MacrophagesApoptosisMacrophage engulfment of apoptoticPhagocytesClearance of apoptotic cellsPhagocytosis of apoptotic cellsPathwayRecognitionDegradationDifferentiationProliferationPhosphatidylserine-bindingStimulusInducesExpression of the resultinGenesProgrammed cellTissueProcessesSignalsMaturationVivoTissuesCaspasesEmbryoProteinsBlocking TNF inhiCorpsesTumor cellsUndergoMonocyteThymocytesMiceEnhancesPhagocyticElegansDebrisIntrinsicMechanismsUptakeProteinInduceOccursActinCharacterizeAntigen-preseCargoCorpse removalMitochondrialInvolvesExtracellularProcessImmuneInvolvementMoleculesTranscriptionalMigrationSignaling cascadeRemovalAdaptiveDestructionAddition
Macrophages27
- Two decades later, pioneering studies suggested that lectin-like molecules constitutively expressed on the surface of macrophages can selectively recognize changes on glycans decorating the surface of apoptotic thymocytes, 4 , 5 although these studies likewise did not provide substantial insight into the mechanisms by which lectin-glycan interactions regulate cell death. (nature.com)
- In multicellular organisms, and more particularly in animals with a well-developed immune system, phagocytosis is mostly performed by specialized, professional phagocytes: macrophages, dendritic cells (DCs), and neutrophils. (frontiersin.org)
- Cell biology of phagocytosis has been mainly established on bone marrow-derived tissue macrophages. (frontiersin.org)
- Particularly, yolk sac-derived macrophages including microglia may possibly have different tasks since they are confronted with different target structures, mainly apoptotic cells during developmental tissue remodeling, while bone marrow-derived macrophages have a higher chance to be confronted with pathogens, mainly during defense against invading microbes. (frontiersin.org)
- Although apoptotic cells are known to be efficiently phagocytosed by macrophages, the mechanisms whereby their interaction with the phagocytes triggers their engulfment have not been described in mammals. (nih.gov)
- Here, we report that primary murine bone marrow-derived macrophages (using alpha(v)beta(3) integrin for apoptotic cell uptake) extend lamellipodia to engulf apoptotic cells and form an actin cup where phosphotyrosine accumulates. (nih.gov)
- In the wild-type embryo, these dead cells are rapidly engulfed and cleared by macrophages. (bris.ac.uk)
- However, it takes three times as many of these mesenchymal phagocytes to complete the task and, at each stage of the clearance process - in the recognition of apoptotic debris, its engulfment and finally its digestion - they appear to be less efficient than macrophages. (bris.ac.uk)
- A molecular explanation for this may be that several of the engulfment genes expressed by macrophages, including the ABC1 transporter (believed to be part of the phagocytic machinery conserved from Caenorhabditis elegans to mouse), are not upregulated by these 'stand-in' phagocytes. (bris.ac.uk)
- Furthermore, removal of apoptotic eosinophils by phagocytosis by alveolar macrophages or bronchial epithelial cells in a specific receptor-mediated way is as important as the process of apoptosis induction. (elsevierpure.com)
- Corticosteroids enhance the recognition and engulfment of apoptotic eosinophils by macrophages or bronchial epithelial cells. (elsevierpure.com)
- Kupffer cell loss was compensated by gain of adjacent monocyte-derived macrophages that exhibited convergent epigenomes, transcriptomes, and functions. (bioxcell.com)
- T-cell immunoglobulin and mucin (TIM)-4, the only TIM protein not expressed on T cells, is found on macrophages and dendritic cells. (bioxcell.com)
- A close examination of the apoptotic cells in these mice indicated that apoptotic cells are always in macrophages. (biomedcentral.com)
- This signal is recognized by macrophages for engulfment, and DNase II in the lysosomes of macrophages degrades DNA of apoptotic cells. (biomedcentral.com)
- Phenotypically, we identified intrathymic LLMC as preadipocytes (PLIN+PPAR2+), brown adipocytes (PLIN+UCP1+), macrophages (PLIN+Iba-1+) or pericytes (PLIN+NG2+) but not epithelial cells (PLIN- panCK+). (blackmbauk.org)
- The apoptotic thymic T cells are cleared through engulfment by macrophages [7]. (blackmbauk.org)
- The phagocytosis of dying cells by macrophages, termed efferocytosis, is a tightly regulated process that involves the sensing, binding, engulfment, and digestion of apoptotic cells. (biomed.news)
- Efferocytosis not only prevents tissue necrosis and inflammation caused by secondary necrosis of dying cells, but it also promotes pro-resolving signaling in macrophages, which is essential for tissue resolution and repair following injury or inflammation. (biomed.news)
- An important factor that contributes to this pro-resolving reprogramming is the cargo that is released from apoptotic cells after their engulfment and phagolysosomal digestion by macrophages. (biomed.news)
- Creative Biolabs is capable of providing a series of macrophage cells from distinct sources and species, including monocyts , macrophages and macroCargos products. (sausalito.com)
- In conjunction, there was a reduction in IBA1-positive macrophages in the outer retina compared to the WT mice and a decrease in the number of CD68-positive cells in the outer nuclear layer and the subretinal space. (molvis.org)
- In addition, the engulfment of TUNEL-positive and -negative photoreceptors by macrophages was significantly lower in the C3 KO mice cohort following photo-oxidative damage compared to the WT cohort. (molvis.org)
- Compact disc300a down-regulates the subscriber base of apoptotic cells by macrophages and its ectopic phrase in Compact disc300a-harmful cell lines also reduced the engulfment of useless cells. (healthyguide.info)
- For dedication of Compact disc300a appearance on macrophages, cells had been 1st clogged with 5% human being serum for 15 moments and after that discolored with anti-CD300a PE antibody (Beckman Coulter) and anti-CD14 PE-Cy7 (eBioscience). (healthyguide.info)
- Binding and Crystallographic research have got since verified that TIM-3 binds PS [34], ADL5747 and TIM-3 may also facilitate binding to and engulfment of apoptotic cells (efferocytosis) by macrophages like its family members TIM-1 and TIM-4 [34C36]. (biosemiotics2013.org)
- We asked whether PS is certainly an integral regulatory ligand for TIM-3's co-receptor function, beyond its function to advertise the engulfment of apoptotic cells when TIM-3 is certainly portrayed on macrophages. (biosemiotics2013.org)
Apoptosis40
- To this end, cells undergoing apoptosis must display engulfment signals, such as 'find-me' and 'eat-me' signals. (korea.ac.kr)
- CED-12 is an adaptor protein (proteins involved in facilitating the formation of signalling complexes) that is translated once apoptosis has been triggered in a cell. (wikipedia.org)
- Apoptosis, also known as programmed cell death, activates during development as well as in situations where a cell has received sufficient physical damage. (wikipedia.org)
- Several years later, Kerr and co-workers 2 defined the morphological changes in cells undergoing this process, also known as apoptosis. (nature.com)
- We discuss here the contribution of glycan-lectin interactions to the initiation, execution and resolution of apoptosis and their emerging roles in other cell death programs including autophagy. (nature.com)
- We identified a novel mode of communication by which apoptotic cells induce additional apoptosis in the same tissue. (elifesciences.org)
- Strong induction of apoptosis in one compartment of the Drosophila wing disc causes apoptosis of cells in the other compartment, indicating that dying cells can release long-range death factors. (elifesciences.org)
- The tissues of developing organisms can be shaped by apoptosis, a form of regulated cell killing. (elifesciences.org)
- Apoptosis has been thought to resemble a form of silent suicide by cells, but more recent work suggests that apoptotic cells can also transmit signals. (elifesciences.org)
- created 'undead' cells in which one of these proteins was turned on, but other downstream proteins (that are responsible for the cellular execution phase of apoptosis) had been turned off: these cells were undergoing apoptosis, but could not complete the process and die. (elifesciences.org)
- Strikingly, undead cells in the posterior (back) region of the wing imaginal disc-the tissue in the larva that gives rise to the wing in the adult fruit fly-could trigger apoptosis in cells in the anterior (front) half. (elifesciences.org)
- found that the JNK pathway activated apoptosis in anterior cells. (elifesciences.org)
- when Eiger was absent from posterior cells in the wing imaginal disc, apoptosis in anterior cells ceased, indicating that Eiger might signal at long range. (elifesciences.org)
- Apoptosis is a distinct form of programmed cell death in which cells activate an intrinsic suicide program to self-destruct. (elifesciences.org)
- Neuronal cell apoptosis is associated with various neurological damaging factors, including radiation ( 1 ). (spandidos-publications.com)
- Studies on the molecular mechanism of neuronal cell apoptosis following radiation have enriched the number of protective therapeutic strategies against radiation-induced neuronal cell death ( 2 ). (spandidos-publications.com)
- Unlike inflammation, apoptosis is a 'programmed cell death' mechanism, whereby enzymatic reactions lead to cell apoptosis and phagocytes remove the debris without stimulating an inflammatory response. (spandidos-publications.com)
- The most important enzymes involved in apoptosis are caspases, which hydrolyze important structural and functional proteins of the cell, ultimately leading to apoptosis. (spandidos-publications.com)
- Then, we will discuss several principles that govern macrophage phagocytosis of apoptotic cells (efferocytosis), including the existence of redundant recognition mechanisms ("find-me" and "eat-me") that lead to a tight coupling between apoptosis and phagocytosis. (frontiersin.org)
- The T-cell immunoglobulin domain and mucin domain (TIM) family, including TIM-1, TIM-2, TIM-3, and TIM-4, is a relatively newly described group of molecules with a conserved structure and important immunological functions, including T-cell activation, induction of T-cell apoptosis and T-cell tolerance, and the clearance of apoptotic cells. (nih.gov)
- TIM-3, expressed on T cells and dendritic cells, regulates T-cell apoptosis and immune tolerance. (nih.gov)
- Apoptosis is one of the key tools used by an embryo to regulate cell numbers and sculpt body shape. (bris.ac.uk)
- As DTC migration and engulfment of apoptotic corpses are analogous processes, both partially regulated by the CED-10 pathway, we investigated defects of apoptosis in ndk-1 mutants. (scite.ai)
- CTCL cell apoptosis, DC differentiation and apoptotic malignant T cell ingestion were measured by immunostaining. (biomedcentral.com)
- After CD8 T cells were stimulated by DC loaded with malignant cells, they mediated increased apoptosis of residual CTCL cells and TNF-α secretion indicating development of enhanced cytolytic function. (biomedcentral.com)
- This article will review the role that steroids and membrane receptor ligation play in the induction of eosinophil apoptosis together with the mechanisms by which corticosteroids enhance the disposal of apoptotic eosinophils by both professional and non-professional phagocytes. (elsevierpure.com)
- Eosinophils are thought to be the major pro-inflammatory effector cell in asthma and their persistence in the airways is probably enhanced by the presence of several asthma-relevant cytokines that prolong eosinophil survival by inhibition of apoptosis (interleukin (IL)-3, IL-5, granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor, IL-9. (elsevierpure.com)
- Caspases are key intracellular molecules in the control of apoptosis and defects in caspase-induced apoptosis in eosinophils from steroid-resistant individuals may contribute to the molecular mechanisms underlying glucocorticoid insensitivity in these cells. (elsevierpure.com)
- Apoptosis is a principal mechanism in metazoans by which superfluous or potentially harmful cells are eliminated. (biomedcentral.com)
- Regardless of the origin of the apoptotic stimulus, commitment to apoptosis leads to activation of caspases, a family of cysteine proteases. (biomedcentral.com)
- It seems that at an early stage of apoptosis, the dying cells present an 'eat me signal' on their surface. (biomedcentral.com)
- These results indicate that the degradation of DNA during apoptotic cell death is an essential step of apoptosis to maintain mammalian homeostasis. (biomedcentral.com)
- However, when this recognition does not occur with the proper avidity, thymocytes undergo apoptosis, which occurs in ~95% of T cells during differentiation. (blackmbauk.org)
- If left to propagate, the accumulation of C3b triggers cleavage of C5 to produce C5a and C5b, with the latter inducing the assembly of a membrane attack complex (MAC) that binds to cell surfaces, forming transmembrane channels that cause cytolysis or apoptosis of the target cells. (molvis.org)
- Another main TIM-3 ligand may be the membrane phospholipid phosphatidylserine (PS), open on the top of cells going through apoptosis and various other procedures [29,30], including T cell activation [31,32]. (biosemiotics2013.org)
- Apoptosis (/̩æ.pəpˈtō.səs/ [1] ) is a form of programmed cell death in multicellular organisms. (wikidoc.org)
- In contrast to necrosis , which is a form of traumatic cell death that results from acute cellular injury, apoptosis, in general, confers advantages during an organism's life cycle. (wikidoc.org)
- Excessive apoptosis causes hypotrophy , such as in ischemic damage, whereas an insufficient amount results in uncontrolled cell proliferation, such as cancer . (wikidoc.org)
- [4] Kerr had originally used the term "programmed cell necrosis" to describe the phenomenon but in the 1972 article this process of natural cell death was called apoptosis . (wikidoc.org)
- Apoptosis can occur when a cell is damaged beyond repair, infected with a virus , or undergoing stress conditions such as starvation. (wikidoc.org)
Macrophage engulfment of apoptotic2
- Single-walled carbon nanotube s impair human macrophage engulfment of apoptotic cell corpses. (cdc.gov)
- These include decrease of neutrophil cell transmigration enhancement of non-phlogistic monocyte recruitment and increase of macrophage engulfment of apoptotic neutrophils (16-18). (cancerrealitycheck.com)
Phagocytes8
- Engulfment signals are recognized by multiple types of phagocytic machinery in phagocytes, leading to prompt clearance of apoptotic cells. (korea.ac.kr)
- In addition, apoptotic cells and phagocytes release tolerogenic signals to reduce immune responses against apoptotic cell-derived self-antigens. (korea.ac.kr)
- Using studies in cell lines and in the context of a whole organism, we demonstrate that apoptotic cell recognition induces both an acute and sustained calcium flux within phagocytes and that such calcium flux is essential for engulfment. (aai.org)
- Furthermore, we provide evidence that both the release of calcium from the endoplasmic reticulum and the entry of extracellular calcium via CRAC channels into the phagocytes are important during engulfment. (aai.org)
- We also show that calcium is crucial for the anti-inflammatory TGF-β response seen in phagocytes during engulfment of apoptotic cells. (aai.org)
- Taken together, these data point to a previously unappreciated and evolutionarily conserved role for calcium flux at two distinguishable steps: formation of the phagocytic cup and internalization of the apoptotic cell, and the anti-inflammatory signaling induced in phagocytes by contact with apoptotic cells. (aai.org)
- In vivo, apoptotic cells are removed by surrounding phagocytes, a process thought to be essential for tissue remodeling and the resolution of inflammation [1]. (nih.gov)
- We will then describe that resulting from engulfment and degradation of apoptotic cargo, phagocytes undergo an epigenetic, transcriptional and metabolic rewiring that leads to trained immunity, and discuss its relevance for microglia and brain function. (frontiersin.org)
Clearance of apoptotic cells1
- The clearance of apoptotic cells is an essential process for tissue homeostasis. (korea.ac.kr)
Phagocytosis of apoptotic cells2
- How do C-type lectins tailor adaptive immunity following phagocytosis of apoptotic cells? (nature.com)
- Microglial phagocytosis of apoptotic cells (efferocytosis) is at the core of the brain regenerative response. (frontiersin.org)
Pathway12
- Its involvement in the apoptotic phagocytosis pathway was first noted when knocked-out ced-12 in C. elegans showed similar results in the apoptotic process to ced-5 and ced-2 knockouts. (wikipedia.org)
- CED-12 also functions in cell migration processes, which is regulated by the same interactions as the apoptotic phagocytosis pathway. (wikipedia.org)
- Eiger is produced in apoptotic cells and, through activation of the c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) pathway, is able to propagate the initial apoptotic stimulus. (elifesciences.org)
- Radiation and other agents induce caspase activation fundamentally via the mitochondrial pathway, which includes mitochondrial integration of apoptotic signals and the subsequent release of cytochrome c into the cytosol ( 5 , 9 , 10 ). (spandidos-publications.com)
- The intrinsic apoptotic pathway is initiated in response to a variety of stress signals ( Willis and Adams, 2005 ), and a complex interplay of Bcl-2 proteins relays this signal to the mitochondrial outer membrane (OM) to initiate Bak and Bax activation, oligomerisation and OM damage ( Fig. 1 ). (biologists.com)
- By contrast, the extrinsic apoptotic pathway can activate caspases without the participation of mitochondria. (biologists.com)
- However, in certain cell types, the extrinsic pathway also induces mitochondrial damage by cleaving the pro-apoptotic Bcl-2 family protein Bid to its activated truncated form (tBid), which leads to Bak and Bax activation. (biologists.com)
- This is surprising, since this pathway is best known for maintaining undifferentiated germline stem cells/ progenitors. (scite.ai)
- In addition to the CED-10 pathway, engulfment in the worm is also mediated by the CED-1 pathway. (scite.ai)
- Furthermore, the CES-2-like basic region leucine-zipper (bZip) transcription factor ATF-2, an upstream modulator of the core apoptotic cell death pathway, is able to directly regulate the expression of at least two key autophagy-related genes, bec-1/ATG6 and lgg-1/ATG8. (scite.ai)
- We have further ordered these candidates, which include the GTPases RAB-5 and RAB-7 and the HOPS complex, into a coherent linear pathway for the maturation of apoptotic cells within phagosomes. (lonza.com)
- Here, we review the diverse, and still expanding, collection of stimuli and processes now known to harness the noncanonical autophagy pathway, including engulfment processes, drug treatments, TRPML1 and STING signaling, viral infection, and other pathogenic factors. (babraham.ac.uk)
Recognition6
- Marker recognition leads to the engulfment of apoptotic cells by phagocytosis. (wikipedia.org)
- On a molecular level, recognition of the cell-surface markers leads to the translation of the CED-12 protein in the cytoplasm of the engulfing cell, which then gets localized to the cell membrane. (wikipedia.org)
- At that time, glycobiology, which is the study of carbohydrates and their recognition by motif-specific carbohydrate-binding proteins or lectins, lagged far behind the studies that defined the structural and cellular biology of cell death. (nature.com)
- Understanding the function of lectin-glycan recognition systems in cell death will facilitate the implementation of novel therapeutic strategies aimed at controlling unbalanced cell proliferation and survival in several pathologic conditions. (nature.com)
- Common mechanisms of recognition, engulfment, and degradation of the different types of cargo are assumed, but very little is known about the shared and specific molecules involved in the phagocytosis of each target by microglia. (frontiersin.org)
- In the second part, we will compare the mechanisms that mediate recognition and engulfment and their epigenetic, transcriptional, metabolic, and immunological consequences. (frontiersin.org)
Degradation3
- Phagocytosis is a term coined from the Greek to describe the receptor-mediated engulfment and degradation of dead cells and microbes. (frontiersin.org)
- SummaryAutophagy is a lysosome-mediated self-degradation process of eukaryotic cells that, depending on the cellular milieu, can either promote survival or act as an alternative mechanism of programmed cell death (PCD) in terminally differentiated cells. (scite.ai)
- The degradation of nuclear DNA into nucleosomal units is one of the features of apoptotic cell death, and is mediated by a caspase-activated DNase (CAD). (biomedcentral.com)
Differentiation9
- The main advantage of these protocols is that they facilitate the isolation of human monocytes and their differentiation into viable and functional monocyte derived cells. (jove.com)
- This project was focussed on the role and timing of programmed cell death (PCD) in tracheary elements (TEs) formation during the trans-differentiation of mesophyll cells in a model system of Zinnia elegans cell culture. (europa.eu)
- Xylem vessels consist of a number of stacked tracheary elements (TEs) that originate through re-differentiation of root and shoot pro-cambium and cambium cells. (europa.eu)
- The advantages also include production of one cell type isolated from complexity of leaf tissues, accessibility for chemical manipulations and microscope observations, high potential and synchrony of TE differentiation, preservation of vessel element patterning in similarity to zinnia hypocotyls in vivo. (europa.eu)
- We have demonstrated that adherence and release of monocytes from a plastic surface drives their differentiation into immature dendritic cells (DC,) that can mature further during overnight incubation in the presence of apoptotic malignant T cells. (biomedcentral.com)
- Once inside the thymic parenchyma, T lymphocyte progenitors interact with stromal cells, including thymic epithelial cells, which support their IL-10C differentiation and migration through the BAY 73-6691 production of thymic hormones, chemokines and several growth factors [2,4C6]. (blackmbauk.org)
- Furthermore our study showed that 17-HDHA promoted human B cell differentiation towards an antibody-secreting phenotype while not affecting proliferation nor cytotoxicity (13). (cancerrealitycheck.com)
- During cytotrophoblast to syncytiotrophoblast differentiation, cells undergo regulated metabolic and transcriptional reprogramming. (biomed.news)
- In this work, we employed static and stable isotope tracing untargeted metabolomics methods along with gene expression and histone acetylation studies in an established BeWo cell culture model of trophoblast differentiation. (biomed.news)
Proliferation6
- Apoptotic cells can produce signals to instruct cells in their local environment, including ones that stimulate engulfment and proliferation. (elifesciences.org)
- The coordination of cell proliferation and cell fate determination is critical during development but the mechanisms through which this is accomplished are unclear. (cipsm.de)
- TIM-4 is thought to enhance the engulfment of apoptotic cells and play a role in regulating T cell proliferation. (bioxcell.com)
- DCs from GLA-SE but not SE-treated mice became active stimulators of the allogeneic mixed leukocyte reaction, inducing robust proliferation of both CD4+ and CD8+ T cells (Fig. 5C). (peptidesprice.com)
- Certainly, preventing TIM-3 engagement in mice with antibodies or soluble TIM-3 extracellular area was found to improve TH1 cell proliferation, and TIM-3 lacking mice showed flaws in immune system tolerance. (biosemiotics2013.org)
- In a year, this amounts to the proliferation and subsequent destruction of a mass of cells equal to an individual's body weight. (wikidoc.org)
Phosphatidylserine-binding2
- The F31-5G3 monoclonal antibody reacts with mouse T cell immunoglobulin and mucin domain 4 (TIM-4) a phosphatidylserine-binding receptor and member of the Ig superfamily. (bioxcell.com)
- The RMT4-53 monoclonal antibody reacts with mouse T cell immunoglobulin and mucin domain 4 (TIM-4), a phosphatidylserine-binding receptor and member of the Ig superfamily. (bioxcell.com)
Stimulus1
- We recently reported that a key step leading to Bak homo-oligomerisation following an apoptotic stimulus involves transient exposure of the Bak BH3 domain before it binds to the hydrophobic groove of another activated Bak molecule to form a novel symmetric dimer. (biologists.com)
Induces3
- Overall, phagocytosis is considered a beneficial phenomenon, since it eliminates dead cells and induces an anti-inflammatory response. (frontiersin.org)
- 2013). "Interruption of dendritic cell-mediated TIM-4 signaling induces regulatory T cells and promotes skin allograft survival" J Immunol 191(8): 4447-4455. (bioxcell.com)
- This study aims to elucidate the role of radiation induces Akt expression in regulatory T cells (Tregs). (peptidesprice.com)
Expression of the resultin1
- The overall goal of this study is to compare two different methods of human monocyte isolation for dendritic cell generation in vitro and to characterize the CT11c, CT14 cell surface expression of the resulting monocyte derived populations by imaging flow cytometry. (jove.com)
Genes4
- Moreover, knockdown in C. elegans of stim-1 and jph-1 , two genes linked to the entry of extracellular calcium into cells, led to increased persistence of apoptotic cells in the nematode. (aai.org)
- Loss of these genes appeared to affect early signaling events, leading to decreased enrichment of actin adjacent to the apoptotic cell during corpse removal. (aai.org)
- To better understand the role of nm23 genes in cell migration, we investigated the function of NDK-1, the sole Caenorhabditis elegans homolog of group I NDPKs in distal tip cell (DTC) migration. (scite.ai)
- Through a combination of targeted and unbiased reverse genetic screens in Caenorhabditis elegans, and studies in mammalian cells, we have identified genes required for maturation of apoptotic-cell-containing phagosomes. (lonza.com)
Programmed cell3
- In C. elegans, rpn-8 is involved in programmed cell death involved in cell development. (wormbase.org)
- Formation and fusion of TEs into a xylem vessel involves a cascade of processes, including cell division, cell elongation, cell wall synthesis, cell wall material deposition and lignification and, a final step of programmed cell death (PCD). (europa.eu)
- In 1885, anatomist Walther Flemming delivered a more precise description of the process of programmed cell death. (wikidoc.org)
Tissue4
- Conclusions Long time (24 h) cooling of ovarian tissue to 5 degrees C before cryopreservation decreased translocation of phosphatidylserine that evidences about increases the viability of the cells in the tissue after thawing. (uni-koeln.de)
- Thus, the load of lung eosinophils in asthmatic disease is likely to be related to a balance in the tissue microenvironment between pro- and anti-apoptotic signals. (elsevierpure.com)
- As with all the primary cells, primary nerve cells are directly isolated from human or animal nerve tissue, avoiding selective pressures and genetic drift during cell line replication. (sausalito.com)
- Creative Biolabs offers a wide range of primary nerve cells, including those derived from mouse, rat, and human-derived primary neurons prepared from freshly isolated and dissociated embryonic or neonatal nerve tissue. (sausalito.com)
Processes4
- Although one typically thinks of carbohydrates as associated with cell growth and viability, glycosylation also has an integral role in many processes leading to cell death. (nature.com)
- Glycans, either alone or complexed with glycan-binding proteins, can deliver intracellular signals or control extracellular processes that promote initiation, execution and resolution of cell death programs. (nature.com)
- We present evidence that the Snail-related transcription factor CES-1 of Caenorhabditis elegans coordinates these processes in a specific cell lineage. (cipsm.de)
- In addition to its importance as a biological phenomenon, defective apoptotic processes have been implicated in an extensive variety of diseases. (wikidoc.org)
Signals8
- Here we discuss recent advances in our knowledge of engulfment signals, the phagocytic machinery and the signal transduction pathways for apoptotic cell engulfment. (korea.ac.kr)
- Park, SY & Kim, IS 2017, ' Engulfment signals and the phagocytic machinery for apoptotic cell clearance ', Experimental and Molecular Medicine , vol. 49, no. 5, e331. (korea.ac.kr)
- Endogenous lectins and glycans are critical signals in the resolution of cell death. (nature.com)
- 10 Galectins can function inside the cells by modulating signaling pathways, 11 although they also act extracellularly by establishing multivalent interactions with cell surface glycans and delivering signals that lead to disruption of cellular homeostasis. (nature.com)
- Although this process can occur in individual cells, apoptotic signals may also dictate the 'communal death' of many cells simultaneously. (elifesciences.org)
- Only more recently has it become clear that apoptotic cells are the source of signals that can have profound effects on their neighbors. (elifesciences.org)
- Once activated by their respective upstream signals, caspase-8 and -9 may cleave and activate downstream executioner caspases -3 and -7, which, in turn, cleave a plethora of target proteins, resulting in apoptotic death ( 6 - 8 ). (spandidos-publications.com)
- Dendritic cells (DCs) are innate immune cells that detect and process environmental signals and communicate them with T cells to bridge innate and adaptive immunity. (biomed.news)
Maturation2
- Ready access to both the DC and apoptotic cells provided by this system will allow extension to other malignancies through the addition of a variety of apoptotic tumor cells and maturation stimuli. (biomedcentral.com)
- Introduction The thymus, a primary lymphoid organ responsible for T cell maturation, decreases its functionality with age [1]. (blackmbauk.org)
Vivo2
- In the ECP treatment, both apoptotic CTCL cells and transitioning DC are re-infused into the patient immediately and association of the DC and apoptotic tumor cells occurs inefficiently in vivo . (biomedcentral.com)
- In this study, we demonstrate that Ab blockade of DC-expressed TIM-4 leads to increased induction of induced regulatory T cells (iTregs) from naive CD4(+) T cells, both in vitro and in vivo . (bioxcell.com)
Tissues3
- Many of the contents within a cell are reactive with the environment outside of the cell and must be disposed of without causing any harm to the surrounding tissues. (wikipedia.org)
- Although massive numbers of cells die during development, they are so rapidly phagocytosed that very few corpses are ever seen in most embryonic tissues. (bris.ac.uk)
- thus etymologically correct pronunciation is Template:IPA ) was distinguished from traumatic cell death by John Foxton Ross Kerr while he was studying tissues using electron microscopy at the University of Queensland Pathology Department in Brisbane . (wikidoc.org)
Caspases3
- Caspases are synthesized in the cell as inactive zymogens and require to be activated to be functional. (spandidos-publications.com)
- z-VAD-fmk ( N -benzyloxycarbonyl-Val-Ala-Asp-fluoromethylketone) is a powerful, irreversible and cell permeable inhibitor of caspases, and has been demonstrated to directly block the activity of caspases ( 13 ). (spandidos-publications.com)
- Cleavage of a select group of cellular substrates by caspases is responsible for the morphological and biochemical changes that characterize apoptotic cell death. (biomedcentral.com)
Embryo1
- We show that in a macrophageless mouse embryo, null for the haemopoetic-lineage-specific transcription factor, PU.1, the task of phagocytosis is taken over by 'stand-in' mesenchymal neighbours in a clear example of cell redundancy. (bris.ac.uk)
Proteins4
- Aberrant expression, overexpression or signal reprogramming of GPCRs and G proteins in tumour cells can contribute to cancer development and progression. (nature.com)
- Herein, we review the role of glycans and glycan-binding proteins as essential components of the cell death machinery during physiologic and pathologic settings. (nature.com)
- In the absence of effective gene therapy or stem cell therapy, drugs that target specific proteins may be beneficial to patients with such diseases. (grantome.com)
- Strategies Ig blend meats The Compact disc300a-Ig blend proteins and the previously defined leukocyte-associated Ig-like receptor (LAIR)C1-Ig20 had been singled out from the lifestyle supernatants of transiently transfected HEK293 cells using protein-A-Sepharose columns (Amersham Biosciences). (healthyguide.info)
Blocking TNF inhi1
- found that TNF is produced by apoptotic cells in hair follicles, and that blocking TNF inhibits the death of other cells in the same cohort: this suggests that a common mechanism could regulate the communal death of cells in flies and mammals. (elifesciences.org)
Corpses3
- Embryos and germ cells defective for NDK-1 showed an accumulation of apoptotic cell corpses. (scite.ai)
- GFP is expressed in gonadal sheath cells, specialized cells for engulfment and clearence of apoptotic corpses in germ line, which indicates a role for NDK-1 in apoptotic corpse removal. (scite.ai)
- ndk-1(-);abi-1(-) double mutant embryos display an additive phenotype (e. g. enhanced number of apoptotic corpses) which suggests that ndk-1 acts in parallel to abi-1. (scite.ai)
Tumor cells1
- N-Acylphosphatidylserine was also detected in the lipids of pig brain, mouse macrophage tumor cells, and yeast. (gerli.com)
Undergo2
- As C. elegans develops, the distal cells undergo a series of migrations in order to complete morphological changes, which define both gonad shape and size. (wikipedia.org)
- Cells deficient in CAD undergo cell death without the DNA fragmentation, but CAD-null mice did not show any adverse phenotypes. (biomedcentral.com)
Monocyte3
- This study compares two different methods of human monocyte isolation for obtaining in vitro dendritic cells (DCs). (jove.com)
- In addition, this is the first study to characterize the specific population of monocyte derived dendritic cells by single cell imaging flow cytometry. (jove.com)
- The monocyte fraction was simultaneously activated by column passage, re-added to the apoptotic CTCL cells and co-cultured overnight. (biomedcentral.com)
Thymocytes1
- Thymocytes also interact with dendritic cells, which act in central tolerance, stimulating the elimination of self-reactive T cell clones and the generation of regulatory thymic T cells [8]. (blackmbauk.org)
Mice6
- We also show that during coordinated cell death of hair follicle cells in mice, TNF-α is expressed in apoptotic cells and is required for normal cell death. (elifesciences.org)
- find that these cells can stimulate other cells to die in both fruit flies and mice. (elifesciences.org)
- We found that in mice that completed OIT successfully, desensitized mast cells (MCs) showed functionally beneficial alterations, such as increased induction of regulatory cytokines and enhanced expansion of regulatory T cells. (bioxcell.com)
- Importantly, these regulatory-T-cell-mediated inhibitions of allergic responses were dramatically decreased in mice lacking OIT-induced desensitized MC. (bioxcell.com)
- After 4 h, splenic DCs were purified by cell sorting and injected into naïve mice i.v. In addition, to check that antigen presentation was performed by the transferred and not recipient DCs, MHCII−/− DCs were used as negative controls. (peptidesprice.com)
- The C3 KO mice exhibited protection against photoreceptor cell death following photo-oxidative damage, which was associated with a reduction in immunoreactivity for the stress-related factor GFAP. (molvis.org)
Enhances3
- Importantly, the Rho GTPases Rac1 and Cdc42 are required for apoptotic cell uptake whereas Rho inhibition enhances uptake. (nih.gov)
- TIM-1 costimulates T-cell activation and enhances cytokine production. (nih.gov)
- Phosphatidylserine receptor that enhances the engulfment of apoptotic cells. (icr.ac.uk)
Phagocytic1
- Apoptotic malignant T cells were avidly engulfed by the phagocytic transitioning DC. (biomedcentral.com)
Elegans6
- CED-12 (Cell Death Abnormality Protein-12) is a cytoplasmic, PH-domain containing adaptor protein found in Caenorhabditis elegans and Drosophila melanogaster. (wikipedia.org)
- It functions in distal tip cell migration in gonad development in C. elegans. (wikipedia.org)
- In C. elegans, cogc-8 is involved in gonad morphogenesis and regulation of cell migration. (wormbase.org)
- The cell culture was isolated from the first true pair of leaves from14 days old seedlings of Zinnia elegans, cv. (europa.eu)
- In the C. elegans germline, reprograming germ cells into somatic cells requires chromatin perturbation. (scite.ai)
- Here, we show in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans, that various genetic and pharmacological interventions causing embryonic lethality trigger a massive cell death response that has both autophagic and apoptotic features. (scite.ai)
Debris1
- From development to aging and disease, the brain parenchyma is under the constant threat of debris accumulation, in the form of dead cells and protein aggregates. (frontiersin.org)
Intrinsic1
- There is increasing evidence that neuronal cell death occurs via extrinsic (death receptors) and intrinsic (mitochondria) pathways. (spandidos-publications.com)
Mechanisms2
- Cell-fate reprograming is at the heart of development, yet very little is known about the molecular mechanisms promoting or inhibiting reprograming in intact organisms. (scite.ai)
- Thus, the two cell death mechanisms share a common method of transcriptional regulation. (scite.ai)
Uptake1
- By contrast, TIM-4, which is expressed primarily on antigen-presenting cells and which is a receptor for phosphatidylserine, regulates T-cell activation and tolerance, in part by mediating the uptake and engulfment of apoptotic cells. (nih.gov)
Protein2
- This protein is involved in Rac-GTPase activation, apoptotic cell phagocytosis, cell migration, and cytoskeletal rearrangements. (wikipedia.org)
- When receptors come in contact with cell surface markers on the apoptotic cell, a protein known as CED-6 (homolog for GULP in mammals) is expressed. (wikipedia.org)
Induce1
- Galectin-9 is certainly considered to induce T cell loss of life by binding to sugars on TIM-3, although various other work provides refuted this [27,28]. (biosemiotics2013.org)
Occurs4
- This process occurs when integrins on the surface of the distal tip cells meet chemoattractants located on the extracellular matrix. (wikipedia.org)
- This occurs frequently in animal development: in human fetuses, for example, cells in the hand are directed to die to remove webbing between the fingers. (elifesciences.org)
- In this paper, we focus on the catastrophic cell death that occurs as the developing footplate is remodelled to transform webbed regions into free interdigital spaces. (bris.ac.uk)
- This phospholipid occurs quite widely in nature but usually in concentrations less than 10% of the cell phospholipid pool. (gerli.com)
Actin3
- CED-12 and CED-2 form the GEF-trio with CED-5 and activate the CED-10 Rac-GTPase in order to rearrange the actin cytoskeleton and promote the forward propagation of the distal tip cells. (wikipedia.org)
- We show that inhibition of Rho GTPases by Clostridium difficile toxin B prevents apoptotic cell phagocytosis and inhibits the accumulation of both F-actin and phosphotyrosine. (nih.gov)
- The PI 3-kinase inhibitor LY294002 also prevents apoptotic cell phagocytosis but has no effect on the accumulation of F actin and phosphotyrosine. (nih.gov)
Characterize1
- TIM-3 doesn't have a definable intracellular ITIM (immunoreceptor tyrosine-based inhibitory theme) or ITSM (immunoreceptor tyrosine-based change theme), motifs that normally characterize co-inhibitory recruit and receptors SH2 IL17B antibody domain-containing phosphatases to lessen T cell signaling [25]. (biosemiotics2013.org)
Antigen-prese2
- The transimmunization procedure was devised as a more effective modification of ECP and named to designate the transfer of tumor antigens to competent antigen presenting cells (APC) that could display the full complement of tumor antigens in the context of co-stimulatory and adhesion molecules. (biomedcentral.com)
- TIM-4 is preferentially expressed on antigen-presenting cells. (bioxcell.com)
Cargo1
- The apoptotic cell cargo contains amino acids, nucleotides, fatty acids, and cholesterol that function as metabolites and signaling molecules to bring about this re-programming. (biomed.news)
Corpse removal1
- Removal of apoptotic cells is critical for the physiological well-being of the organism and defects in corpse removal have been linked to disease states. (lonza.com)
Mitochondrial2
- Mitochondrial outer membrane permeabilisation (MOMP) is the point of no return in many forms of apoptotic cell death. (biologists.com)
- it both initiates a proteolytic cascade of pro-apoptotic enzymes and damages mitochondrial function. (biologists.com)
Involves1
- However, much of the evidence involves studies of DCs stimulated in cell culture with adjuvants 43. (peptidesprice.com)
Extracellular3
- What is the precise role of intracellular and extracellular galectins in the control of cell death programs? (nature.com)
- To enter in BAY 73-6691 BAY 73-6691 the thymic parenchyma, T lymphocyte progenitors, originated in the bone marrow, need to pass through the thymic-blood barrier, which is formed by endothelial cells and the perivascular space rich in extracellular matrix surrounded by parenchymal epithelial cells [3]. (blackmbauk.org)
- We discovered that the co-stimulatory aftereffect of TIM-3 on TCR signaling in Jurkat cells requires the TIM-3 extracellular area, suggesting ligand-dependent legislation. (biosemiotics2013.org)
Process6
- These results indicate that both Rho GTPases and PI 3-kinases are involved in apoptotic cell phagocytosis but that they play distinct roles in this process. (nih.gov)
- Collectively, these findings show that the desensitization process modulates the activation of MCs, leading directly to enhanced induction of regulatory-T-cell expansion and promotion of clinical allergic unresponsiveness. (bioxcell.com)
- Thymic epithelial cells participate in the process of T cell tolerance as well [1]. (blackmbauk.org)
- Phosphatidylserine was not shown to be involved in cell signaling through the formation of metabolites (as phosphatidylcholine or phosphatidylinositol) but is a key component in the activation of various kinases (kinase C, Raf-1 kinase) as well as the blood coagulation process. (gerli.com)
- New York, USA - April 20, 2023 - Cell and gene therapies hold tremendous promise for addressing unmet medical needs, but they also bring new complexities to the research and development process. (sausalito.com)
- That cell death is a completely normal process in living organisms was already discovered by scientists more than 100 years ago. (wikidoc.org)
Immune7
- Phagocytosis of invading microorganisms by immune cells was first discovered by the father of cellular immunology Ilya Metchnikoff in 1882, for which he was awarded the Nobel Prize. (frontiersin.org)
- 2014). "T-cell immunoglobulin and mucin domain 4 (TIM-4) signaling in innate immune-mediated liver ischemia-reperfusion injury" Hepatology 60(6): 2052-2064. (bioxcell.com)
- Dendritic cells (DCs) are the central architects of the immune response, inducing inflammatory or tolerogenic immunity, dependent on their activation status. (bioxcell.com)
- Little is known about the effects of SPMs on B cells and the adaptive immune system. (cancerrealitycheck.com)
- Antibodies produced solely by B cells are pivotal for anti-viral immunity as they mediate faster pathogen clearance and promote long-term immune protection. (cancerrealitycheck.com)
- The biological functions of SPMs during the adaptive immune response specifically B cell-mediated immunity are not known. (cancerrealitycheck.com)
- Tregs express a set of immune suppressive molecules, such as transforming growth factor (TGF)-β and interleukin (IL)-10, to suppress other effector T cells' activities [5]. (peptidesprice.com)
Involvement1
- Although lectins were already known because of their ability to agglutinate red blood cells, 3 the involvement of lectins and glycans in PCD had not been elucidated. (nature.com)
Molecules2
- The surface of the living cells is decorated by a complex layer of glycosylated molecules that store relevant biological information. (nature.com)
- Following the T cell receptor gene rearrangement, T lymphocytes are able of recognizing self-peptides-loaded MHC molecules expressed on thymic stromal cells. (blackmbauk.org)
Transcriptional1
- Strategies and Components Cell lifestyle The NF-B/Jurkat/GFPTM Transcriptional Reporter cell range was extracted from Program Biosciences, and Raji B cells had been extracted from the American Type Lifestyle Collection. (biosemiotics2013.org)
Migration2
- Abnormal regulation of cell migration and altered rearrangement of cytoskeleton are characteristic of metastatic cells. (scite.ai)
- abl-1/Abl and abi-1/Abi, which function in parallel to both CED-10/CED-1 pathways, also regulate engulfment and DTC migration. (scite.ai)
Signaling cascade1
- We previously established that an unidentified factor, or factors, present in ovarian tumor ascites fluids reversibly inhibited the activation of T cells by arresting the T-cell signaling cascade. (aacrjournals.org)
Removal2
- Calcium plays a key role as a second messenger in many cell types, but a role for calcium signaling during apoptotic cell removal is unclear. (aai.org)
- Jointly, our outcomes indicate that BMS-754807 PE and PS are ligands for Compact disc300a, and that this relationship has an essential function in controlling the removal of useless cells. (healthyguide.info)
Adaptive1
- This finding highlights the importance of DCs for initiating adaptive T-cell immunity. (peptidesprice.com)
Destruction1
- According to a scientist at Creative Biolabs, " macrophage cells play an essential role in the rapid reorganization, engulfment, and destruction of pathogens or apoptotic cells. (sausalito.com)
Addition4
- The addition of supportive cytokines further enhanced the number of DC that contained apoptotic malignant T cells. (biomedcentral.com)
- In addition, DC loaded with apoptotic CTCL cells stimulated an increase in the percentage and absolute number of CD8 T cells compared to co-cultivation with non-loaded DC. (biomedcentral.com)
- In addition, we analyzed whether thymic epithelial cells accumulate lipids in the aging thymus. (blackmbauk.org)
- In addition to the above two cells, iPSCs are valuable cells for cell therapy and other biomedical research. (sausalito.com)