The interleukin 4 receptor is a type I cytokine receptor. (wikipedia.org)
This gene encodes a subunit of interleukin 12, a cytokine that acts on T and natural killer cells, and has a broad array of biological activities. (nih.gov)
Interleukin 12 is a disulfide-linked heterodimer composed of the 40 kD cytokine receptor like subunit encoded by this gene, and a 35 kD subunit encoded by IL12A. (nih.gov)
CD25 (IL2 receptor alpha chain/IL2RA) is a cytokine that plays a role in the proliferation of T and B lymphocytes. (thermofisher.com)
The receptor of this cytokine (IL2RA) is a heterotrimeric protein complex with a gamma chain also shared by interleukin 4 (IL4) and interleukin 7 (IL7). (thermofisher.com)
PD-1 is an immunoinhibitory receptor that stymies lymphocyte proliferation and cytokine secretion when bound to its membrane-bound or secreted ligands, PD-L1 or PD-L2, expressed by both immune and tumour cells [ 7 ] . (encyclopedia.pub)
Interleukin-1beta (IL-1β) is the principal cytokine linked to cartilage degradation in osteoarthritis (OA). (biomedcentral.com)
The current understanding of aGVHD pathogenesis can be summarized as (1) initial tissue damage induced by the conditioning regimen followed by the denudation of auto- and alloantigens accompanied by massive inflammatory cytokine secretion ("cytokine storm") activating APCs, (2) auto- and alloantigen presentation mediated by APCs together with the costimulatory signaling prime donor's cytotoxic T lymphocytes and their proliferation, and (3) the migration of activated cellular effectors toward GVHD target tissues. (hindawi.com)
Vascular3
Interactions of IL-4 with TNFα promote structural changes to vascular endothelial cells, thus playing an important role in tissue inflammation. (wikipedia.org)
The two most important molecular targets for new drugs in renal cancer are vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathways. (czytelniamedyczna.pl)
These cells secrete immune inhibitory growth factors and cytokines, including vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), which is primarily produced by microglia, myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) and tumour-associated macrophages (TAMs). (encyclopedia.pub)
Myeloid differentiation factor1
High glucose increased TLR expression, myeloid differentiation factor 88, interleukin-1 receptor-associated kinase-1, and nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) p65-dependent activation in THP-1 cells. (diabetesjournals.org)
SIGNALING2
The role of IL-13 R alpha 2 in IL-13 signaling remains to be elucidated. (rndsystems.com)
Included under this heading are signaling receptors, non-signaling receptors and accessory proteins required for receptor signaling. (edu.au)
Macrophages6
The binding of IL-4 or IL-13 to the IL-4 receptor on the surface of macrophages results in the alternative activation of those macrophages. (wikipedia.org)
Moreover, NPM is crucial for inflammatory gene expression induced by tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) and lipopolysaccharides (LPS) in fibroblasts and macrophages ( 6 ). (frontiersin.org)
ALOX5 arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase: macrophages infected with Candida albicans, Aspergillus flavus or Aspergillus fumigatus or treated with Curdlan, a selective agonist of pattern recognition receptor for fungi Dectin-1, displays increased expression of ALOX5, ALOX15 and PTGS2 Karnam et al, 2015 . (polygenicpathways.co.uk)
BST2 bone marrow stromal cell antigen 2 (Tetherin): Candida albicans enhanced the production of the CCR5-interacting chemokines CCL3, CCL4, and CCL5, and stimulates the production of interferon-a and the restriction factors APOBEC3G, APOBEC3F, and tetherin (BST2) in macrophages Rodriguez et al, 2013 . (polygenicpathways.co.uk)
Besides the secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-alpha, IL-1beta, and IL-6), the increased expression of receptor repertoire (pattern recognition receptors, PRR) on APCs, mostly macrophages and dendritic cells, occurs as a result of the release of endogenous and exogenous antigens (damage-associated molecular patterns, DAMPs, and pathogen-associated molecular patterns, PAMPs). (hindawi.com)
The cell-free media from MWCNT-polarized macrophages induced the migration of neutrophilic cells (differentiated from HL-60), which was blocked by Acebilustat, a specific leukotriene A4 hydrolase inhibitor, or LY239111, an LTB4 receptor antagonist, but not NS-398, a cyclooxygenase 2 inhibitor, revealing LTB4 as a major mediator of neutrophil chemotaxis from MWCNT-polarized macrophages. (cdc.gov)
Cytokines4
Thus, it has been shown that early EPCs release cytokines that promote tissue regeneration and neovasculogenesis, whereas late EPC and endothelial colony forming cells (ECFCs) contribute to the formation of blood vessels and stimulate tube formation. (intechopen.com)
When tissues in the body are damaged - either by an invading virus such as SARS-CoV-2 or by other means, the body's natural healing response involves releasing inflammatory molecules, such as small proteins called cytokines , into the bloodstream. (sott.net)
Changes in lavage fluid cytokines indicative of inflammation, immune function, and endothelial function after sub-chronic exposure were limited and varied over time. (cdc.gov)
Consistent with M1 polarization, the MWCNTs induced the production and secretion of proinflammatory cytokines tumor necrosis factor- and interleukin-1, and proinflammatory LMs leukotriene B4 (LTB4) and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2). (cdc.gov)
Protein9
This gene encodes the alpha chain of the interleukin-4 receptor, a type I transmembrane protein that can bind interleukin 4 and interleukin 13 to regulate IgE antibody production in B cells. (wikipedia.org)
Among T cells, the encoded protein also can bind interleukin 4 to promote differentiation of Th2 cells. (wikipedia.org)
The lower affinity IL-13 binding protein, previously designated IL-13 R alpha, IL-13 R alpha ' or NR4, is now referred to as IL-13 R alpha 1. (rndsystems.com)
The IL-13 R alpha 1 cDNA encodes a 427 amino acid (aa) residue precursor protein with a putative 21 aa residue signal peptide, a 324 aa residue extracellular domain, a 23 aa residue transmembrane region, and a 59 aa residue cytoplasmic tail. (rndsystems.com)
In the absence of VHL protein, alpha subunits of HIF-1 are constitutively stabilized despite the normal oxygenation. (czytelniamedyczna.pl)
VEGF protein is a potent proangiogenic factor that binds to its receptor on endothelial cells. (czytelniamedyczna.pl)
Sunitinib, sorafenib and pazopanib are small molecules that inhibit several protein kinases including tyrosine kinase of VEGF receptor. (czytelniamedyczna.pl)
Surface receptors such as cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4 (CTLA-4), programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) and nuclear transcription factors attenuate T cell responses, where CTLA-4 competes with CD28 for binding to CD80/86, resulting in inhibitory downstream signalling [ 6 ] . (encyclopedia.pub)
A family of structurally-related cell-surface receptors that signal through an intrinsic PROTEIN-TYROSINE KINASE. (edu.au)
Tumor necro1
Effect of EGCG on IL-1β-induced expression of 18 selected genes was verified by Real time-PCR and effect on IL-6, IL-8 and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) production was determined using specific ELISAs. (biomedcentral.com)
Common gamma2
IL4R is the human gene coding for IL-4Rα, the subunit which combines with either common gamma chain (γc, forming the type I IL4 receptor) or with IL-13Rα1 (forming the type II IL4 receptor). (wikipedia.org)
However, CD25 associates with CD122 (IL-2 receptor beta chain) and CD132 (common gamma chain) to form the high affinity IL-2 receptor. (thermofisher.com)
Secretion1
We previously showed that genotoxic stress induced an active extracellular release of nucleophosmin (NPM) in human cardiac mesenchymal progenitor cells, and that serum deprivation provokes NPM secretion from human endothelial cells, eliciting inflammation via nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kB) transcriptional activation. (frontiersin.org)
Cells18
In this study, we investigated the transcriptomic changes in cortical neurones, and associated astrocytes and endothelial cells of the neurovascular unit, in the ageing brain. (biomedcentral.com)
912, 2202, and 1227 genes were significantly differentially expressed between cases with self-reported T2D and controls in neurones, astrocytes, and endothelial cells respectively. (biomedcentral.com)
Impaired insulin signalling was shared by neurovascular unit cells with, additionally, apoptotic pathway changes in astrocytes and dysregulation of advanced glycation end-product signalling in endothelial cells. (biomedcentral.com)
Human endothelial progenitor cells (hEPCs) are adult stem cells, located in the bone marrow and peripheral blood. (intechopen.com)
These cells can be differentiated into mature endothelial cells, which are involved in processes of angiogenesis and vessel regeneration. (intechopen.com)
Different phenotypes and subtypes of endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs), such as early and late EPCs, have been described according to their functionality. (intechopen.com)
Interestingly, NPM interacts with Toll-like receptor (TLR)4 in these cells and activates an NF-kB-dependent inflammatory pathway upregulating interleukin IL-6 and COX-2 gene expression. (frontiersin.org)
IL-2 stimulates the proliferation of B cells, augments natural killer cell activity, and inhibits granulocyte macrophage colony formation. (thermofisher.com)
Furthermore, permeability tests with Caco-2 cells revealed that the indole derivatives have only low permeability, which can be attributed to their affinity to efflux transporters. (bvsalud.org)
Designer T and NK cells are a modality within immunotherapy that manipulates receptor-ligand interactions to enhance cells of the immune system to destroy cancer more effectively. (encyclopedia.pub)
Subsequently, binding of the CD28 co-stimulatory receptor to the DCs' CD80/86 receptor fully activates the cytotoxic T cells which then migrate to infiltrate the tumour and kill the cells by locally releasing perforin and granzymes [ 2 ] [ 3 ] . (encyclopedia.pub)
In addition, activated T cells can express an inducible co-stimulator (iCOS), a surface receptor that is structurally and functionally similar to CD28 and enhances expression of Th2-related interleukin (IL)-10 rather than immune activating IL-2 [ 8 ] . (encyclopedia.pub)
building Having in weakly cells: In subunit to subject ligand muscle, p21 compounds reserve family. (erik-mill.de)
SARS-CoV-2 infects alveolar epithelial cells [mainly alveolar epithelial type 2 (AEC2) cells] through the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptor. (kegg.jp)
Such treatment was associated with upregulation of invasion- and inflammation-promoting soluble factors, such as matrix metalloproteinase 2 (MMP2), its activator MMP14, tissue inhibitors of matrix metalloproteinase 2 (TIMP2), chemokine ligand 2 (CCL2), and urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA), the latter two being linked to the recruitment of the monocytic cells. (biomedcentral.com)
Mouse IL-6 (also known as B Cell Stimulating Factor, BCSF, and BSF-2) is a 21-28 kDa factor produced by a variety of cell types, including monocytes, fibroblasts and endothelial cells. (thermofisher.com)
Both heart cells and lung cells are covered with surface proteins known as angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) - these molecules serve as "doorways" for the virus to enter cells. (sott.net)
Glucagon is secreted by PANCREATIC ALPHA CELLS and plays an important role in regulation of BLOOD GLUCOSE concentration, ketone metabolism, and several other biochemical and physiological processes. (edu.au)
Inflammation2
The gene is primarily expressed at sites of acute and chronic inflammation, where it is secreted into the serum and induces a transcriptional inflammatory response through interleukin 6 receptor, alpha. (thermofisher.com)
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) play a key role in innate immune responses and inflammation. (diabetesjournals.org)
Neurone, astrocyte, and endothelial cell-enriched mRNA, obtained by immuno-laser capture microdissection of temporal cortex (Brodmann area 21/22) from 6 cases with self-reported T2D in the Cognitive Function and Ageing Study neuropathology cohort, and an equal number of age and sex-matched controls, was assessed by microarray analysis. (biomedcentral.com)
High-affinity2
IL‑13 R alpha 1 has been shown to combine with the IL-4 R alpha to form a high-affinity receptor complex capable of transducing an IL-13-dependent proliferative signal. (rndsystems.com)
IL2RA, IL2R beta chain (IL2RB), and the IL2R gamma chain (IL2RG), constitute the high-affinity IL2 receptor. (thermofisher.com)
Monocytes1
Note: Certain human cell lines or cell types (e.g., neutrophils, monocytes) can first be treated with reagents that block receptors for the Fc regions of immunoglobulin to avoid nonspecific immunofluorescent staining mediated by Fc receptors. (bdbiosciences.com)
Transmembrane1
Large, transmembrane, non-covalently linked glycoproteins (alpha and beta). (edu.au)
Binds1
By itself, CD25 binds IL-2 only with low affinity. (thermofisher.com)
Molecules1
histocom-patibility complex (MHC) molecules plus interleukin (IL)-7. (123dok.net)
Extracellular3
The N-terminal (extracellular) portion of interleukin-4 receptor is related in overall topology to fibronectin type III modules and folds into a sandwich comprising seven antiparallel beta sheets arranged in a three-strand and a four-strand beta-pleated sheet. (wikipedia.org)
The extracellular domain of IL-13 R alpha 1 is also closely related to that of IL‑13 R alpha 2. (rndsystems.com)
The extracellular matrix of the cartilage is maintained by equilibrium between anabolic and catabolic activities of the chondrocytes - the only cell type present in the cartilage [ 1 , 2 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Pathway1
Upon the occupancy of ACE2 by SARS-CoV-2, the increased serum level of free Angiotensin II (Ang II) due to a reduction of ACE2-mediated degradation promotes activation of the NF-kappa B pathway via Ang II type 1 receptor (AT1R), followed by interleukin-6 (IL-6) production. (kegg.jp)
Heterodimer1
It is a heterodimer, that is, composed of two subunits. (wikipedia.org)
Factor3
Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D), characterised by peripheral insulin resistance, is a risk factor for dementia. (biomedcentral.com)
Western immunoblotting was used to analyze the effect of EGCG on the interleukin-1 receptor-associated kinase 1 (IRAK-1) and TNF receptor-associated factor 6 (TRAF-6) proteins in IL-1β-stimulated chondrocytes. (biomedcentral.com)
The degree of HLA disparity between donor and recipient is a well-known and widely accepted independent risk factor for GVHD development [ 2 ]. (hindawi.com)
Human9
Detects human IL-13 R alpha 1 in ELISAs and Western blots. (rndsystems.com)
In sandwich ELISAs, less than 1% cross-reactivity with recombinant human (rh) IL‑13 R alpha 2, recombinant mouse (rm) IL-13 R alpha, rhIL-4 R, rhIL-5 R alpha, and rhIL-9 R is observed. (rndsystems.com)
The human IL-13 R alpha 1 was originally cloned based on sequence homology to the mouse IL-13 R alpha 1. (rndsystems.com)
Human and mouse IL-13 R alpha 1 share 76% aa sequence identity. (rndsystems.com)
Description: The BC96 monoclonal antibody reacts with human CD25, the 55 kDa interleukin-2 receptor alpha chain (IL-2Ralpha). (thermofisher.com)
Lactobacillus rhamnosus is an anaerobic facultative heterofermentative rod-shaped bacterium that can live in different parts of the human body, including the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) 2 . (nature.com)
and human chorionic gonadotropin beta subunit, ≤ 0.1 ng/mL. (springeropen.com)
Cellular receptors that bind the human immunodeficiency virus that causes AIDS. (edu.au)
Interferon3
Jedynymi dwoma umiarkowanie aktywnymi lekami była interleukina 2 i interferon alfa ale korzyści z immunoterapii odnosili tylko nieliczni chorzy. (czytelniamedyczna.pl)
The only two modestly active agents were interleukin 2 and interferon alpha but very few patients benefited from immunotherapy. (czytelniamedyczna.pl)
Thus, the most widely used form of immunotherapy was the treatment with interferon alpha. (czytelniamedyczna.pl)
Higher phosphorylated p38 MAPK but not ERK1/2 was found in ApoE4 primary astrocytes and mouse brains than that in ApoE3. (bvsalud.org)
Proteins1
Two type 1 membrane proteins belonging to the hemopoietin receptor family have been cloned and shown to bind IL-13 with differing affinities. (rndsystems.com)
Antibody2
The MP5-20F3 antibody has been tested as the capture antibody in a sandwich ELISA for analysis of mouse interleukin-6 (IL-6) in combination with the biotinylated MP5-32C11 (cat. (thermofisher.com)
A suitable range of concentrations of this antibody for ELISA capture is 0.5-2 µg/mL. (thermofisher.com)
Cell3
In a normal cell, the alpha subunits of HIF-1 are degraded by the proteasome, whereas in a hypoxic cell they are stabilized. (czytelniamedyczna.pl)
Here, the peptide neoantigen on the DCs' MHC is presented to the awaiting CD4 + or CD8 + T cell receptor (TCR) complex. (encyclopedia.pub)
Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D), characterised by peripheral insulin resistance (IR), is an increasing problem in affluent societies. (biomedcentral.com)
Serum1
2 In established MS, exacerbations and disease progression are linked to low serum vitamin D levels. (neurology.org)