Enterobacter and cronobacter. Medical search. Frequent questions

Cronobacter sakazakii, a species of gram-negative bacteria belonging to the Enterobacteriaceae family, is known to cause severe and often fatal meningitis and sepsis in young infants. (cdc.gov)
Since November 1, 2011, four infants (children under 12 months of age) infected with Cronobacter bacteria have been reported to CDC. (cdc.gov)
To better understand whether cases are related, CDC has been performing genetic typing (DNA fingerprinting) of Cronobacter bacteria from the infants when these bacteria were available from the laboratories that isolated them from the infants. (cdc.gov)
As previously reported , the genetic fingerprints of Cronobacter bacteria from the infants in Illinois and Missouri were not identical. (cdc.gov)
Cronobacter bacteria from the infants in Florida and Oklahoma were not available for testing at CDC. (cdc.gov)
No Cronobacter bacteria were found in an opened container of powdered infant formula that was fed to the infant in Illinois. (cdc.gov)
Cronobacter bacteria were found in an opened container of bottled nursery water used to prepare the infant formula. (cdc.gov)
The genetic fingerprints of the Cronobacter bacteria obtained from the infant, the formula, and the water were indistinguishable from each other. (cdc.gov)
This genetic fingerprint differed from both that of the Cronobacter bacteria from the infant and from that of the bottled water from Illinois. (cdc.gov)
No Cronobacter bacteria were found in 3 opened cans of powdered infant formula that had been fed to the infant in Oklahoma, or in tap water, which was used to prepare the infant's formula, obtained from the infant's home. (cdc.gov)
Klebsiella , Enterobacter , and Serratia Infections The gram-negative bacteria Klebsiella , Enterobacter , and Serratia are closely related normal intestinal flora that rarely cause disease in normal hosts. (msdmanuals.com)
previously known as Enterobacter sakazakii) is a group of Gram-negative bacteria consisted of six species, including Cronobacter sakazakii and Cronobacter muytjensii (Iversen et al. (ipb.ac.id)
Testing found Cronobacter sakazakii bacteria at this facility. (stylize.life)
The FDA is worried about not only Cronobacter sakazakii contamination but also potential Salmonella Newport contamination, even though the recall notice did indicate that Abbott had "found no evidence of Salmonella Newport" and that "no distributed product has tested positive for the presence of either of these bacteria," so far. (stylize.life)
The pathogenicity of Cronobacter for un-weaned babies makes it necessary to review the manufacturing process of the milk-based products specialized for babies, guaranteeing the absence of the bacteria in the final product. (chemopharm.com)

Carbapenems continue to have the best activity against E cloacae, E aerogenes, (now known as Klebsiella aerogenes ) and other Enterobacter species. (medscape.com)
Similarly, rrs sequence analysis identified as Enterobacter hormaechei 23 strains originally ascribed to Enterobacter cloacae by the API 20E system. (unipa.it)
Involvement of the AcrAB-TolC efflux pump in the resistance, fitness, and virulence of Enterobacter cloacae. (ac.ir)
Prevalence and characterization of extended spectrum beta-lactamase-producing Enterobacter cloacae strains in Algeria. (ac.ir)
FusA allele sequencing revealed that 49/52 strains were Cronobacter sakazakii, while the remaining 3 strains were Escherichia coli, Enterobacter cloacae, and Franconibacter helveticus . (biomedcentral.com)
The mis-identification of E. coli, E. cloacae and F. helveticus as Cronobacter spp. (biomedcentral.com)
Identified enterobacteria strains revealed several opportunistic and pathogenic agents such as Enterobacter cloacae (28%), Citrobacter freundii (23.3%), Cronobacter sakazakii (14.6%) and other strains in lower percentage. (unime.it)
pneumoniae (2 samples), Salmonella (1 sample) from K brand of PIF and Enterobacter cloacae (12 samples) from three brands of PIF were detected. (wflpublisher.com)

The diversity of strains present in the Enterobacter cowanii species have been confirmed through analysis of DNA G+C content and DNA-DNA Hybridization results, which involves the hybridizing (annealing) of putative strains to E. cowanii LMG 23569T. (wikipedia.org)
Genome sequence of Cronobacter sakazakii BAA-894 and comparative genomic hybridization analysis with other Cronobacter species. (genome.jp)
Spacek, Lisa A. "Enterobacter Species. (hopkinsguides.com)
Johns Hopkins Guides , www.hopkinsguides.com/hopkins/view/Johns_Hopkins_ABX_Guide/540201/0/Enterobacter_species. (hopkinsguides.com)
Spacek LA. Enterobacter species. (hopkinsguides.com)
The type species of this genus has alternatively been placed in the genus Enterobacter Hormaeche and Edwards 1960 (Approved Lists 1980) . (dsmz.de)
Cronobacter species (formerly known as Enterobacter sakazakii) are opportunistic pathogens that consist of seven species including C. sakazakii, C. malonaticus, C. muytjensii, C. turicensis, C. dublinensis, C. universalis, and C. condimenti. (ucd.ie)
Such a platform, known as Vitek Immuno Diagnostic Assay System (VIDAS®), was investigated for its specificity, sensitivity and accuracy, when Cronobacter was present in TSB culture or reconstituted PIF, or in the presence of other non-related competing species. (ucd.ie)
Overall, VIDAS® Cronobacter kits can effectively detect most Cronobacter species within a 20-h period. (ucd.ie)
Cronobacter species, like other microorganisms can adapt to the production environment. (ucd.ie)
Understanding how this pathogen adapts to the PIF production environment will support targeted improvements in food safety measures.Cronobacter species is known for its desiccation tolerance, a phenotype that can aid bacterial survival in the production site and in PIF itself. (ucd.ie)
Cronobacter species are associated with severe foodborne infections in neonates and infants, with particular pathovars associated with specific clinical presentations. (biomedcentral.com)
However, before 2008 the genus was regarded as a single species named Enterobacter sakazakii which was subdivided into 8 phenotypes. (biomedcentral.com)
Until 2007 the Cronobacter genus was known as the single species Enterobacter sakazakii . (biomedcentral.com)

Isolates of Enterobacter cowanii were extracted from leaf tissue of the Eucalyptus trees. (wikipedia.org)
First clinical isolates of Cronobacter spp. (bvsalud.org)
Enterobacter sakazakii) in Argentina: characterization and subtyping by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis / First clinical isolates of Cronobacter spp. (bvsalud.org)
The present study aimed to characterize the ESBL and carbapenemase genes among Enterobacter isolates from an Iranian inpatient population. (ac.ir)
A total of 96 Enterobacter isolates obtained from inpatients between June 2016 and March 2017, were identified by the conventional microbiological methods and diagnostic kits. (ac.ir)
Of the 96 Enterobacter isolates, 35 (36.5%) and 28 (29.2%) were phenotypically ESBL-positive and non-susceptible carbapenem, respectively. (ac.ir)
in our region, strict hygiene rules will be needed to control the quick spread of ESBL and carbapenemase-producing Enterobacter isolates in healthcare facilities of developing countries. (ac.ir)

but further characterization by alpha-glucosidase based polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay identification strongly suggested that these strains did not belong to the genus Cronobacter. (unipa.it)
This study re-analyzed, using multi-locus sequence typing (MLST) and whole genome sequence with single nucleotide polymorphism analysis (WGS-SNP), 52 strains which had been identified as Enterobacter sakazakii as according to the convention at the time of isolation. (biomedcentral.com)
The WGS-SNP analysis demonstrated that indistinguishable Cronobacter strains within a sequence type can be unrelated, and may originate from multiple sources. (biomedcentral.com)
The use of WGS-SNP analysis to distinguishing of strains within a sequence type has important relevance for tracing the source of outbreaks due to Cronobacter spp. (biomedcentral.com)

Enterobacter cowanii is a Gram-negative, motile, facultatively-anaerobic, rod-shaped bacterium of the genus Enterobacter. (wikipedia.org)
Taxonomic evaluation of the genus Enterobacter based on multilocus sequence analysis (MLSA): proposal to reclassify E. nimipressuralis and E. amnigenus into Lelliottia gen. nov. as Lelliottia nimipressuralis comb. (wikipedia.org)
Brady C, Cleenwerck I, Venter S, Coutinho T, De Vos P. Taxonomic evaluation of the genus Enterobacter based on multilocus sequence analysis (MLSA): proposal to reclassify E. nimipressuralis and E. amnigenus into Lelliottia gen. nov. as Lelliottia nimipressuralis comb. (dsmz.de)
Re-examination of the taxonomic status of Enterobacter helveticus , Enterobacter pulveris and Enterobacter turicensis as members of the genus Cronobacter and their reclassification in the genera Franconibacter gen. nov. and Siccibacter gen. nov. as Franconibacter helveticus comb. (dsmz.de)

nov., respectively, and E. turicensis, E. helveticus and E. pulveris into Cronobacter as Cronobacter zurichensis nom. (wikipedia.org)
Complete genome sequence of Cronobacter turicensis LMG 23827, a food-borne pathogen causing deaths in neonates. (kegg.jp)

Whole genome sequencing analysis was used to link one case of Cronobacter sakazakii infection in a full-term infant to an opened can of powdered infant formula, and another unrelated fatal case in a premature infant to contaminated breast pump equipment. (cdc.gov)
Increased awareness of the widespread presence of Cronobacter in the environment, along with promotion of safe preparation and storage of powdered infant formula, and careful cleaning and sanitization of breast pump equipment, could prevent potentially devastating infections. (cdc.gov)
Enterobacter sakazakii and other microorganisms in powdered infant formula : meeting report. (who.int)
Reconstituted powdered infant formula (PIF) and contaminated expressed breast milk have been implicated as the sources of Cronobacter infection in a number of neonatal and infant cases [ 4 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Cronobacter sakazakii (Enterobacter sakazakii) is an emerging pathogen that has been isolated from powdered infant formula and associated with outbreaks of infection in infants in neonatal intensive care units. (iafns.org)
Enterobacter sakazakii and Salmonella in powdered infant formula. (bsn.go.id)
Outbreak history, biofilm formation, and preventive measures for control of Cronobacter sakazakii in infant formula and infant care settings. (bsn.go.id)

Virulence and Antibiotic Resistance Profiles of Cronobacter sakazakii and Enterobacter spp. (adscientificindex.com)

Molecular epidemiological survey of Citrobacter freundii misidentified as Cronobacter spp. (unipa.it)

CDC, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), and state health departments are continuing to investigate four recent cases of Cronobacter infection among infants in four States. (cdc.gov)
The only State in the USA that has mandatory reporting is Minnesota, and this is where the first case of Cronobacter infection was reported in the USA. (ibfan.org)
2015), Cronobacter is the most expensive food-associated infection due to the loss of life and debilitation of survivors, each case being estimated to cost $1 million USD [ 8 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Most infants won't be able to say, "dude, I think I have a Cronobacter infection and therefore can't finish this hot dog. (stylize.life)
How do you tell if you have a Cronobacter infection? (stylize.life)

11. Qin X, Yang Y, Hu F, Zhu D. Hospital clonal dissemination of Enterobacter aerogenes producing carbapenemase KPC-2 in a Chinese teaching hospital. (ac.ir)

Cronobacter helveticus comb. (wikipedia.org)

IBFAN calls for Cronobacter/Enterobacter and Salmonella infections to become reportable as a mandatory notifiable disease in all countries. (ibfan.org)
But neither Cronobacter sakazakii nor Salmonella Newport should be one of them. (stylize.life)

Infections caused by Cronobacter sakazakii are rare but can cause severe illness and death in infants. (cdc.gov)
Information about how consumers can reduce the risk of Cronobacter illness for their infants is found here . (cdc.gov)
Cronobacter illness is very rare, but it is often deadly in young infants. (cdc.gov)
Typically, CDC is informed of about 4-6 cases of Cronobacter illness in infants each year, but reporting isn't required. (cdc.gov)
In 2002, the International Commission on Microbiological Specifications for Foods (ICMSF) designated Cronobacter, then known as E. sakazakii, as a severe hazard for restricted populations of immunocompromised individuals such as neonates and infants [ 14 , 15 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
As a result, when infants ingest Cronobacter, they are at much higher risk of developing badness such as heaving infections in their bloodstreams or brains. (stylize.life)

nov., respectively, and emended description of the genera Enterobacter and Cronobacter . (dsmz.de)

nov. and Cronobacter pulveris comb. (wikipedia.org)

Isolation of Cronobacter spp. (osu.eu)
Isolation of Enterobacter sakazakii from Midgut of Stomoxys calcitrans. (aber.ac.uk)

Enterobacter infections do not have a clinical presentation that is specific enough to differentiate them from other acute bacterial infections. (medscape.com)

DOC for severe Enterobacter infections, except for meningitis and other CNS infections because of some reports indicating higher seizure potential. (medscape.com)
Infant milk formula has been identified as a potential source of Enterobacter sakazakii, which has been implicated in neonatal meningitis and necrotizing enterocolitis. (uaeu.ac.ae)
Cronobacter meningitis is a life-threatening emergency. (stylize.life)

Therefore, Cronobacter represents an important challenge for the PIF industry.The reference method for the detection of Cronobacter takes up to seven days for the confirmation by using conventional bacteriological culture. (ucd.ie)
ISO 22964 FDIS:2016 describes a horizontal method for the detection of Cronobacter spp. (chemopharm.com)

Enterobacter cowanii is phenotypically defined as being a Gram-negative, motile, and facultative anaerobic bacterium. (wikipedia.org)

Enterobacter sakazakii) in Argentina: characterization and subtyping by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis. (bvsalud.org)

Third-generation cephalosporins are not indicated for the treatment of severe Enterobacter infections, perhaps with the notable exception of uncomplicated infections. (medscape.com)
Alternative to imipenem for severe Enterobacter infections. (medscape.com)

The antimicrobials most commonly indicated in Enterobacter infections include carbapenems, fourth-generation cephalosporins, aminoglycosides, fluoroquinolones, and TMP-SMZ. (medscape.com)

Journal Article] Comparison of chromogenic selective media for the detection of Cronobacter spp. (nii.ac.jp)

Cronobacter infections tend to be milder in older children and adults. (stylize.life)

Cronobacter Selective Broth (CSB) is a selective medium for the enrichment of Cronobacter spp. (chemopharm.com)
The ISO normative 22964 recommends this medium for the selective enrichment of Cronobacter spp. (chemopharm.com)

Cronobacter growing in a laboratory. (cdc.gov)
Enterobacter infections can necessitate prolonged hospitalization, multiple and varied imaging studies and laboratory tests, various surgical and nonsurgical procedures, and powerful and expensive antimicrobial agents. (medscape.com)
Previously our laboratory described the first two major serotypes for Cronobacter sakazakii, denoted as O:1 and O:2. (ucd.ie)

High prevalence of non-clonal imipenem-nonsusceptible Enterobacter spp. (ac.ir)

Genetic relatedness of Cronobacter spp. (ipb.ac.id)
Beranda / Journal/Seminar Artikel / Genetic relatedness of Cronobacter spp. (ipb.ac.id)
The aim of this study was to analyze the genetic relatedness of Cronobacter spp. (ipb.ac.id)

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