AnatomyOrganismsChemicals and DrugsAnalytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and EquipmentPhenomena and ProcessesTechnology, Industry, AgricultureInformation ScienceHealth Care
CellulaseCellulasesCelluloseTrichodermaCellulose 1,4-beta-CellobiosidaseCellobioseCarboxymethylcellulose SodiumHypocreaGlycoside Hydrolasesbeta-GlucosidaseClostridium thermocellumMitosporic FungiDextrinsPolyporaceaeCellulosomesClostridium cellulolyticumClostridiumEndo-1,4-beta XylanasesGlucan 1,4-beta-GlucosidaseGlucosidasesXylansHydrolysisIsopteraTylenchidaAspergillus nigerLigninMolecular Sequence DataSporangiaNeocallimastixActinomycetalesBiomassClostridium cellulovoransPanicumHydrogen-Ion ConcentrationAmino Acid SequenceGossypiumPerseaGlucan 1,3-beta-GlucosidaseGene Expression Regulation, FungalGlucansBiofuelsFungal Proteinsbeta-MannosidaseFibrobacterEndo-1,3(4)-beta-GlucanasePolygalacturonaseSubstrate SpecificityAscomycotaNematodaSchizophyllumCloning, MolecularEnzyme StabilityLactosePenicilliumBacillusPhanerochaeteFungiBacterial ProteinsFermentationGram-Negative Anaerobic Straight, Curved, and Helical RodsTemperature
Hydrolysis of celluloseEnzymesPectinaseTrichodermaAspergillusRequired for the enzymatic hydrolysisSaccharificationAssaysXylanaseSugarsFungiAdsorptionSubstratesPretreatmentGlucoseOptimizationBiomassEndoEnzyme activityCellulose hydrolysisSecretionFermentationActivityPreparationsMicrobialProductionFibersCatalyticIncubationMeasurementWidelyHighActivitiesYeastJournal
Hydrolysis of cellulose5
  • One of the main challenges to the industrialization of lignocellulose conversion processes is the large amount of cellulase enzymes used for the hydrolysis of cellulose. (biomedcentral.com)
  • In this study, the recycle of enzymes associated with the insoluble solid fraction after the enzymatic hydrolysis of cellulose was investigated for pretreated corn stover under a variety of recycling conditions. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Zhang, Y.H.P. and Lynd, L.R. (2004) Toward an aggregated understanding of enzymatic hydrolysis of cellulose: Noncomplex cellulose systems. (scirp.org)
  • The significance of this work provides a better understand of sulfate groups on CNC and their potential effects on enzymatic hydrolysis of cellulose and surface modification of CNC. (auburn.edu)
  • The intermediate products formed/released during enzymatic hydrolysis of cellulose (eg. (agriinfo.in)
Enzymes18
  • Recent commercial cellulase preparations have been shown to be effective at hydrolyzing cellulose under industrially relevant conditions, however the high cost of enzymes remains a significant barrier to the economical production of ethanol from lignocellulosic biomass [ 3 , 4 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • One method that may reduce the amount of enzyme used and increase enzymatic productivity is to recycle the enzymes [ 10 , 11 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Conceptually, the assumption is that by recovering the active enzymes from the output of the enzymatic hydrolysis step, it is possible to decrease the amount of new enzyme which must be added to the hydrolysis, and therefore reduce the overall enzyme cost in the process. (biomedcentral.com)
  • High rates of enzymatic hydrolysis were achieved for untreated C. homosphaera biomass with enzymes containing endoglucanase and β-glucosidase activities and devoid of cellobiohydrolase activity. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Fungi and bacteria are potential producers of cellulase enzymes [ 6 , 7 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • however, some bacteria use large enzymatic assemblies called cellulosomes, which recruit complementary enzymes to protein scaffolds. (rcsb.org)
  • Cellulose is readily biodegraded by organisms that utilize cellulase enzymes, but due to the additional acetyl groups cellulose acetate requires the presence of esterases for the first step in biodegradation. (springer.com)
  • The information is also given on the processing of agricultural biomass to produce industrially important enzymes, e.g., ligninases or cellulases. (scirp.org)
  • The growth of wood-destroying fungi on ligno-cellulosic materials depends on the production of many enzymes, of which probably the most important is the multi component cellulase system. (irg-wp.com)
  • Experiments designed to compare the degree of localization of the cellulase enzymes of some white, brown and soft rot organisms are described. (irg-wp.com)
  • endo -1,4-β-Glucanase ( endo -cellulase, EC 3.2.1.4) is one of the most widely used enzymes in industry. (megazyme.com)
  • However, the enzymes (cellulase and/or pectinase) continue their lytic action on the slices after the peeling process, hence degrading the slices during storage. (usda.gov)
  • The decomposition of cellulose occurs in two stages: (i) in the first stage the long chain of cellulase is broken down into cellobiase and then into glucose by the process of hydrolysis in the presence of enzymes cellulase and cellobiase, and (ii) in second stage glucose is oxidized and converted CO2 and water. (agriinfo.in)
  • The cellulolytic microorganisms responsible for degradation of cellulose through the excretion of enzymes (cellulase & Cellobiase) are fungi, bacteria and actinomycetes. (agriinfo.in)
  • Trichoderma fungi secrete large amounts of enzymes of industrial interest such as cellulases, able to degrade holocellulose in the saccharification of lignocellulosic biomass. (conicet.gov.ar)
  • Cellulases are a group of enzymes, which catalyse different steps of cellulose hydrolysis, and are broadly used in industry as unpurified mixtures of several enzymes. (springeropen.com)
  • Cellulolytic enzymes, commonly known as cellulases are mainly produced by cellulolytic bacteria, fungi and protozoa (Annapure and Pratisha 2022 ). (springeropen.com)
  • The name "cellulase" is commonly used for a natural mixture of enzymes that in general includes three major glycosylases: endoglucanase (EC 3.2.1.4), exoglucanase (cellulase 1,4-beta-cellobiosidase (non-reducing end), EC 3.2.1.91), and cellobiase or β- d -glucosidase (EC 3.2.1.21) (Anoop Kumar et al. (springeropen.com)
Pectinase5
  • To enrich soy protein, the environment-friendly enzymatic processing requires multiple carbohydrases including cellulase, xylanase, pectinase, α-galactosidase and sucrase. (researchgate.net)
  • Aspergillus foetidus was found to have different optimal pH conditions for producing different carbohydrases including cellulase, xylanase, pectinase, α-galactosidase, polygalacturonase, and invertase. (researchgate.net)
  • Derived from the fermentation of a selected Non-GMO strain of Trichoderma longibrachiatum, this product is characterized by its high levels of cellulase and pectinase. (aogubio.com)
  • In the current study, several fungal strains from four plants ( L. divaricata , T. elegans , S. saponaria , and Saccharum spp) were identified by ribosomal DNA typing and evaluated semi-quantitatively for their enzymatic properties, including amylase, cellulase, pectinase, and protease activity. (geneticsmr.com)
  • According to enzymatic tests, 62% of the isolates exhibited amylase, approximately 93% cellulase, 50% pectinase, and 64% protease activity. (geneticsmr.com)
Trichoderma3
Aspergillus1
Required for the enzymatic hydrolysis2
  • It is therefore necessary to reduce the amount of enzyme required for the enzymatic hydrolysis step. (biomedcentral.com)
  • These findings simplify the complexity of the enzyme pools required for the enzymatic hydrolysis of microalgal biomass decreasing the enzyme cost for the production of microalgae-derived glucose syrups. (biomedcentral.com)
Saccharification1
  • Asgher, M., Ahmad, Z. and Iqbal, H.M.N. (2013) Alkali and enzymatic delignification of sugarcane bagasse to expose cellulose polymers for saccharification and bioethanol production. (scirp.org)
Assays3
  • The effect of these deletions will be assessed through studying the secretion and activity of endogenous cellulases with enzymatic assays. (helsinki.fi)
  • Megazyme now recommends the use of K-CellG5 for all assays for the measurement of endo -cellulase. (megazyme.com)
  • Conclusions: Our experimental data from enzymatic assays, immunocytochemistry and inhibition experiments strongly suggest a key role of the GH5_5 endocellulase in cell wall dissolution by Orciraptor agilis . (megazyme.com)
Xylanase3
  • The maximum peak value of cellulase, xylanase, dehydrogenase and coenzyme F 420 activities in Reactor LDR were 0.51 mg·g −1 ·h −1 , 0.29 mg·g −1 ·h −1 , 4.88 mL·g −1 ·h −1 and 6.69 μmol·L −1 , respectively, which were higher than that in Reactor CK . (iwaponline.com)
  • With or without recirculation, the concentration of TVFAs was positively correlated with cellulase, xylanase and dehydrogenase activities, while was negatively correlated with coenzyme F 420 activity. (iwaponline.com)
  • And the peaks of cellulase, xylanase and dehydrogenase activities appeared ahead of the peak of daily biogas production with the LDR. (iwaponline.com)
Sugars4
  • The first step in one of the more promising conversion pathways includes a biochemical conversion of the lignocellulosic material whereby the structural sugars present in lignocellulosic biomass are depolymerized into their monomeric constituents via an enzymatic hydrolysis step, providing a fermentable sugar stream rich in glucose [ 2 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Lignocellulosic material can efficiently be converted into fermentable sugars through enzymatic hydrolysis using cellulases and hemicellulases without the conversion of inhibitors of yeast fermentation. (omicsonline.org)
  • The enzymatic hydrolysis of lignocellulosic biomass into fermentable sugars remains a critical challenge for producing bio-based products due to complexity and recalcitrance of the biomass. (ncsu.edu)
  • 2020 ). Another application of cellulases is the valorisation of food waste and by-products via the conversion of cellulose fibres into soluble sugars to be converted by fermentation to bio-energy, mainly bio-ethanol (Zou et al. (springeropen.com)
Fungi1
  • The importance of the enzymatic degradation of hemicellulose and cellulose by brown-rot fungi is still under discussion. (irg-wp.com)
Adsorption1
Substrates4
  • Cellulases produced by the studied yeast are capable of hydrolyzing soluble and insoluble substrates at elevated temperatures and at a wide pH range. (hindawi.com)
  • Novel substrates for the measurement of endo -1,4-β-glucanase ( endo -cellulase). (megazyme.com)
  • The effects of mechanical pretreatments (i.e., wet grinding for corncob residues and PFI refining for wood fibers) on the enzymatic hydrolysis of mixed substrates of corncob residues (CRs) and wood fibers (WFs) were investigated. (ncsu.edu)
  • The results showed that the applied combined mechanical pretreatments noticeably enhanced the enzymatic digestibility of the mixed substrates. (ncsu.edu)
Pretreatment1
  • In this paper, we investigate their recovery by an enzyme-assisted extraction process consisting of a pretreatment of the plant material with cellulase followed by solvent extraction with aqueous ethanol. (mdpi.com)
Glucose8
  • It was found that a significant amount of cellulase activity could be recovered by recycling the insoluble biomass fraction, and the enzyme dosage could be decreased by 30% to achieve the same glucose yields under the most favorable conditions. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Cellulose hydrolysis to glucose could be performed by chemical, physical, or enzymatic processes. (hindawi.com)
  • The three other transporters or sensors did not have a significant effect on cellulase production in spent grain extract and lactose or glucose media. (helsinki.fi)
  • We assayed extracts of the digestive system and of the whole body of Coptotermes formosanus to determine where the various cellulases, glucose, and related substances were concentrated and to detect pyruvate dehydrogenase activity in the hindgut-removed body in order to verify its full cellulolytic system. (irg-wp.com)
  • On hydrolysis by cellulase, the 2-chloro-4-nitrophenyl-β-glycoside is immediately hydrolysed to 2-chloro-4-nitrophenol and free D-glucose by the β-glucosidase in the substrate mixture. (megazyme.com)
  • and the apparent constant of inhibition between cellulose-glucose and cellulase (KI), which was 2.9 gL-1, 3.1 gL-1, and 6.6 gL-1 for pulps 1, 2, and 3, respectively. (ncsu.edu)
  • The total activity of cellulase is defined as the ability of the enzyme to produce glucose, which is the final product of cellulose hydrolysis, and is expressed in cellulase units. (springeropen.com)
  • The aim of the present study was to develop an assay for the determination of cellulase activity that relies on the amperometric determination of the final product of cellulose hydrolysis glucose. (springeropen.com)
Optimization3
  • This study focuses on the identification of cellulolytic yeasts and the optimization of cellulase activities produced by the best performing isolate. (hindawi.com)
  • The characterization and optimization of cellulase activities are carried out on a yeast isolate that belongs to the genus Trichosporon , which was the most powerful with regard to the hydrolysis halo of CMC diameter, in a qualitative test. (hindawi.com)
  • Optimization of culture conditions affecting fungal cellulase production. (scialert.net)
Biomass2
Endo8
  • Incubation with an endo -cellulase generates a non-blocked colourimetric oligosaccharide that is rapidly hydrolysed by the ancillary β-glucosidase. (megazyme.com)
  • The rate of formation of 2-chloro-4-nitrophenol is therefore directly related to the hydrolysis of BCNPG3 by the endo -cellulase. (megazyme.com)
  • Completely specific for cellulase ( endo -1,4-glucanase). (megazyme.com)
  • A novel automatable enzyme-coupled colorimetric assay for endo -1,4-β-glucanase (cellulase). (megazyme.com)
  • A specific and sensitive substrate for the assay of endo -1,4-β-glucanase (cellulase) has been prepared. (megazyme.com)
  • Substrate for the specific measurement of endo -1,4-β-D-glucanase (cellulase). (megazyme.com)
  • Please note the video above shows the protocol for assay of endo -cellulase using Azo-CM cellulose. (megazyme.com)
  • The procedure for the assay of endo -Cellulase using Azo-CM-Cellulose (Liquid) is equivalent to this. (megazyme.com)
Enzyme activity2
Cellulose hydrolysis2
Secretion1
  • The deletion of this transporter caused a decrease in cellulase production and/or secretion. (helsinki.fi)
Fermentation2
Activity8
  • This study was performed to investigate the effect of castor oil on cellulase enzymatic activity on pure cellulose during SSF. (unimas.my)
  • The cellulase activity was revealed by the addition of a solution of 1% Congo red, which binds to the polymers of cellulose. (hindawi.com)
  • The enzymatic activity of bromelain is primarily attributed to its proteolytic components, which break down proteins into smaller peptides and amino acids. (bcr.org)
  • The objective of the present study was to investigate an acid solution (0.1 N HCl) rinse and cold conditioning (2 °C for 24 h) to slow down enzymatic activity after peeling of 'Valencia' oranges. (usda.gov)
  • Immobilization has the potential to make enzyme utilization more cost efficient, but reduced enzymatic activity makes it unfeasible. (ualberta.ca)
  • The purpose of this study was to develop immobilized cellulase systems on silica supports that retain high enzymatic activity. (ualberta.ca)
  • To assess the importance of this carbohydrate-active enzyme in the feeding act of Orciraptor , we recombinantly produced its catalytic domain and studied the enzymatic activity, cellular localisation and function. (megazyme.com)
  • The standard technique for the assessment of total cellulase activity, which was first proposed by Mandels and acknowledged by the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC), is the filter paper activity (FPA) method, measuring the decomposition degree of filter paper (Mandels et al. (springeropen.com)
Preparations1
  • 2012 ). Cellulase preparations are used for maceration of plant material to improve the extraction yield of juice, and clarification of fruit and vegetable juices increasing juice cloud stability and reducing its viscosity (Soares et al. (springeropen.com)
Microbial2
  • Current trends in research and application of microbial cellulases. (scialert.net)
  • Experimental evidence for enzymatic cell wall dissolution in a microbial protoplast feeder ( Orciraptor agilis , Viridiraptoridae). (megazyme.com)
Production3
  • Bioethanol production from lignocellulosic feedstocks based on enzymatic hydrolysis: Current status and recent developments Biotechnology, 13: 1-21. (scialert.net)
  • Reduction of (hemi)cellulases production costs is strongly required to increase competitiveness of second generation bioethanol production. (oldfirehousebooks.com)
  • Some of the most recent advances in enzymatic glycosylation processes focused on the production of important bioactive compounds have been analyzed. (preprints.org)
Fibers2
Catalytic1
  • The thermophilic bacterium Caldicellulosiruptor bescii uses an intermediate strategy, secreting many free cellulases that contain multiple catalytic domains. (rcsb.org)
Incubation2
  • The highest activities were 0.52 for the CMCase and 0.56 for the cellulase fiber at 10 min incubation, 0.44 IU/mL at 15 min incubation, and 24 h FPase preincubation. (hindawi.com)
  • From transmission electron microscopy studies of cellulose after incubation with CelA, we report morphological features that suggest that CelA not only exploits the common surface ablation mechanism driven by general cellulase processivity, but also excavates extensive cavities into the surface of the substrate. (rcsb.org)
Measurement1
  • This study aims to isolate yeast strains from the gastrointestinal tract of the coprophage " Gymnopleurus sturmi " capable of producing cellulases and then to optimize the measurement conditions of cellulase activities. (hindawi.com)
Widely1
High2
  • Enzymatic hydrolysis is the most used in the industry because of its high yields with fewer unwanted side products [ 4 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • Nowadays, yeast cellulases gain interest, as they are active in a wide pH range and at high temperatures [ 8 , 9 ]. (hindawi.com)
Activities2
  • Cellulase activities were then investigated by performing enzyme assay. (unimas.my)
  • Furthermore, cellulase enzymatic activities became better at 25 FPUlg CMC in the presence of castor oil. (unimas.my)
Yeast1
Journal1