macromolecular physiological substrate, notanarin also specifically hydrolyzes a number of factor Xa-specific chromogenic substrates such as CH3SO2-D-leucyl-glycyl-L-arginine-p-nitroanilide and N-benzoyl-L-isoleucyl-L-glutamyl-(piperidyl)-glycyl-L-arginyl-p-nitroanilide hydrochloride. (venomsupplies.com)
This enzymatic cleavage results in the inhibition of the nerve impulse, leading to flaccid paralysis of the victim which can affect the lungs and may necessitate ventilator support. (cdc.gov)

The results illustrate a linkage between enzymatic catalysis and collective protein motions, whereby the disparate time scales between the two processes are bridged by a cascade of intermediate-scale motion of catalytic residues modulating the free energy landscapes of the catalytic and conformational change processes. (scilifelab.se)
By eliminating ensemble averaging, the distributions and fluctuations of molecular properties can be characterized, transient intermediates can be observed and identified, and catalytic mechanisms can be elucidated. (edu.sa)
GH5-7 displayed a substrate preference toward galactomannan by showing 10-times higher catalytic efficiency than to linear β-mannan. (megazyme.com)

Developed jointly with the Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry of the National Academy of Sciences of Belarus and introduced into production original chemical-enzymatic technologies for the production of medicinal substances of highly effective domestic anticancer drugs "Leucladin" (2003) and "Fludarabel" (2006). (gov.by)
Intro Prodrug is definitely a drug derivative intended to undergo chemical/enzymatic activation and therefore release an active parent drug, which is definitely then free to accomplish its pharmacological effect in the body [1]. (mycareerpeer.com)

Most methods for β- hydroxybutyrate estimation are rapid enzymatic assays that can be performed in the hospital or the office. (medscape.com)

Triolein, which is a typical substrate for true lipases, was not hydrolysed at all. (inra.fr)

1. Hochster, R.M. and Watson, R.W. Enzymatic isomerization of D -xylose to D -xylulose. (qmul.ac.uk)

Endopep-MS currently uses an antibody-affinity concentration/purification step before the enzymatic reaction with the substrate, and the choice of antibody is critical for the success of this assay [ 5 ]. (cdc.gov)

Mutagenesis of Met161 of GbuA and Tyr157 of GpuA, both of which are located in the active site loop 1 and predicted to be involved in substrate recognition, significantly affected their enzymatic properties, implying their important roles in catalysis. (nih.gov)
The function of these protein tags, such as the HaloTag® or the SNAP or CLIP tag , is based on the recognition of a particular substrate or ligand (e.g. fluorescence conjugate of an oligonucleotide and a fluorescent dye). (biomers.net)
The overall features with specific recognition of the correct substrate and nonproductive binding by the incorrect substrate bear a strong similarity to previous findings for the ATP specific NMP kinase adenylate kinase. (scilifelab.se)

Unit definition: 1 unit of factor Xa cleaves 50 mg of test substrate to 95% completion in 6 hours or less. (venomsupplies.com)

Cell biology (formerly cytology , from the Greek kytos , "container") is an academic discipline that studies cells - their physiological properties, their structure, the organelles they contain, interactions with their environment, their life cycle, division and death. (phys.org)

Insights into the evolution of enzymatic specificity and catalysis: From Asgard archaea to human adenylate kinases. (scilifelab.se)
Dynamic Connection between Enzymatic Catalysis and Collective Protein Motions. (scilifelab.se)

In this study, we have determined the crystal structures of GbuA and GpuA from P. aeruginosa to provide a structural insight into their substrate specificity. (nih.gov)
Enzymatic and structural insights for substrate specificity of a household of jumonji histone lysine demethylases. (humlalitkala.com)
This serine proteinase is a structural homologue of blood coagulation factor Xa and is identical to it in enzymatic properties. (venomsupplies.com)

We are interested in the substrate - enzyme interaction, and especially in the interactions that are likely to direct the specificity of the enzyme. (lu.se)

The Bacteroides-Prevotella group increased with all but the 243-kDa barley and 230-kDa oat substrates. (megazyme.com)

By exchanging the oligonucleotide ligand, the function as well as the properties of the fusion protein can be influenced (e.g. membrane permeability, fluorescence labelling, surface binding, etc. (biomers.net)

Type-3 copper sequesters the electrons that are transported from the substrate to Type-l copper and converts oxygen to water through a firmly linked peroxide intermediate, whereas Type-2 copper promotes the dissociation of the oxygen-oxygen link in the latter [ 22 ]. (biomedcentral.com)

A specific overview regarding synthetic methodologies and properties of 6′-lactose-based surfactants is presented herein, particularly all the synthetic approaches to this class of lactose esters, such as enzymatic and traditional organic syntheses. (researchgate.net)

Recent reports based on proteomic studies have identified many SUMOylated substrates that play important roles in the development and progression of cancer. (frontiersin.org)

This enzyme is useful for enzymatic determination of cholesterol in serum in combination with cholesterol esterase (COE-301, COE-311, COE-313) in clinical analysis. (toyobo-global.com)

PGLA-rep4 has good enzymatic properties and activities and maintains a high pH and temperature. (springeropen.com)

This article provides an in-depth exploration of bromelain's origins, extraction methods, properties, and composition, setting the stage for understanding its impact on joint health, inflammation, and arthritis. (bcr.org)
We cater for the chemical and biotech industries, as well the agri-food and health sectors, with a view to: validating an enzymatic assay method, improving the physico-chemical and rheological properties of an industrial product, and creating a functioning extraction process. (capacites.fr)

Obviously, this lyase has a much broader substrate specificity than the E/F-type lyases, but it has high site-specificity, attaching the chromophore exclusively to the Cys-84 (consensus sequence) binding site of the APC subunits. (uni-muenchen.de)

Screening of animal IAVs to monitor their potential to cross the host species barrier should therefore not only focus on the HA protein, but also on the functional properties of NA. (uu.nl)

It has been shown, furthermore, that the conversion of a phospholipid to a lysophospholipid in phospholipid containing substances, such as food products, generally leads to an improvement of certain of the properties of those substances. (justia.com)

Studies have suggested that bromelain exhibits anti-inflammatory properties by modulating the production of pro-inflammatory mediators, such as cytokines and prostaglandins. (bcr.org)
Laccase substrate specificity differs from one organism to another, and in the presence of adequate redox mediators, the range of laccase oxidizable substrates can be greatly extended [ 5 ]. (biomedcentral.com)

In my talk, I will show you some examples how such biological cues influence the dynamic properties of membranes. (lu.se)

This enzyme has a long history of traditional use in folk medicine, particularly in South and Central America, where it was employed for its anti-inflammatory and digestive properties. (bcr.org)

Teff, a gluten-free grain historically grown in East Africa but increasingly available in the United States, seems to have antioxidant properties in human cells, say UNC Greensboro (UNCG) researchers. (phys.org)
Sequential and multistep substrate interrogation provides the scaffold for specificity in human flap endonuclease 1.Cell Reports. (edu.sa)
Fractions were supplemented to pH-controlled anaerobic batch culture fermenters inoculated with human faecal samples from three donors, in triplicate, for each substrate. (megazyme.com)

We asked whether there were radial spoke adaptations associated with parasite lineage-specific properties in apicomplexans and trypanosomatids. (bvsalud.org)

METHODS: In this study, the protein-rich press residue from the rapeseed oil industry was converted enzymatically into short-chain biologically active peptides using four protease products with varying substrate specificity - Alcalase 2.4L FG, Protex 6L, Protamex and Corolase 7089. (upc.edu)
Cloned mouse N-acetyltransferases: enzymatic properties of expressed Nat-1 and Nat-2 gene products. (cdc.gov)

Prodrugs constitute a particularly useful approach for altering physicochemical drug properties (e.g., solubility) and for optimizing drug-like features of active compounds (we.e., absorption, distribution, rate of metabolism and excretion (ADME)) [5,6]. (mycareerpeer.com)

The extended conformation is supported by binding studies with a conformationally locked chromophore, 15Za-PCB, which also binds rapidly and non-covalently to CpcS and gives a product with similar spectral properties as PCB-CpcS. (uni-muenchen.de)

Thus, lysophospholipids show an increased solubility in water, thereby giving them enhanced emulsification properties in oil/water emulsions and an ability to form emulsions which are more stable to changing pH conditions, for example which are stable under acid conditions, and to changing temperatures. (justia.com)

Unregulated cellular uptake as well as cosubstrate independent enzymatic conversion of EAA, made this substrate highly useful as a hyperpolarized 13C-MR marker. (inra.fr)

An enzyme's specificity comes from its unique three-dimensional structure. (wikipedia.org)

Upon addition of apo-biliproteins to the PCB-CpcS (or 15Za-PCB-CpcS) complex, the chromophore is transferred to the latter much more slowly (~1 hr), indicating that chromophorylated CpcS is an intermediate in the enzymatic reaction. (uni-muenchen.de)
X-ray crystallography was used to investigate this complex enzymatic process, which showed Orf1 has two substrate-binding sites that sit 13.5 Å apart unlike canonical FAD-dependent oxidoreductases. (hokudai.ac.jp)

This could be appreciated by the signal-to-noise (SNR) obtained from EAA, which was comparable to the SNR reported in a literature liver cancer study with state-of-the-art hyperpolarized substrate, [1-13C]pyruvate. (inra.fr)

it can also be used in achieving site specificity, improving the restorative drug effect and drug security [3,4]. (mycareerpeer.com)

This method can detect all seven known BoNT serotypes and involves incubating BoNT with a peptide substrate that mimics each toxin's natural in vivo neuronal protein target. (cdc.gov)

The analysis, carried out by Opinion Matters for eMoov , took into consideration two elements of selling a property: the price that it's initially listed at, and the explanation behind the value - i.e. (humlalitkala.com)

Make your property as attractive as attainable. (humlalitkala.com)
Maximum cellulase production was obtained in the presence of wheat bran i.e., 447.79 U/mg which indicated that the chemical substrate could successfully be replaced with agronomical substrate to make the process more economic as well as ecofriendly. (aascit.org)

Anatomy9

Organisms23

Chemicals and Drugs123

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment38

Phenomena and Processes65

Disciplines and Occupations1

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Enzymes12

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Reactions5

Mechanism3

Proteins5

Metabolic4

Activity17

Cleavage2

Catalytic3

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Assays1

Lipases1

Isomerization1

Affinity1

Recognition3

Cleaves1

Physiological1

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Barley1

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