Energetic electrons. Medical search. Frequent questions

Often, as an electron precipitates, it is directed into the upper atmosphere where it may collide with neutral particles, thus depleting the electron's energy. (wikipedia.org)
Groups of precipitated electrons can change the shape and conductivity of the ionosphere by colliding with atoms or molecules (usually oxygen- or nitrogen-based particles) in the region. (wikipedia.org)
The lowered altitude of the ionosphere is temporary (unless electron precipitation is steady) while the ions and electrons rapidly react to form neutral particles. (wikipedia.org)
Solar flares provide us with an astrophysical laboratory for understanding processes such as magnetic reconnection and turbulence, and the production and properties of energetic particles. (northumbria.ac.uk)
My work uses high energy observations (X-ray, EUV) to study flares and energetic particles at the Sun, and the creation of kinetic models to study particle acceleration and particle and X-ray transport effects in flares. (northumbria.ac.uk)
An electron is one of the most important types of subatomic particles. (windows2universe.org)
Electrons are a type of lepton, a class of subatomic particles which also includes muons and tauons. (windows2universe.org)
Energetic beta particles penetrate the dead skin layer. (cdc.gov)
Jim's choice was fortunate, since the SLAC facility had sufficient energy to permit the discovery of particles containing charmed quarks, as well as a third charged lepton-a cousin of the electron, named the tau-which revolutionized the understanding of the fundamental forces. (illinois.edu)
Jim continued his studies of systems containing heavy quarks produced in the annihilations of electrons and positrons and, later, in the interactions of gamma rays and other energetic particles in sophisticated multi-ton spectrometers. (illinois.edu)
Very energetic particles like this do not radiate efficiently and cannot be detected with Chandra but are believed to be the origin of the most energetic cosmic rays in our galaxy. (astronomy.com)
It could explain how some of the extremely energetic particles bombarding Earth, called cosmic rays, are produced. (astronomy.com)
Theoretical models of the motion of the most energetic particles, which are mostly protons, are predicted to leave a messy network of holes and dense walls corresponding to weak and strong regions of magnetic fields, respectively. (astronomy.com)
The growth of diamond particles using continuous transmission electron microscope (TEM) observation of a side-view of the sample was studied. (spie.org)
Beta particles are high-energy electrons that are emitted from the nuclei of unstable atoms (eg, cesium-137, iodine-131). (msdmanuals.com)
They collide with the nuclei of stable atoms, resulting in the emission of energetic protons, alpha and beta particles, and gamma radiation. (msdmanuals.com)
Radiation is energy transmitted in the form of electromagnetic waves or energetic particles. (medscape.com)

Electrons combine with protons and (usually) neutrons to make atoms . (windows2universe.org)
Electrons are much smaller than neutrons and protons. (windows2universe.org)
The electrons in an atom swarm in a cloud around the small, dense nucleus, which is made up of neutrons and protons. (windows2universe.org)
Interaction of a high-intensity optical laser beam with a solid target can generate `hot' electrons, which generate radiation hazards (mainly bremsstrahlung photons and neutrons) from interaction of hot electrons with target and the surrounding materials. (lu.se)

Cliver, E.W., and A.G. Ling (2007), Electrons and Protons in Solar Energetic Particle Events, Astro. (aer.com)
Accelerated protons also lead to photon radiation through the secondary electrons produced by the photopion and photopair processes. (psu.edu)
A neutral atom has equal numbers of electrons and protons. (windows2universe.org)
The negatively charged electrons are pulled towards the nucleus by the positively charged protons. (windows2universe.org)
Instead, electrons are used in an intermediate step to transfer energy from the laser to protons. (lu.se)
The process thought be generating the most energetic protons, known as 'target normal sheath acceleration' (TNSA), is outlined below. (lu.se)
Other detectors (for example scintillators) are sensitive to electrons as well as protons. (lu.se)

Abstract Kinetic structures of electron diffusion regions (EDRs) under finite guide fields in magnetotail reconnection are reported. (osti.gov)
Electron inertia effects in 3D hybrid-kinetic collisionless plasma turbulence. (mpg.de)
Importance of accurate consideration of the electron inertia in hybrid-kinetic simulations of collisionless plasma turbulence: The 2D limit. (mpg.de)
Non-thermal electron velocity distribution functions due to 3D kinetic magnetic reconnection for solar coronal plasma conditions. (mpg.de)

It found gamma rays from GRC 180720B that were 440 billion electron Volts (typical visible light photons that we see range from 2-3 eV, so there are extremely energetic photons), the highest ever seen. (syfy.com)
a tungsten anode emits the energetic photons when the energetic electrons hit it. (foldoc.org)
It is presumed that TGF photons are emitted by electrons traveling at speeds very close to the speed of light that collide with the nuclei of atoms in the air and release their energy in the form of gamma rays ( bremsstrahlung [7] ). (wikipedia.org)
Recent research has shown that electron-electron ( Bremsstrahlung ) [13] leads first to an enrichment of high-energy electrons and subsequently enlarges the number of high-energy photons. (wikipedia.org)

Energy deposited in a water-filled sphere by mono-energetic electron beams was calculated using EGSnrc, Geant4, MCNP5 and Penelope as the radius of the sphere varied from 0.25 cm to 4.5 cm for beam energies of 0.5 MeV, 1.0 MeV and 5.0 MeV. (canada.ca)
Solar electron beam velocities that grow Langmuir waves in the inner heliosphere by C. Y. Lorfing et al. (gla.ac.uk)
The number of ions formed in a region defined by the intersection of an electron beam and a modulated molecular beam was compared with the number formed when the neutral beam was partially dissociated. (dtic.mil)
In types which are used for amplification of signals, additional electrodes, called grids, beam-forming electrodes, focussing electrodes and so on according to their purpose, are introduced between cathode and plate and modify the flow of electrons by electrostatic attraction or (usually) repulsion. (foldoc.org)
The effects of density inhomogeneities on the radio wave emission in electron beam plasmas. (mpg.de)
Electrons are present in large numbers (some of whom accompany the proton beam, charge neutralizing it) with energies up to several mega electronvolt. (lu.se)
1947 While trying to understand energy loss processes in their newly built synchrotron ring at General Electrics, physicists place a mirror looking at the pipe where the electrons are accelerated and are blinded by an intense light beam. (lu.se)
SESAME (Synchrotron-light for Experimental Science and Application in the Middle East) is Mid-dle East's first major international research centre, it is third generation light source located in Allan-Jordan using 2.5GeV, 400mA electron beam. (lu.se)
To reduce electron losses and decrease radiation levels around the syn-chrotron, optimizations of the electron beam during injection into the storage ring, ramping and standard operation were carried out. (lu.se)
Charge carrier extraction is studied by three different means: excitation of a non-equilibrium distribution by optical or electron-beam exposure, or the generation of an equilibrium distribution by heat. (lu.se)
Paper I uses the high spatial resolution of an electron beam, while Paper II studies the operation of a similar devices under highly focused optical excitation. (lu.se)

Electron precipitation (also called energetic electron precipitation or EEP) is an atmospheric phenomenon that occurs when previously trapped electrons enter the Earth's atmosphere, thus creating communications interferences and other disturbances. (wikipedia.org)
Electrons trapped by Earth's magnetic field spiral around field lines to form the Van Allen radiation belt. (wikipedia.org)
When broadband very low frequency (VLF) waves propagate the radiation belts, the electrons exit the radiation belt and "precipitate" (or travel) into the ionosphere (a region of Earth's atmosphere) where the electrons will collide with ions. (wikipedia.org)
When those VLF waves hit the electrons with the same frequency as an electron's gyrofrequency, the electron exits the radiation belt and "precipitates" (because it will not be able to re-enter the radiation belt) throughout the Earth's atmosphere and ionosphere. (wikipedia.org)
The electrons are then dislodged and "precipitate" into the Earth's atmosphere. (wikipedia.org)
In this study, we use mutual information to characterise statistical dependencies of seed and relativistic electron fluxes in the Earth's radiation belts on ultra-low-frequency (ULF) wave power measured on the ground and at geostationary orbit. (copernicus.org)
Whistler mode chorus is an important magnetospheric emission, playing a dual role in the acceleration and loss of relativistic electrons in the Earth's outer radiation belt. (bas.ac.uk)
Electrical currents can flow outside of wires as well, such as in the ion- and electron-rich layer of Earth's atmosphere called the ionosphere . (windows2universe.org)

Energetic electron precipitation (EEP) affects the high‐latitude middle atmosphere by producing NOX compounds that destroy ozone. (uib.no)
Electron precipitation is regularly linked to ozone depletion. (wikipedia.org)
The ionization process, caused by electron precipitation in the ionosphere, increases its electrical conductivity which in turn brings the bottom of the ionosphere to a lower altitude. (wikipedia.org)
Studies have revealed that 60 major electron precipitation events occurred from 2002 to 2012. (wikipedia.org)
Typically, ozone depletion resulting from electron precipitation is more common during the winter season. (wikipedia.org)
Electron precipitation can be caused by VLF waves from powerful transmitter based communications and lightning storms. (wikipedia.org)
Lightning-induced electron precipitation (also referred to as LEP) occurs when lightning strikes the Earth. (wikipedia.org)
Because the EMP caused by lightning strikes is so powerful and occurs over a large range of spectrums, it is known to cause more electron precipitation than transmitter induced precipitation. (wikipedia.org)
In order to cause electron precipitation, transmitters must produce very powerful waves with wavelengths from 10 to 100 km. (wikipedia.org)
Naval communication arrays often cause transmitter-induced precipitation of electron radiation (TIPER) because powerful waves are needed to communicate through water. (wikipedia.org)
Electron precipitation can be studied by using various tools and methods to calculate its effects on the atmosphere. (wikipedia.org)

Fast electron beams (FEBs) are one of the main products of various active events and are ubiquitous in solar, space and cosmic plasmas. (raa-journal.org)
Solar accelerated electron beams interact with the background plasma of the solar wind to locally generate Langmuir waves and subsequently produce radio emission (Ginzburg and Zhelezniakov 1958). (gla.ac.uk)
Type III radio bursts are generated by non-thermal electron beams propagating through the solar corona and interplanetary space. (gla.ac.uk)
Wave Emission of Nonthermal Electron Beams Generated by Magnetic Reconnection. (mpg.de)

A flow of electrons is called an electrical current. (windows2universe.org)

Electrons in different atoms have different energies associated with their energy level transitions. (windows2universe.org)
Such "free electron" can be accelerated, because of the electron's charge, to very high speeds and energies by electrical and magnetic fields. (windows2universe.org)
Electrons with energies of a trillion electron volts (10^12 eV), corresponding to energies about 7 times lower than the maximum energy reached by the Large Hadron Collider (LHC), are responsible for the X-ray emission seen by Chandra. (astronomy.com)
X-ray images taken a decade ago showed that shock waves from supernova remnants can accelerate electrons to cosmic ray energies, but electrons make up only about 10 percent of cosmic rays. (sciencenews.org)

The stripes are seen in the high-energy X-rays (blue) that also show the blast wave, a shell of extremely energetic electrons. (astronomy.com)
These X-rays show the expanding blast wave from the supernova, a shell of extremely energetic electrons. (astronomy.com)

In 2011, UCSB professor Chris van de Walle and colleagues theorized that a complex non-radiative process known as Auger recombination was behind nitride semiconductor LED droop, whereby injected electrons lose energy to heat by collisions with other electrons rather than emitting light. (eurekalert.org)
Their experiment studied collisions of energetic electrons and positrons. (illinois.edu)

We study the acceleration of energetic electrons during magnetotail reconnection by using Cluster simultaneous measurements of three-dimensional electron distribution functions, electric and magnetic fields, and waves in a thin current sheet. (esa.int)

1998 ) that ULF wave power and relativistic electron fluxes are statistically dependent upon one another. (copernicus.org)
We also estimate that the Pearson correlation is missing between 20 % and 30 % of the statistical dependency between ULF wave power and relativistic electron fluxes. (copernicus.org)
The near-relativistic electron population in the outer Van Allen radiation belt is highly dynamic and strongly coupled to geomagnetic activity such as storms and substorms, which are driven by the interaction of the magnetosphere with the solar wind. (bas.ac.uk)

Large populations of energetic electrons can form by avalanche growth driven by electric fields , a phenomenon called relativistic runaway electron avalanche (RREA). (wikipedia.org)

The energetic cloud of electrons are driven by a rapidly rotating neutron star, or pulsar, at its core. (caltech.edu)
Very energetic (hot) electrons are generated and driven into the target foil by the intense laser pulse. (lu.se)

The mass of a single neutron or proton is more than 1,800 times greater than the mass of an electron. (windows2universe.org)
Beta particle ( ionizing radiation ) - a charged particle emitted from the nucleus of certain unstable atomic nuclei (radioactive isotopes), having the charge and mass of an electron. (cdc.gov)

When a bolt of lightning strikes the ground, an electromagnetic pulse (EMP) is released which can hit the trapped electrons in the radiation belt. (wikipedia.org)
Occasionally, these waves will have the exact heading and frequency needed to cause an electron to precipitate from the radiation belt. (wikipedia.org)
The energy, content and spatial extent of electrons in the outer radiation belt can vary on timescales of hours to days, dictated by the continuously evolving influence of acceleration and loss processes. (bas.ac.uk)
8. Such mid-latitude, low frequency chorus wave power will contribute to the acceleration and loss of relativistic electrons and should be taken into account in radiation belt models. (bas.ac.uk)

Population 2 events have flatter electron (0.5-4.4 MeV) and proton spectra (10-30 MeV) than those in population 1. (aer.com)
We find that over a significant range of parameters the proton component is generally less prominent than the primary electron component. (psu.edu)
Using a continuous 12-year dataset from the Proton Electron Telescope (PET) on board the Solar Anomalous Magnetospheric Particle Explorer (SAMPEX), we statistically compare the relative variations of trapped electrons to those in the bounce loss cone. (bas.ac.uk)
Each proton and electron has an electrical charge. (windows2universe.org)
A proton has a positive (+) charge, an electron has a negative ( ) charge. (windows2universe.org)
When an energetic proton hits the plastic, it breaks the polymer chains as it slows down. (lu.se)

We present observations of two consecutive current sheet crossings where the flux of electrons 35-127 keV peaks within an interval of tailward flows. (esa.int)
Our observations indicate that thin current sheets during dynamic reconnection are important for in situ production of energetic electrons and that simultaneous measurements of electrons and electromagnetic fields within thin sheets are crucial to understand the acceleration mechanisms. (esa.int)
Numerous observations at different distances from the Sun by spacecrafts like Solar Orbiter (0.5AU) and ACE (1AU) show different energy ranges of electrons interacting with the plasma to produce Langmuir oscillations. (gla.ac.uk)
STEREO and near-Earth multi-spacecraft observations of solar energetic particle (SEP) events have revealed that some events show quite unexpected intensity distributions at 1 AU (Dresing et al. (gla.ac.uk)
This will allow us to produce reliable HXR directivity observations (first in decades) and provide an important link to the flare-accelerated electron angular distribution (a key link to the acceleration mechanism). (northumbria.ac.uk)

Such energetic free electrons are a form of particle radiation . (windows2universe.org)
Radiation is considered as energy which is emitted, transmitted, or absorbed in wave or energetic particle form. (cdc.gov)

Harmonic Electron Cyclotron Maser Emission Excited by Energetic Electrons Traveling inside a Coronal Loop by M. Yousefzadeh et al. (gla.ac.uk)
image: This LED emits light under forward bias in an ultra high vacuum chamber allowing simultaneous electron emission energy. (eurekalert.org)
The ion temperature obtained from the atomic hydrogen emission is within 10% of the calorimetrically deduced gas temperature, while the electron temperature is approximately a factor of two higher. (spie.org)
The blue light is predominantly emitted by very high-energy ("relativistic") electrons that spiral in a large-scale magnetic field (so-called synchrotron emission). (lu.se)

We interpret the field-aligned electrons at the separatrices as directly accelerated by the reconnection electric field in the diffusion region, whereas we interpret the perpendicular electrons as trapped within the flux rope and accelerated by a combination of betatron acceleration with nonadiabatic pitch-angle scattering. (esa.int)
The mechanism for extraction is better understood and valuable input for the future design of hot-carrier photovoltaic devices is extracted, such as hot-electron diffusion lengths on the order of a few hundred nanometers. (lu.se)

Some of these could represent huge magnetic structures interacting with streams of very energetic electrons produced by rapidly spinning neutron stars. (dailymail.co.uk)
It is believed that these electrons are continuously accelerated and ejected by the rapidly spinning neutron star, at the centre of the nebula and which is the remnant core of the exploded star. (lu.se)

Energetic ions, the main component of cosmic rays, don't generate much light and are much more difficult to trace than electrons. (sciencenews.org)
Plasmonic metals under photoexcitation can generate energetic hot electrons to directly induce chemical reactions. (bvsalud.org)
A hot-carrier solar cell aims to generate power from energetic, photoexcited, charge carriers, so called hot carriers, in order to reach higher conversion efficiencies than current solar cell technology. (lu.se)

The flux of electrons is largest within the flux rope where they are mainly directed perpendicular to the magnetic field. (esa.int)
The key new features include the following: (1) cold inflowing electrons accelerated along the guide field and demagnetized at the magnetic field minimum while remaining a coherent population with a low perpendicular temperature, (2) wave fluctuations generating strong perpendicular electron flows followed by alternating parallel flows inside the reconnecting current sheet under an intermediate guide field, and (3) gyrophase bunched electrons with high parallel speeds leaving the X‐line region. (osti.gov)

Herein, hot-electron transfer at Au-graphene interfaces has been in situ studied using surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) with atomic layer accuracy. (bvsalud.org)
Combining in situ SERS studies with density functional theory calculations, it is proved that hot electrons can be injected from plasmonic Au nanoparticles to graphene and directly penetrate graphene to trigger photocatalytic reactions. (bvsalud.org)

Electron transport is attributed to the combination of a delocalised LUMO level along the polymer backbone, and a sufficiently large electron affinity to facilitate electron injection. (nature.com)
Electrons sufficiently energetic to dissociated H 2 and CH 4 are present in the plasma. (spie.org)

A class of very energetic supernovae (hypernovae) is associated with long gamma-ray bursts, in particular with a less energetic but more frequent population of gamma-ray bursts. (psu.edu)
In the GeV gamma-ray regime, the EIC would be the dominant radiation process and the Gamma-Ray Large Area Space Telescope (GLAST, which has been renamed the Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telesope) should be able to probe the value of E e , the spectrum of the electrons, and their maximum acceleration energy. (psu.edu)
Scientists have also detected energetic positrons and electrons produced by terrestrial gamma-ray flashes. (wikipedia.org)
The experiment chamber is flooded with electromagnetic radiation up to gamma rays (from scattering of the high energy electrons). (lu.se)

When electrons move from one energy level to another, they either absorb or emit a photon . (windows2universe.org)

At the magnetic separatrices, the fluxes are smaller, but the energy spectra are harder and electrons are mainly field aligned. (esa.int)
Energy budget of plasma motions, heating, and electron acceleration in a three-loop solar flare by G. Motorina et al. (gla.ac.uk)
The experiment used an LED with a specially prepared surface that permitted the researchers to directly measure the energy spectrum of electrons emitted from the LED. (eurekalert.org)
Nearly all tubes are of the thermionic type where one electrode, called the cathode, is heated, and electrons are emitted from its surface with a small energy (typically a Volt or less). (foldoc.org)
Human bodies operate at an ideal energetic frequency, but everyday stresses and anxiety can throw off our internal balance, depleting our energy reserves and weakening our immune systems," Goop says on its website. (scienceblogs.com)
Electrons can dwell at various energy levels within an atom. (windows2universe.org)
MIMI will measure energetic ion and electron energy input to Titan's atmosphere. (esa.int)
This is probably because the late component has not enough excess energy to separate into the electron and hole across the donor/acceptor (D/A) interface. (hindawi.com)
At the D/A interfaces, the electrons will be transferred to A, provided that the energy gain overcomes the exciton binding energy. (hindawi.com)
Ionization occurs when sufficient energy is transferred to an atom to liberate an orbital electron generating an electrically charge ion pair. (medscape.com)

One involves detecting a swarm of electrons in advance of the energetic ions. (arrl.org)

Non-radial propagation of energetic electrons in solar corona by A. Klassen et al. (gla.ac.uk)
Wave Excitation by Power-law-Distributed Energetic Electrons with Pitch-angle Anisotropy in the Solar Corona. (mpg.de)

The blue region traces the cloud of energetic electrons trapped within the star's magnetic field, emitting so-called "synchrotron" radiation. (caltech.edu)

As a semimetal with a zero band gap and single-atom-scale thickness, single layer graphene (SLG) has excellent electron conductivity on its basal plane. (bvsalud.org)

When colliding with an atom, the electron strips the atom of its other electrons creating an ion. (wikipedia.org)
In this atom, the electrons are yellow. (windows2universe.org)
Sometimes electrons can be knocked loose from an atom, taking along their negative charge and leaving behind an ion with a net positive charge. (windows2universe.org)

In this study we examine the atmospheric effect of EEP and its modulation by QBO using the corrected electron flux measurements by NOAA/POES satellites and the ERA‐Interim reanalysis data of zonal wind, temperature, and ozone in winter months of 1980-2016. (uib.no)

Electrons become trapped in these regions and emit X-rays as they spiral around the magnetic field lines. (astronomy.com)

Wild supposed that electrons with high velocities, up to 0.3c (c is the speed of light), were responsible for Type III bursts based on their high frequency drift rates. (gla.ac.uk)
Whistler-regulated Magnetohydrodynamics: Transport Equations for Electron Thermal Conduction in the High-β Intracluster Medium of Galaxy Clusters. (mpg.de)
Our polymers with a high electron affinity display long wavelength NIR absorption with air stable electron transport in solution processed organic thin film transistors. (nature.com)
In addition, a high electron affinity is also required for ambient stability, as it prevents common redox reactions involving water and oxygen which can occur under device operation, and lead to degradation. (nature.com)
High resolution electron microscopy of plasma-assisted chemical vapor deposition (CVD) diamond films was performed. (spie.org)
Experimental transmission electron microscopy micrographs of nanoparticles after high-fluence irradiation support the simulations. (lu.se)

Invented in the 1980s, the STM made it possible to picture and manipulate surface atoms and to form images of the wave patterns of surface electrons. (sciencedaily.com)
Electrons -- or their equivalent mathematical counterparts, known as quasiparticles (see background information, below) -- scatter from defects in a crystal or from individual impurity atoms. (sciencedaily.com)
He cites the striking STM images obtained in 1993 by Michael F. Crommie and his colleagues, who confined electrons on a copper surface in a "quantum corral" made of iron atoms. (sciencedaily.com)
Electrons are often torn loose from their parent atoms. (windows2universe.org)

A second electrode, called the anode (plate) will attract the electrons when it is positive with respect to the cathode, allowing current in one direction but not the other. (foldoc.org)
transfers within the A domain to reach the cathode, where the electron is collected. (hindawi.com)

Unlike semiconductors , except perhaps for FETs , the movement of electrons is simply a function of electrostatic field within the active region of the tube, and as a consequence of the very low mass of the electron, the currents can be changed quickly. (foldoc.org)
After the electron transfer, the resulting electron-hole pairs still feel electrostatic potential between them. (hindawi.com)

Waves around lower hybrid frequency do not show a clear correlation with energetic electrons. (esa.int)
In case of injection at 2 mA current and 2 Hz frequency, with 1.2 m thick concrete wall and an extra 10 cm thick lead belt, it should ensure the dose rate everywhere is less than 1.5 µSv/h, even in the worst case of electron loss. (lu.se)

If an electron makes it through the upper atmosphere, it will continue into the ionosphere. (wikipedia.org)

The electron withdrawing bis-lactam functionality in these structures are responsible for increasing electron affinity and is typically diluted by the requirement for a more electron rich repeat unit to undergo a transition metal-mediated cross coupling polymerisation. (nature.com)

This polymerisation route requires neither organometallic monomers nor transition metal catalysts and offers a reliable design strategy to facilitate delocalisation of frontier molecular orbitals, elimination of energetic disorder arising from rotational torsion and allowing closer interchain electronic coupling. (nature.com)
This requirement is often satisfied by an energetic offset between the donor and acceptor lowest unoccupied molecular orbitals (LUMOs). (hindawi.com)

The measurements reveal that finite guide fields introduce new mechanisms to break the electron frozen‐in condition. (osti.gov)

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