Endosomal lysosomal system adaptor protein complex 4. Medical search. Frequent questions

AP-4 complex subunit mu-1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the AP4M1 gene. (wikipedia.org)
This gene encodes a subunit of the heterotetrameric AP-4 complex. (wikipedia.org)
Overview of all the structural information available in the PDB for UniProt: O00189 (Human AP-4 complex subunit mu-1) at the PDBe-KB. (wikipedia.org)
A mouse model of HPS bears a point mutation altering a single amino acid within the VPS33A subunit of the HOPS/CORVET endolysosomal tethering complex. (chop.edu)
Many receptors and their associated ligands cluster into clathrin-coated pits by association with clathrin adaptor proteins such as the four-subunit complex AP2. (wormbook.org)
After the XPC p16-INK4A and the UV-DDB hemolytic digestion substituted DNA, a separate localization adaptor TFIIH controls identified to the subunit recycling ubiquitin( many) dephosphorylation( Volker et al. (evakoch.com)

The correct reference is: Uemura T, Sawada N, Sakaba T, Kametaka S, Yamamoto M, Waguri S. Intracellular localization of GGA accessory protein p56 in cell lines and central nervous system neurons. (googleapis.com)
The recruitment of specific cytosolic proteins to intracellular membranes through binding phosphorylated derivatives of phosphatidylinositol (PtdIns) controls such processes as endocytosis, regulated exocytosis, cytoskeletal organization, and cell signaling. (embl.de)
Disrupting any component in this pathway led to disrupted SD on the cell surface and intracellular accumulation of mislocalized SD proteins. (sdbonline.org)
Autophagy is an evolutionarily conserved cellular degradation pathway involving the digestion of intracellular components via the lysosomal pathway. (mdpi.com)
Moreover, cells use autophagy to regulate the activity of specific signaling proteins, to prevent accumulation of damaged organelles or long-lived, aggregate-prone proteins, and to remove incoming threats such as intracellular pathogens. (invivogen.com)
Lysosomes are an important component of the inner membrane system and participate in numerous cell biological processes, such as macromolecular degradation, antigen presentation, intracellular pathogen destruction, plasma membrane repair, exosome release, cell adhesion/migration and apoptosis. (biomedcentral.com)

the team and its collaborators have shown that the products of HPS-associated genes in skin melanocytes regulate two pathways of membrane protein transport from endosomes to newly forming melanosomes and a retrograde pathway from melanosomes. (chop.edu)
The main obstacle is because many protein components of mitochondria are the network hubs of multiple biological pathways. (frontiersin.org)
However, autophagy can also be used to spatiotemporally regulate immune signaling pathways (e.g. by recycling activated proteins to limit cytokine production) and block inflammation (e.g. by removing damaged mitochondria before they can release harmful reactive oxygen species). (invivogen.com)
This is due in part to a lack of knowledge regarding the biological pathways and proteins underlying nuclear pore complex homeostasis specifically in human neurons. (biomedcentral.com)
A complementary approach is to identify resistance pathways experimentally using in vitro culture or animal model systems. (biomedcentral.com)

Pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) have evolved to sense microbial DNA and elicit protective immunity as part of the innate immune system. (monash.edu)
Trafficking of yolk and yolk receptors also depends critically upon the activities of the endocytic Rab proteins RAB-5 , RAB-7 , and RAB-11 , known modulators of endocytosis in all eukaryotes ( Grant and Hirsh, 1999 ). (wormbook.org)
Clathrin and cargo molecules are assembled into clathrin-coated pits on the plasma membrane together with an adaptor complex called AP-2 that links clathrin with transmembrane receptors, concluding in the formation of mature clathrin-coated vesicles (CCVs). (wormbook.org)
The plasma membrane can be envisioned as a central compartment in the cellular adaptation to diverse stress conditions as it shapes the interactions between cells and their environment by harboring an elaborate complement of transmembrane proteins, e.g. transporters, channels, receptors, or adhesion proteins. (cell-stress.com)
The TLRs comprise cell-surface (TLR1, TLR2, TLR4 and TLR6) and endosomal (TLR3, TLR7, TLR8, TLR9 and TLR13) receptors, each of which responds to cognate DAMPs and PAMPs of self, pathogenic or tumoral origin. (invivogen.com)
In the trans-Golgi network (TGN), phosphorylated lysosomal enzymes bind to M-6-P receptors, which direct the enzymes into clathrin-coated vesicles. (biomedcentral.com)
The role of TRAIL/TRAIL receptors in central nervous system pathology. (mdc-berlin.de)

This AP-4 complex is involved in the recognition and sorting of cargo proteins with tyrosine-based motifs from the trans-golgi network to the endosomal-lysosomal system. (wikipedia.org)
An adaptor protein complex involved in transport of molecules between the TRANS-GOLGI NETWORK and the endosomal-lysosomal system. (uams.edu)

In early endosomes some ligand-receptor complexes dissociate due to the reduced pH of the endosomal lumen. (wormbook.org)
Here, we report that Arl8b binds to the Rab4 and Rab14 interaction partner, RUN and FYVE domain-containing protein (RUFY) 1, a known regulator of cargo sorting from recycling endosomes. (bvsalud.org)
During this process, Rab7 promotes the assembly of HOPS, which mediates lysosomal tethering with endosomes by pairing an R-SNARE on a lysosome (VAMP7 or VAMP8) with three Q-SNAREs on an endosome (syntaxin-7, VTI1b, syntaxin-8). (biomedcentral.com)

Subcellular localization critically influences protein function, and cells control protein localization to regulate biological processes. (elifesciences.org)
Protein function is critically determined by subcellular localization, as organelles offer different chemical environments and interaction partners. (elifesciences.org)
In order to regulate protein activity, many biological processes involve changes in protein subcellular localization. (elifesciences.org)
Collectively our data suggest that while alterations in VPS4 subcellular localization appear to be coincident with nuclear pore complex injury, therapeutic efforts to mitigate this pathogenic cascade should be targeted towards upstream events such as the nuclear accumulation of CHMP7 as we have previously described. (biomedcentral.com)

We initially used maps statically to generate a database with localization and absolute copy number information for over 8700 proteins from HeLa cells, approaching comprehensive coverage. (elifesciences.org)
However, EM methods often lack molecular information, obstructing the correlation of ultrastructural information obtained by EM to fluorescence microscopy-based localization of specific autophagy proteins. (bvsalud.org)
Overall, this method presents a valuable tool for ultrastructural localization studies of autophagy proteins and other scarce antigens by bridging light microscopy to EM data. (bvsalud.org)
Arl8b determines RUFY1 endosomal localization through regulating its interaction with Rab14. (bvsalud.org)

This study provides the first in vivo evidence of trapped SD proteins in clathrin-coated pits at the plasma membrane when this pathway is disrupted. (sdbonline.org)

Pigment cell-specific transmembrane proteins SLC45A2 and OCA2 are a transporter and channel, respectively, that modulate melanosome pH at different stages of melanosome maturation and that are targets of mutation in different forms of oculocutaneous albinism. (chop.edu)

The autophagic pathway constitutively maintains cellular homeostasis by recycling cytoplasmic organelles and proteins, but it is also stimulated by environmental stress conditions, such as starvation, oxidative stress, and the accumulation of misfolded proteins. (mdpi.com)
Additionally, defective autophagy has been implicated in neurologic disorders characterized by accumulation of protein aggregates, including Parkinson's disease. (invivogen.com)
We have recently uncovered that aberrant nuclear accumulation of the ESCRT-III protein CHMP7 initiates nuclear pore complex in familial and sporadic ALS neurons. (biomedcentral.com)
Thus the formation of aggregates renders these toxic proteins resistant to proteasomal degradation and initiates the accumulation of polyGln proteins and polyGln-interacting proteins. (5dok.org)

Disintegration of the inner membrane exposes the sequestered cytoplasmic cargo to lysosomal hydrolases, which break down the material into its constituent metabolites 1, 2 . (invivogen.com)

However, the molecular events leading to this pathological phenomenon characterized by the reduction of specific nucleoporins from neuronal nuclear pore complexes remain largely unknown. (biomedcentral.com)
In yeast and non-neuronal mammalian cells, nuclear relocalization of CHMP7 has been shown to recruit the ESCRT-III proteins CHMP4B, CHMP2B, and VPS4 to facilitate nuclear pore complex and nuclear envelope repair and homeostasis. (biomedcentral.com)
The ESCRT-III pathway functions to remodel membranes during multiple cellular processes including nuclear and plasma membrane repair, neuronal pruning, endosomal and exosomal trafficking, cell division, and multivesicular body formation. (biomedcentral.com)
In cascade to ABCD1, lysosomal effects and neuronal Platelets are asymmetric arrows of ALD( Kemp et al. (evakoch.com)

The SD protein endocytosis and recycling pathway was found to contain clathrin , dynamin , AP-2 complex, like-AP180 (Lap) , auxilin and Hsc70-4 (the endocytosis part) followed by Rab11 and the exocyst complex (the recycling part). (sdbonline.org)
All genes in this SD protein endocytosis and recycling pathway, as well as SD proteins themselves, are highly conserved from flies to humans. (sdbonline.org)
Thus, these results suggest that the SD proteins in human kidney undergo the same endocytosis and recycling pathway to maintain the filtration structure, and mutations in any genes in this pathway could lead to abnormal SD and renal diseases. (sdbonline.org)

Scaffoldattachment factors are a specific subset of nuclear matrix proteins (NMP) that specifically bind toS/MAR. The encoded protein is thought to serve as a molecular base to assemble atranscriptosome complex in the vicinity of actively transcribed genes. (immune-source.com)
Differentially expressed candidate genes for ageing previously identified in the human blood transcriptome up-regulated in PP cows were mainly associated with T-cell function ( CCR7 , CD27 , IL7R , CAMK4 , CD28 ), mitochondrial ribosomal proteins ( MRPS27 , MRPS9 , MRPS31 ), and DNA replication and repair ( WRN ). (biomedcentral.com)
HPS types 7, 8 and 9 are due to mutations in genes encoding subunits of BLOC-1, a complex required for the generation of tubular cargo carriers destined for melanosomes. (chop.edu)
HPS types 3, 5 and 6 are due to mutations in genes encoding subunits of BLOC-2, a complex that directs BLOC-1-dependent cargo carriers with melanosomes. (chop.edu)
Using the Drosophila nephrocyte as a genetic screen platform, most genes involved in endocytosis and cell trafficking were screened, and the key components were identified of the cell trafficking pathway required for SD protein endocytosis and recycling. (sdbonline.org)

This gene encodes a DNA-binding protein which has high specificity for scaffold or matrixattachment region DNA elements (S/MAR DNA). (immune-source.com)
other specificity is tiny gene activity and distribution browser through the kinase of the R-RasGAP complex ileal to suitable or through the functionality of RhoA. (evakoch.com)

Similarly, inhibition of the PI3K-mTOR pathway by addition of the PI3K inhibitor 2-[4-morpholinyl]-8-phenyl-4H-1-benzopyran-4-one (LY294002) or the mTOR inhibitor rapamycin, although reducing several parameters of transformation, also failed to block transformation. (embl.de)

Taken together, these findings provide strong evidence that the generation of PtdIns(4)P is sufficient to trigger forward transport from the Golgi to the plasma membrane and that Sac1p is critically required for the termination of this signal. (embl.de)
Endocytosis is the vesicle-mediated process used by all cells to internalize extracellular macromolecules, plasma membrane lipids, and plasma membrane proteins ( Figure 1 ). (wormbook.org)
The plasma membrane is not only the first point of encounter for many types of environmental stress, but given the diversity of receptor proteins and their associated molecules also represents the site at which many cellular signal cascades originate. (cell-stress.com)

These organelles are also disrupted in different forms of HPS, and the Marks Lab is testing whether the models it has developed in melanocytes apply to organelle biogenesis in these other systems. (chop.edu)
Fusion of transport carriers with target organelles is mediated by SNARE proteins. (chop.edu)
Each cell contains ten or more organelles, and several thousand different types of proteins. (elifesciences.org)
Fluorescent biosensors are valuable tools to monitor protein activities and the functional state of organelles in live cells. (bvsalud.org)
Defects in organelles from the lysosomal system may lead to HPS. (medscape.com)
The biogenesis of lysosome-related organelles complex (BLOC) type 1 and 3 are required for normal biogenesis of specialized organelles of the endosomal-lysosomal system, such as melanosomes and platelet-dense granules. (medscape.com)

We identified the dynein-dynactin complex as an RUFY1 interaction partner, and similar to a subset of activating dynein adaptors, the coiled-coil region of RUFY1 was required for interaction with dynein and the ability to mediate dynein-dependent organelle clustering. (bvsalud.org)

Protein modules such as FVYE domains and PH domains that bind specifically to PtdIns 3-phosphate (PtdIns-3-P) and polyphosphoinositides, respectively, can direct such membrane targeting. (embl.de)
Clathrin adaptors in turn bind to the clathrin lattice which is thought to provide the force required to deform the membrane into a curved bud. (wormbook.org)
All members contain the sequence motifs characteristic of all GTP-binding proteins, bind to GDP and GTP with high affinity. (biomedcentral.com)

Rho GTPase effectors are a large group of proteins and include actin nucleation promoting molecules, adaptors, as well as kinases. (biomedcentral.com)

The encoded protein belongs to the adaptor complexes medium subunits family. (wikipedia.org)

We employ our method to monitor essential functional parameters of late endo-lysosomal compartments, i.e., pH, calcium, enzyme activities and cholesterol content. (bvsalud.org)
The long term goal of our research is to elucidate the molecular mechanisms by which proteins are targeted to specific and distinct compartments. (stanford.edu)

At steady state, STING is an endoplasmic reticulum (ER) resident protein that exists as a preformed dimer. (monash.edu)
Precursors of lysosomal enzymes are synthesized in the rough endoplasmic reticulum (rER) and then migrate to the cis-Golgi, where mannose residues on the oligosaccharide chain are phosphorylated to form mannose-6-phosphate (M-6-P), an important sorting signal for lysosomal enzymes. (biomedcentral.com)

Changes in the overall endocytic flux or in the endocytic regulation of select proteins conceivably can help to counteract adverse environmental conditions. (cell-stress.com)

Using melanocytes that express or are depleted of MFSD12, the lab is analyzing lysosome: melanosome contacts, melanosome and lysosome pH, and lysosomal signaling to uncover the mechanism of pigment regulation by MFSD12. (chop.edu)

Additionally, the lab has identified defects in innate immunity to bacterial infection from a mouse HPS2 model, partly explaining the recurrent bacterial infections observed in HPS2 patients, and is uncovering mechanisms by which the endosomal adaptor AP-3 influences toll-like receptor recruitment to phagosomes, inflammasome signaling from phagosomes, and autophagy activation in dendritic cells. (chop.edu)
Nonetheless, it is important to remember that these and other autophagy proteins also execute many non-autophagy functions. (invivogen.com)
Thus, a crucial challenge facing researchers is to distinguish "true" autophagy signaling from other types of autophagy-protein signaling. (invivogen.com)
Interestingly, autophagy and its signaling proteins have been associated with inflammatory disorders, including Crohn's disease (CD), certain cancers, and autoimmune diseases such as sclerosis and systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) 3 . (invivogen.com)
TRPML1-mediated lysosomal calcium release can also dephosphorylate TFEB and promote its nuclear translocation and regulate lysosome biogenesis, autophagy, and lipid metabolism. (biomedcentral.com)

Dennis et al suggest that vesicle-associated membrane protein (VAMP7) mediates fusion of BLOC-1-dependent transport carriers with melanosomes and that soluble attachment protein receptor (SNARE) recycling from melanosomes is a critical BLOC-3-dependent step. (medscape.com)

4) Lysosomal fusion with autophagosomes also requires SNAREs, including VAMP8, syntaxin-17 and SNAP29. (biomedcentral.com)

Nevertheless, in neurodegenerative diseases these proteins accumulate with disastrous consequences for neurons, eventually leading to cell death. (5dok.org)

IP3R mediated Ca(2+) release regulates protein metabolism in Drosophila neuroendocrine cells: implications for development under nutrient stress. (ncbs.res.in)
Lipid metabolic perturbation is an early-onset phenotype in adult spinster mutants: a Drosophila model for lysosomal storage disorders. (ncbs.res.in)

Post-Golgi, STING is located in endosome and later lysosomal vesicles, which appears important for termination of signalling. (monash.edu)

Furthermore, GSOs protected cells against GLU-induced apoptosis by reducing the expression of the mitochondrial apoptosis-associated Bcl-2 family effector proteins and protected cells from GLU-induced oxidative damage by increasing the nuclear translocation of Nrf2 and HO-1 expression. (sdbonline.org)
We have developed and applied Dynamic Organellar Maps, a proteomic method that allows global mapping of protein translocation events. (elifesciences.org)
8) Lysosomal calcium channels, such as TRPMLs, can lead to the release of lysosomal calcium and activate mTORC1, which can phosphorylate TFEB and prevent TFEB nuclear translocation. (biomedcentral.com)

The phenomenon of intercellular mitochondrial transfer has been discovered in the cardiovascular system. (frontiersin.org)
Studies have shown that cell-to-cell mitochondrial transfer plays an essential role in regulating cardiovascular system development and maintaining normal tissue homeostasis under physiological conditions. (frontiersin.org)
In this review, we summarized the mechanism of mitochondrial transfer in the cardiovascular system and outlined the fate and functional role of donor mitochondria. (frontiersin.org)

This download is the types and cells led from a human assembly target content soccer methylated alongside the set of two interaction localizing enzyme proteins in New Zealand. (evakoch.com)
A correlation network between DFS-SEs of splicing factors and non-splicing factors was constructed to determine the potential mechanisms in PRAD, which included the potential regulatory interaction between the splicing event of splicing factor RNA binding motif protein 5-alternate terminator (AT)-64957 and the splicing event of non-splicing factor heterochromatin protein 1 binding protein 3-AT-939. (spandidos-publications.com)

Arl8b, an Arf-like GTP-binding protein, regulates cargo trafficking and positioning of lysosomes. (bvsalud.org)
However, it is unknown whether Arl8b regulates lysosomal cargo sorting. (bvsalud.org)
Fluorescent immunohistochemistry was used to validate the enrichment of four proteins in amyloid plaques (moesin, ezrin, ARL8B and SMOC1) and to compare the amount of total Aβ, Aβ40, Aβ42, phosphorylated Aβ, pyroglutamate Aβ species and oligomeric species in EOAD and DS. (researchsquare.com)

Mitochondria not only serve as power plants in cells but also act as crucial regulators in many biological processes, including reactive oxygen species (ROS) signaling, redox balance, calcium homeostasis, protein quality control, and programmed cell death ( 3 , 4 ). (frontiersin.org)
calcium binding protein 39 [Source:HGN. (gsea-msigdb.org)

Members of a subfamily of these enzymes share a specific domain that was first identified in the yeast Sac1 protein [1]. (embl.de)
We report here that Sac1p has a specific role in secretion and acts as an antagonist of the phosphatidylinositol 4-kinase Pik1p in Golgi trafficking. (embl.de)
Dynamic Organellar Maps enable the proteome-wide analysis of physiological protein movements, without requiring any reagents specific to the investigated process, and will thus be widely applicable in cell biology. (elifesciences.org)
Samples are mixed with a cocktail of biotinylated detection antibodies (Step 1) and then incubated with the array membrane which is spotted in duplicate with capture antibodies to specific target proteins (Step 2) . (rndsystems.com)
These studies focus on the degradation of specific disease related proteins and the general status of the UPS under conditions of an excess of aberrant or misfolded proteins. (5dok.org)

The ubiquitinated cargo is then dragged and bound to the isolation membrane via LC3 by one of various sequestosome-like proteins (SLRs) such as p62, optineurin, Parkin or PINK1. (invivogen.com)

The method was applied to starved cells without adding inhibitors of lysosomal acidification. (bvsalud.org)

Despite the detailed in vitro characterization of the enzymatic properties of yeast Sac1p, the exact cellular function of this protein has remained obscure. (embl.de)
In this review we summarize recent data regarding stress-induced changes in endocytosis and discuss how these changes might contribute to the cellular adaptation to stress in different systems. (cell-stress.com)
These assist with protein folding and, thereby, help to keep the cellular protein machinery functional in spite of adverse thermal conditions. (cell-stress.com)
These cell surface proteins impinge on the vast majority of all cellular functions by mediating nutrient uptake, preserving ion homeostasis and initiating complex signaling cascades in response to extracellular cues. (cell-stress.com)
In turn, GTP-bound active GTPases can interact with a plethora of different effectors which mediate the different cellular functions of this family of proteins. (biomedcentral.com)
Resistance mechanisms are complex, can involve diverse and often unexpected cellular processes, and can vary with both the underlying genetic lesion and the origin or type of tumor. (biomedcentral.com)

2017. Identification and structural characterization of the precursor conformation of the prion protein which directly initiates misfolding and oligomerization. . (ncbs.res.in)

The sentence should be read: Indeed, a recent report showed that GGA2 has a crucial role in the cell surface expression of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), and the GGA-related clathrin adaptor AP-1 complex is also involved in targeting of the cell surface signaling molecule Notch and the secretion of certain soluble factors [21, Uemura et al. (googleapis.com)
Integrative modelling of TIR domain-containing adaptor molecule inducing interferon-β (TRIF) provides insights into its autoinhibited state. (ncbs.res.in)

This protein is thought to be involved inattaching the base of chromatin loops to the nuclear matrix but there is conflicting evidence as towhether this protein is a component of chromatin or a nuclear matrix protein. (immune-source.com)
Nuclear pore complex injury has recently emerged as an early and significant contributor to familial and sporadic ALS disease pathogenesis. (biomedcentral.com)
Schreiber A, Boff L, Anhlan D, Krischuns T, Brunotte L, Schuberth C, Wedlich-Söldner R, Drexler H, and Ludwig S. (2020) Dissecting the mechanism of signaling-triggered nuclear export of newly synthesized influenza virus ribonucleoprotein complexes. (uni-muenster.de)

Simultaneously detect the levels of these cytokines, chemokines, and acute phase proteins in a single sample. (rndsystems.com)
Simultaneously, the opsin of the complex provides converted by XPA( Camenisch et al. (evakoch.com)
Mass spectrometry-based proteomics is an alternative approach that allows efficient quantification of thousands of amyloid plaque proteins simultaneously. (researchsquare.com)

Dr De Nardo received his PhD in 2009 from the University of Melbourne, Australia, where he developed a keen interest in macrophage activation by the innate immune system. (monash.edu)
Airyscan confocal, Lattice light-sheet) in combination with fluorescent STING reporter systems to examine STING trafficking in both fixed and live immune cells. (monash.edu)
The new mapping method could be used in the future to analyse the anatomy of different cell types, such as nerve cells and cells of the immune system. (elifesciences.org)
So this meeting will examine emerging data relating to macrophage interactions with the immune system during HIV infection, macrophage reservoirs and approaches to their elimination, and the involvement of CNS myeloid reservoirs and associated comorbidities. (nih.gov)
So on day one, Session 1 will focus on macrophages and the immune system during HIV and SARS-CoV-2 infection, Session 2 will focus on challenges to study HIV/SIV reservoirs, and Session 3 will really have the highlights from recent awardees of the NIMH/NINDS/NIDA Myeloid Reservoir RFA. (nih.gov)
The complement system plays a critical role intestinal immune homeostasis. (guidetomalariapharmacology.org)

One important model for mechanistic studies of endocytosis in C. elegans focuses on oocytes, which internalize huge quantities of yolk proteins and their associated lipids by clathrin-mediated endocytosis ( Grant and Hirsh, 1999 ). (wormbook.org)
SD proteins are known to undergo endocytosis and recycling to maintain the integrity of the filtration structure. (sdbonline.org)

In addition, EVs are mediators of communication between cells in physiological and pathological settings, and they transport a diverse array of biomolecules, including lipids, nucleic acids, carbohydrates and proteins. (encyclopedia.pub)

Hermansky-Pudlak syndrome (HPS) is a heterogeneous group of autosomal recessive disorders characterized by tyrosinase-positive oculocutaneous albinism (Ty-pos OCA), bleeding tendencies, and systemic complications associated to lysosomal dysfunction. (medscape.com)

Y-box binding protein 3 [Source:HGNC S. (gsea-msigdb.org)

Cell Div 17(1): 4. (sdbonline.org)
Combining spatial and abundance information yielded an unprecedented quantitative view of HeLa cell anatomy and organellar composition, at the protein level. (elifesciences.org)
Proteins are the tools and machines of the cell, and each organelle has its own set of proteins that it requires to work correctly. (elifesciences.org)
The location of many proteins in a cell is unclear or simply not known. (elifesciences.org)
set out to develop a method that reveals the locations of all the proteins in a cell at any given time. (elifesciences.org)
The resulting technique maps the location of most of the proteins in a human cancer cell line and, in addition, determines how many copies of each protein there are. (elifesciences.org)
The ability to monitor changes in organellar composition would provide a powerful tool to investigate cell biological processes at the systems level. (elifesciences.org)
During the last decades, remarkable progress has been made in further understanding the complex molecular regulatory networks that maintain hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) function. (x-mol.com)
In the absence of ascorbic acid in cell culture systems, peptide amidation fails to occur and other single electron donors or reducing agents (e.g. (biomedcentral.com)
The ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS) is the main pathway in the cell for the elimination of aberrant or misfolded proteins. (5dok.org)
loop kappa p21 D cell 4( ABCD4) is shown to reduce the CD127 performance of cobalamin( Cbl membrane parking B12) into the mitochondrion, interacting it ED for the composition of Cbl lives. (evakoch.com)
Rho GTPases represent a family of small GTP-binding proteins involved in cell cytoskeleton organization, migration, transcription, and proliferation. (biomedcentral.com)
This review will focus on the role of Rac and Rho small GTPases in cell motility and in the complex relationship driving the reciprocal control between Rac and Rho granting for the opportunistic motile behaviour of aggressive cancer cells. (biomedcentral.com)
Of note, in a developing thrombus further activation converts platelets from a proaggregatory to a to pro-coagulant phenotype which enables the assembly of the coagulation reaction complexes (the Tenase and Prothrombinase complex) on the cell surface, necessary for thrombin and fibrin generation. (biomedcentral.com)

The abnormal morphology and dysfunction of mitochondria have been proven as the principal mechanisms in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular diseases, such as heart failure, myocardial infarction, atherosclerosis, and hypertension ( 4 - 6 ). (frontiersin.org)

Rho GTPase activating protein 25 [Sour. (gsea-msigdb.org)
A structural feature that distinguishes the Rho proteins from other small GTPases is the so-called Rho insert domain located between a β strand and an α helix within the small GTPase domain [ 1 - 3 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Typically Rho proteins are 190-250 residues long and consist only of the GTPase domain and short terminal C-terminal extensions. (biomedcentral.com)
Within their GTPase domains, they share approximately 30% amino acid identity with the Ras proteins and 40-95% identity within the family. (biomedcentral.com)

However, aggregation of the aggregation- prone polyGln proteins prevented proteasomal degradation. (5dok.org)

Extracellular neuritic plaques are deposits of differently sized small peptides called β-amyloid (Aβ) that are derived via sequential proteolytic cleavages of the β-amyloid precursor protein (APP) [ 6 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
The Aβ domain is unique to the APP protein, though the family shares several other conserved domains such as the E1 and E2 domains in the extracellular sequence. (biomedcentral.com)

The lab's best-developed model system is the melanosome, an LRO in skin melanocytes and eye pigment cells within which melanin pigments are synthesized. (chop.edu)
Nowadays, more and more studies have revealed that cells in the cardiovascular system (such as cardiomyocytes, vascular smooth muscle cells, endothelial cells, et al. (frontiersin.org)
An attractive method to enhance the safety and efficiency of drug treatment in cancer is to supplement conventional administration methods with targeted drug delivery strategies in order to enhance drug uptake within tumour tissues while limiting their action within healthy cells [ 3 , 4 ]. (plos.org)

exocyst complex component 2 [Source:HG. (gsea-msigdb.org)

The PX domain of Vam7p selectively binds PtdIns-3-P, while the PX domain of the CPK PI-3 kinase selectively binds PtdIns-4,5-P(2). (embl.de)

H37Rv-infected murine bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs) displayed both lysosomal leakage, with release of CTSB into the cytosol, as well as increased levels of mature IL-1β. (frontiersin.org)

The single enzyme responsible for this reaction is peptidylglycine α-amidating monooxygenase (PAM: EC 1.14.17.3), a copper- and ascorbate-dependent Type I membrane protein. (biomedcentral.com)

Anatomy15

Organisms2

Chemicals and Drugs44

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment7

Psychiatry and Psychology1

Phenomena and Processes15

Information Science2

Subunit6

Intracellular6

Pathways5

Receptors7

Trans-golgi n2

Endosomes3

SUBCELLULAR LOCALIZATION4

Localization4

Clathrin-coated pits1

Transmembrane1

Accumulation4

Hydrolases1

Neuronal4

Recycling pathway3

Genes5

Specificity2

MTOR1

Plasma membrane3

Organelles6

Coiled-coil1

Bind3

Molecules1

Subunits1

Compartments2

Endoplasmic reticulum2

Endocytic1

Signaling to uncover1

Autophagy5

Mediates1

Autophagosomes1

Neurons1

Drosophila2

Endosome1

Translocation3

Mitochondrial3

Interaction2

Arl8b3

Calcium2

Specific5

Cargo1

Inhibitors1

Cellular6

Initiates1

Molecule2

Nuclear3

Simultaneously3

Immune6

Endocytosis2

Lipids1

DISORDERS1

HGNC1

Cell14

Dysfunction1

GTPase4

Aggregation1

Extracellular2

Cells3

Exocyst complex1

Binds1

Murine1

Membrane protein1