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MalariaMalaria, FalciparumMalaria, CerebralMalaria, VivaxCerebral ArteriesMalaria VaccinesPlasmodium falciparumAntimalarialsCerebral InfarctionPlasmodiumCerebral PalsyCerebrovascular CirculationParasitemiaAnophelesMiddle Cerebral ArteryPlasmodium vivaxMosquito ControlCerebral AngiographyBrainInfarction, Middle Cerebral ArteryPlasmodium bergheiInsect VectorsCerebral VeinsProtozoan ProteinsMalaria, AvianBrain IschemiaAntigens, ProtozoanEndemic DiseasesPregnancy Complications, ParasiticKenyaCerebral HemorrhageChloroquinePyrimethamineDrug CombinationsFluorenesSulfadoxineTravelInsecticidesTanzaniaAntibodies, ProtozoanMaliMicroscopyQuinineBedding and LinensCulicidaeAnopheles gambiaeInsecticide-Treated BednetsAfricaGhanaPrimaquinePlasmodium malariaePlasmodium yoeliiErythrocytesMefloquineIschemic Attack, TransientPlasmodium chabaudiDrug ResistanceSporozoitesInsect Bites and StingsAnterior Cerebral ArterySeasonsParasitologyMosquito NetsMagnetic Resonance ImagingCerebral Amyloid AngiopathyMozambiquePosterior Cerebral ArteryGabonBrain EdemaInfant, NewbornPapua New GuineaUgandaSenegalCerebral VentriclesSesquiterpenesTime FactorsDisease EradicationAnemiaAmodiaquineBurkina FasoSubarachnoid HemorrhageHost-Parasite InteractionsDiagnostic Tests, RoutineDNA, ProtozoanGambiaBrain DiseasesEthanolaminesThailandCerebrovascular DisordersBlood Flow VelocityMerozoite Surface Protein 1MalawiPlasmodium ovaleIntracranial Embolism and ThrombosisParasite LoadDisease VectorsBloodPregnancyFeverPlacenta Diseases
PlasmodiumFalciparum malariaPathogenesis of cerebral malariaCellsParasiteInfectionParasitesHumansEndotheliumDevelopment of cerebral malariaVascularEndemic countriesVitroPathologyReceptorsComaPlateletActivationDysfunctionBrainSplenomegalyExperimentalRole in malariaVaccine2020MalarialAfricaComplicationsDiagnosisMorbidityBloodReceptorSpeciesInfectionsPatientsMetabolic acidosisMortalityClinical trialsInfectious diseasesRespiratoryInteractionsResistanceProgressionExposureAntigensOutcomeOccur
Plasmodium25
Falciparum malaria11
  • The aim of this study was to investigate the association of SNPs of three adhesion molecule genes, ICAM1 , PECAM1 and CD36 , with severity of falciparum malaria in a malaria-endemic and a non-endemic region of India. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The data highlights the significance of variations in the ICAM1 , PECAM1 and CD36 genes in the manifestation of falciparum malaria in India. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Susceptibility/resistance of human populations to severe falciparum malaria has been associated with variations in more than 30 genes. (biomedcentral.com)
  • According to the updated definition of severe falciparum malaria by the WHO (2015), severe falciparum malaria is defined as the presence of P. falciparum asexual parasitemia, with one or more clinical features or laboratory findings (Table 1 ) and without any identified alternative causes. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Parasite viability during treatment of severe falciparum malaria: differential effects of artemether and quinine. (kemri-wellcome.org)
  • Falciparum malaria: differential effects of antimalarial drugs on ex vivo parasite viability during the critical early phase of therapy. (kemri-wellcome.org)
  • Quinine treatment of severe falciparum malaria in African children: a randomized comparison of three regimens. (kemri-wellcome.org)
  • Association of hepatomegaly and jaundice with acute renal failure but not with cerebral malaria in severe falciparum malaria in Thailand. (ajtmh.org)
  • Association of helminth infections with increased gametocyte carriage during mild falciparum malaria in Thailand. (ajtmh.org)
  • We report a case of falciparum malaria that presented with hemoperitoneum due to spontaneous splenic rupture. (ispub.com)
  • SMP was positive for falciparum malaria. (ispub.com)
Pathogenesis of cerebral malaria3
  • Numerous studies have pointed to a key role of tumor necrosis factor (TNF) and related proteins in the pathogenesis of cerebral malaria, and a clear relationship has been established between plasma concentrations of TNF and cerebral pathology. (plos.org)
  • The pathogenesis of cerebral malaria is biologically complex and involves multi-factorial mechanisms such as microvascular congestion, immunopathology by the pro-inflammatory cytokine and endothelial dysfunction. (koreamed.org)
  • His research has contributed to understanding of the role of endothelial progenitor cells in pathogenesis of cerebral malaria. (edu.gh)
Cells24
  • Using an in vitro model of cerebral malaria based on human, brain-derived endothelial cells (HBEC-5i), they found that LMP-420 potently reduced endothelial activation, endothelial adhesiveness for P. falciparum -parasitized red blood cells, and endothelial MP release, three major features of cerebral malaria. (plos.org)
  • LMP-420 also abolished the cytoadherence of ICAM-1-specific P. falciparum -parasitized red blood cells on these endothelial cells. (plos.org)
  • Infected red blood cells (iRBC) sequester in host cerebral microvessels, which underlies the pathology of cerebral malaria. (ox.ac.uk)
  • To identify a drug that could increase PICALM expression, we screened a library of 2007 FDA-approved drugs in HEK293t cells expressing luciferase driven by a human PICALM promoter, followed by a secondary mRNA screen in human Eahy926 endothelial cell line. (qxmd.com)
  • Artesunate elevated PICALM mRNA and protein levels in Eahy926 endothelial cells and in vivo in brain capillaries of Picalm+/- mice by 2-3-fold. (qxmd.com)
  • Many different endothelial receptors for infected red blood cells have been identified. (ox.ac.uk)
  • Our previous study shows that the interaction between oxidatively stressed red blood cells (RBC) and cerebral endothelium may underlie CMH development. (biomedcentral.com)
  • In addition, RBC comprising parasites such as can also sequester in deep cells by cytoadhering to endothelial cells (11). (healthdisparitiesks.org)
  • T cells are essential effectors in the immunity against blood-stage malaria attacks also, despite the insufficient MHC antigens on the top of iRBC. (healthdisparitiesks.org)
  • The cytokines made by malaria-specific T cells impact the isotype from the antibodies created (83, 84) and perhaps affecting the sort of antibody-mediated reactions induced as a Cinacalcet HCl result. (healthdisparitiesks.org)
  • This ultimately leads to the reduction in red blood cells in your body, which lead to many of complications associated with malaria. (fieldofscience.com)
  • In other cell types such as endothelial cells, activation of Nrf2 and PPARγ may lead to upregulation of cytoprotective enzymes [haem oxygenase 1 (HO-1), NADPH quinine oxidoreductase-1 (NQ-1), gamma-glutamate cysteine ligase (γ-GCL)], counteracting free radical-induced damage and exerting a neuroprotective effect [ 87 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Why it might be bad for brain cells to eat malaria parasites. (ox.ac.uk)
  • Evidence of miRNA carrying exosome-like vesicles released during infection, delivering signals to endothelial cells enhancing gene expression, resulting in parasite sequestration and complications leading to pathologies of cerebral malaria are important breakthroughs. (manipal.edu)
  • Lymphatic endothelial cells induce tolerance via PD-L1 and lack of costimulation leading to high-level PD-1 expression on CD8 T cells. (bio-connect.nl)
  • Another piece of this sticky situation is that a receptor called αvβ3, which is important to new blood vessel growth and the relationship between the endothelial cells that line blood vessels and the extracellular matrix that supports them. (medicalxpress.com)
  • Thus, endothelial cells modify the contractile response of the underlying smooth muscle cells, prevent intravascular coagulation, and maintain the integrity of the intravascular compartment. (health.am)
  • The characteristic renal lesion of preeclampsia "glomeruloendotheliosis" is manifested primarily by swelling of the glomerular capillary endothelial cells. (health.am)
  • Serum from preeclamptic women, when applied to human umbilical vein endothelial cell cultures, produces no morphologic abnormalities in the cells but releases procoagulants, vasoconstrictors, and mitogens. (health.am)
  • The abnormal perfusion stimulates the production of substances in the blood that activate or injure endothelial cells. (health.am)
  • When the parasite reaches its late stage of infection in the circulatory system, it can cause adhesion and can lead to sequestration to the endothelial cells, platelets, and uninfected erythrocytes 7 . (sjrhem.ca)
  • In the blood, this clotting protein is able to bind to red cells infected with malaria parasites. (nationalchildrensresearchcentre.ie)
  • However, a critical step in this vascular occlusion involves adhesion of sickle erythrocytes to vascular endothelial cells (EC). (nationalchildrensresearchcentre.ie)
  • Exposure of endothelial cells to anti-b2GPI antibodies and their corresponding peptides leads to the inhibition of endothelial cell activation, as shown by decreased expression of the adhesion molecules E-selectin, intercellular adhesion molecule, and vascular cell adhesion molecule and of monocyte adhesion. (medscape.com)
Parasite10
  • Several host molecules have been implicated in mediating cerebral and non-cerebral cytoadherence of P. falciparum -infected RBCs to the host endothelium [ 1 ], a process that helps the parasite evade immune clearance in the spleen. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Parasite and human genetic factors play important roles in malaria susceptibility and disease severity. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The malaria parasite exerted a potent selective signature on the human genome, which is apparent in the genetic polymorphism landscape of genes related to pathogenesis. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Here we have taken parasite isolates from 150 patients with defined clinical syndromes as well as isolates from 50 healthy but parasitized community controls and quantitatively assessed their binding to purified endothelial receptors in vitro. (ox.ac.uk)
  • The necessity to create a vaccine to safeguard against malaria continues to be highlighted as soon as the id from the parasite in 1897 (23). (healthdisparitiesks.org)
  • These altered rheological and cytoadherence properties of parasite-infected RBCs contribute significantly to malaria pathophysiology, resulting in life-threatening complications such as cerebral and placental damage. (mit.edu)
  • To address these challenges, the Malaria Program will elucidate the role of parasite-altered mechanical properties of infected RBCs in disease pathogenesis by examining the molecular basis of cell adhesion and how it contributes to disease pathology, including sequestration in the deep tissues and clearance in the spleen. (mit.edu)
  • Using a combination of molecular biology as well as high throughput omic approaches has shown that unique tRNA modifications may be one strategy employed by the malaria parasite to regulate expression. (mit.edu)
  • The spleen plays an important role in malaria, producing antibodies against the malarial parasite. (ispub.com)
  • In spite of the significant mortality and morbidity associated with CM, the effects if the malaria parasite in causing disease remain poorly understood. (nationalchildrensresearchcentre.ie)
Infection11
  • Molecules such as ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 are inducible (e.g. by TNF) and their expression levels are elevated during acute malaria infection [ 6 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • In the year 2013, the estimated incidence of malaria infection was 198 million cases (range 124-283 million) worldwide. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Patients with malaria typically become symptomatic a few weeks after infection, though the symptomatology and incubation period may vary, depending on host factors and the causative species. (medscape.com)
  • If malaria is considered for a suspect Ebola patient, follow the Guidance for Malaria Diagnosis in Patients with Suspect Ebolavirus Infection in the United States , as diagnostics should be done promptly and treatment instituted immediately if malaria is diagnosed. (cdc.gov)
  • Treatment varies with the species of malaria, the location where the infection was acquired and the drug-resistance status of the parasites circulating in that location, clinical severity of patient's condition, concurrent illnesses in patient, pregnancy status of patient, drug allergies, and concurrent medications of the patient. (infectiousdiseaseadvisor.com)
  • The Oxford investigators have shown increased platelet binding, for example, in the microvasculature of mice with cerebral malaria, a severe complication of the infection that can result in a coma. (medicalxpress.com)
  • Platelets are understood to assist host innate immune responses against infection, although direct evidence of this function in any human disease, including malaria, is unknown. (phoenixpeptide.com)
  • The global morbidity and mortality caused by malaria infection are staggering. (nationalchildrensresearchcentre.ie)
  • Cerebral malaria (CM) is a life-threatening complication of malaria infection. (nationalchildrensresearchcentre.ie)
  • Unfortunately, as the malaria infection worsens, the children rapidly progress to develop confusion, decreased consciousness and unrousable coma. (nationalchildrensresearchcentre.ie)
  • Ultimately, we hope that insights into how VWF is important in children with malaria infection may provide new treatment options for children with CM. (nationalchildrensresearchcentre.ie)
Parasites5
  • The aim of their study was to assess the ability of LMP-420 to inhibit the in vitro TNF and/or LT effects on brain endothelium, with particular attention to endothelial cell activation, adhesiveness for malarial parasites, and vesiculation. (plos.org)
  • In this study the highest level of rosette-forming parasites was found in the anemic group and not the cerebral malaria group. (ox.ac.uk)
  • This total outcomes from the mixed efficiency of avoidance methods, like the usage of insecticide-impregnated bednets, the utilization and advancement of speedy and simple to use diagnostic equipment, and the powerful artemisinin-based combos therapies against the malaria parasites (14). (healthdisparitiesks.org)
  • When large numbers of parasites accumulate in a vulnerable target organ such as the brain, the the life-threatening condition of cerebral malaria may result. (ox.ac.uk)
  • Finally, the organization of the var genes within and between parasites is discussed in relation to the evolution of the var-gene family and its functions of antigenic variation and endothelial adhesion. (ox.ac.uk)
Humans1
  • They probably originated in Africa (along with humans) and fossils of mosquitoes show that vectors for malaria have existed for at least 30 million years. (ispub.com)
Endothelium2
  • Its loss from brain endothelium in mice diminishes Aβ clearance at the BBB, which worsens Aβ pathology, but is reversible by endothelial PICALM re-expression. (qxmd.com)
  • The vascular endothelium produces a number of important substances including endothelial-derived relaxing factor or nitric oxide, endothelin-1, prostacyclin, and tissue plasminogen activator. (health.am)
Development of cerebral malaria2
  • This is of particular relevance when the affected organ is the brain, leading to the development of cerebral malaria. (ox.ac.uk)
  • The results of laboratory, field, post-mortem and direct receptor-binding studies indicate that, of the receptors currently identified, ICAM-1 binding is more likely to be associated with the development of cerebral malaria. (ox.ac.uk)
Vascular1
  • Using immunohistochemistry on post mortem brain samples, we demonstrated positive staining for vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) on iRBC. (ox.ac.uk)
Endemic countries2
  • Key prerequisites for a successful campaign are highly sensitive, cheap and reliable diagnostic tools, a panel of effective drugs as well as a vaccine that is capable to significantly reduce transmission in malaria endemic countries. (mit.edu)
  • Map displaying current Malaria endemic countries in the Eastern Hemisphere. (sjrhem.ca)
Vitro1
  • The results provide evidence for a dual inhibitory effect of LMP-420 on both TNF and LT in an in vitro model of cerebral malaria pathogenesis, when added either before or simultaneously with both cytokines, they said. (plos.org)
Pathology3
  • Anti-malaria drug artesunate prevents development of amyloid-β pathology in mice by upregulating PICALM at the blood-brain barrier. (qxmd.com)
  • We studied PICALM expression at the BBB, Aβ pathology and clearance from brain to blood, cerebral blood flow (CBF) responses, BBB integrity and behavior. (qxmd.com)
  • A major cause of malaria pathology is the result of the extensive modification of the infected RBC membrane by P. falciparum, resulting in increased membrane rigidity and the propensity for infected RBCs to adhere to the endothelial lining of blood vessels in the microcirculation. (mit.edu)
Receptors2
  • While the factors that control whether or not cerebral malaria develops are not clearly defined, one crucial determinant my be the endothelial receptors utilised by the infecting isolate. (ox.ac.uk)
  • Accordingly,sulfated polysaccharides such as heparin and chondroitin sufate A (CSA) have shown ability to inhibit the cytoadherence of Pf-EIs to endothelial receptors. (unicamp.br)
Coma2
Platelet1
  • Platelet-erythrocyte complexes made up a major proportion of the total platelet pool in patients with malaria and may therefore contribute considerably to malarial thrombocytopenia. (phoenixpeptide.com)
Activation4
  • Inhibition of Endothelial Activation: A New Way to Treat Cerebral Malaria? (plos.org)
  • Endothelial Activation, Acute Kidney Injury, and Cognitive Impairment in Pediatric Severe Malaria. (openaire.eu)
  • Post-mortem histology confirms significantly greater RBC-cerebral endothelial interactions and microglial activation at 24 h after t-BHP-treated RBC injection, which persist at 7 days. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Activation of the clotting cascade and increased sensitivity to pressors are compatible with endothelial cell dysfunction. (health.am)
Dysfunction2
  • The bite of a P. falciparum -infected female anopheline mosquito mediates the development of various disease severities ranging from uncomplicated malaria to severe malaria and CM. Uncomplicated malaria or mild malaria is defined as a febrile illness without any clinical or laboratory signs of severity or vital organ dysfunction. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The hematologic changes of preeclampsia, ie, thrombocytopenia and microangiopathic hemolytic anemia, are similar to those found in thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura or hemolytic uremic syndrome - disorders in which endothelial dysfunction is thought to be important. (health.am)
Brain7
  • These will examine mechanisms of transmission and pathogenesis - with a particular focus on understanding brain swelling in cerebral malaria with view to identifying treatment targets. (gla.ac.uk)
  • In particular I am interested in brain swelling in cerebral malaria with view to identifying treatment targets. (gla.ac.uk)
  • However, the real-time examination of altered RBC-brain endothelial interactions in vivo, and their relationship with clearance of stalled RBC, microglial responses, and CMH development, has not been reported. (biomedcentral.com)
  • In vivo two-photon imaging and ex vivo confocal microscopy were used to evaluate the temporal profile of RBC-brain endothelial interactions associated with oxidatively stressed RBC. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Our in vivo and ex vivo findings show the stalling and clearance of oxidatively stressed RBC in cerebral capillaries, highlighting the significance of microglial responses and altered RBC-brain endothelial interactions in CMH development. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Our study provides novel mechanistic insight into CMH associated with pathological conditions with increased RBC-brain endothelial interactions. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Cerebral microhemorrhages (CMH), the pathological substrates of cerebral microbleeds (CMB), are microscopic accumulations of blood degradation products in the brain. (biomedcentral.com)
Splenomegaly4
  • Most patients with malaria have no specific physical findings, but splenomegaly may be present. (medscape.com)
  • Association of splenomegaly with cerebral malaria and decreased concentrations of reactive nitrogen intermediates in Thailand. (ajtmh.org)
  • Involvement of the spleen in malaria that results in splenomegaly renders this organ prone to complications such as rupture. (ispub.com)
  • The splenic involvement in malaria causing splenomegaly makes it more prone to complications such as rupture. (ispub.com)
Experimental2
  • In experimental cerebral malaria, TNF-beta, now called lymphotoxin α (LT), has been shown to be a principal mediator of pathogenesis. (plos.org)
  • Ligation of B and T lymphocyte attenuator prevents the genesis of experimental cerebral malaria. (bio-connect.nl)
Role in malaria1
  • His role in malaria vaccine research include investigator role in the Phase Ib trial of the EBA-175 RII-NG vaccine in Ghana. (edu.gh)
Vaccine3
  • He is also an investigator/expert and a member of Malaria Vaccine Working Group, a consortium guiding the study development plan for the immunology ancillary studies of the RTSS, S malaria vaccine. (edu.gh)
  • Nevertheless, a vaccine will be the main device in the armamentarium against malaria. (healthdisparitiesks.org)
  • However, malaria vaccine development is hampered by our lack of clear understanding of protective immune responses and lack of malaria antigens that can be used to induce the protective immune responses. (mit.edu)
20201
Malarial1
  • Clinical manifestations of severe malaria include but are not limited to CM (with incidence rate of 0.9-3.5 per 1000 child-year), severe malarial anemia (12-50 per 1000 child-year), and respiratory failure (1.4-5.4 per 1000 child-year) [ 1 , 2 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Africa5
  • According to a report of the World Health Organization (WHO) in the year 2015, malaria transmission still occurs in approximately 97 countries and territories, mostly in Sub-Saharan Africa, Southeast Asia, and South America. (biomedcentral.com)
  • African children are the most affected case of CM. Most of the malaria-related deaths, approximately 90 %, occurred in Africa [ 1 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • He is involved in networking and capacity building in malaria pathogenesis in Africa. (edu.gh)
  • Malaria is the most common cause of acute undifferentiated fever after travel to sub-Saharan Africa and some other tropical areas. (cdc.gov)
  • Indeed the United Nations estimates that malaria is responsible for the death of a child in sub-Saharan Africa every 30 seconds. (nationalchildrensresearchcentre.ie)
Complications1
  • Changes in the structure of the spleen during the course of malaria can result in asymptomatic enlargement, or complications such as hematoma formation and rupture. (ispub.com)
Diagnosis4
  • The British Committee for Standards in Haematology revised its Guidelines for the Laboratory Diagnosis of Malaria, intended for use in the United Kingdom but also potentially applicable to other nonendemic areas. (medscape.com)
  • What imaging studies (if any) will be helpful in making or excluding the diagnosis of malaria? (infectiousdiseaseadvisor.com)
  • http://www.cdc.gov/malaria/diagnosis_treatment/clinicians1.html) to select most appropriate drug regimen. (infectiousdiseaseadvisor.com)
  • The diagnosis of Malaria was made. (sjrhem.ca)
Morbidity1
  • Due to prevention and control programs, the morbidity and motility rates of malaria were reduced globally. (biomedcentral.com)
Blood4
  • Oxidatively stressed RBC stall significantly and rapidly in cerebral vessels in mice, accompanied by decreased blood flow velocity which recovers at 5 days. (biomedcentral.com)
  • however, malaria less commonly may be spread congenitally, by blood transfusion, by sharing an intravenous (IV) drug needle with an infected individual, or by liver transplantation 6 . (sjrhem.ca)
  • In previous studies, this Consortium has identified a novel role for a specific blood clotting protein called von Willebrand factor (VWF) in malaria. (nationalchildrensresearchcentre.ie)
  • Transmission begins when a female Anopheles mosquito feeds on a person with malaria and ingests blood containing gametocytes. (msdmanuals.com)
Receptor1
  • While it has been speculated that the ability to bind or affinity of binding to a particular endothelial receptor may be related to the pattern of disease, only studies with limited numbers of patients have been carried out to date and these have been in general inconclusive. (ox.ac.uk)
Species1
  • The species most commonly found in malaria infections is P. falciparum and is also considered to be the most lethal. (sjrhem.ca)
Infections3
  • Unlike viral or bacterial infections, the main indicator of medical malaria is the recurrent fever which varies between varieties. (healthdisparitiesks.org)
  • Ebola disease can be confused with other more common infectious diseases such as malaria, typhoid fever, meningococcemia, and other bacterial infections. (cdc.gov)
  • Helminth infections are associated with protection from malaria-related acute renal failure and jaundice in Thailand. (ajtmh.org)
Patients3
  • They conclude that the anti-inflammatory activity of LMP-420 might be useful in targeting the wide variety of diseases in which TNF and its related family members play a role, and could represent a novel, stable, and efficient therapeutic way to improve the outcome of patients with cerebral malaria. (plos.org)
  • A mutation in codon 29 (K56M, rs5491) of the ICAM1 gene was identified in the Kilifi region of Kenya and homozygotes for the mutation were found to be more frequent in patients suffering from cerebral malaria than in controls [ 7 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • and 3) binding to ICAM-1 is highest in cerebral malaria patients. (ox.ac.uk)
Metabolic acidosis1
  • Deep breathing in children with severe malaria: indicator of metabolic acidosis and poor outcome. (kemri-wellcome.org)
Mortality1
Clinical trials2
  • Several molecules inhibiting TNF, such as monoclonal antibody to TNF or pentoxyfylline, have been tested in clinical trials of cerebral malaria but failed to improve disease outcome. (plos.org)
  • In fact, although many compounds have been tested, none demonstrated unequivocal evidence of improvement in clinical trials for prevention and treatment of severe malaria. (unicamp.br)
Infectious diseases1
  • Due to these nonspecific symptoms, particularly early in the course of the disease, Ebola disease can be confused with other more common infectious diseases such as malaria . (cdc.gov)
Respiratory2
Interactions1
  • I focus on cerebral malaria pathogenesis and host:pathogen interactions in malaria using multi-model technologies. (gla.ac.uk)
Resistance2
Progression2
Exposure1
Antigens1
  • The major long-term goal of the Malaria Program is to overcome these two obstacles so as to identify malaria antigens that can be used to induce protective immune responses. (mit.edu)
Outcome2
  • Further investigations are necessary to elucidate the role of serum Na + levels in the outcome of severe malaria and its possible relation with polymorphisms of the RAAS. (frontiersin.org)
  • The outcome of these initiatives include the establishment of the Malaria Pathogenesis Consortium in 2006. (edu.gh)
Occur2