• The transport are made up of pinocytosis, phagocytes, receptor mediated endocytosis, exocytosis and transcytosis. (studymode.com)
  • G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are, with approximately 800 members, among the most abundant membrane proteins in humans. (nih.gov)
  • The plasma membranes are made up of proteins that form pores and channels, cholesterol to provide membrane stability and carbohydrate molecules for cell recognition. (studymode.com)
  • The plasma membrane is what they call a mosaic of lipids, proteins and carbohydrates. (studymode.com)
  • Active transport is within the cell membrane which requires the use of energy and moves molecules from low to high concentrations using protein carriers. (studymode.com)
  • Thus, in the process, carrier protein molecules located in the membrane combine with solutes and transport them down the concentration gradient. (studymode.com)
  • Endocytosis of MHC I and MHC II was inhibited by filipin, but only MHC II showed a strong preference for a membrane raft environment in a co-clustering analysis with G M 1. (silverchair.com)
  • Moreover, clustering of MHC proteins at the cell surface resulted in shifts of the respective DRMs, revealing proximity-induced changes in the membrane environment. (silverchair.com)
  • Endocytosis of GPI-linked membrane folate receptor-alpha. (rupress.org)
  • GPI-linked membrane folate receptors (MFRs) have been implicated in the receptor-mediated uptake of reduced folate cofactors and folate-based chemotherapeutic drugs. (rupress.org)
  • The reduced-folate-carrier, an integral membrane protein capable of translocating (anti-)folates across membranes, was completely excluded from the Triton X-100-resistant membrane domains. (rupress.org)
  • Megalin and cubilin are multiligand protein receptors expressed at the brush border membrane and involved in endocytosis in PTECs. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Membrane-enclosed structures called vesicles transport proteins and lipids across the cell. (jove.com)
  • Coat proteins can help sort the cargo and assemble on the donor membrane to initiate vesicle formation. (jove.com)
  • B-subunit is composed of two domains: receptor domain or R-domain, which is responsible for binding to cell DT receptor, and transmembrane or T-domain, which is involved in the process of C-domain transfer in the cytosol across endosomal membrane. (org.ua)
  • DT binding to proHB-EGF on a plasma membrane triggers internalization of DT-proHB-EGF complex through the clathrin-dependent endocytosis. (org.ua)
  • The plasma membrane is not only the first point of encounter for many types of environmental stress, but given the diversity of receptor proteins and their associated molecules also represents the site at which many cellular signal cascades originate. (cell-stress.com)
  • The plasma membrane can be envisioned as a central compartment in the cellular adaptation to diverse stress conditions as it shapes the interactions between cells and their environment by harboring an elaborate complement of transmembrane proteins, e.g. transporters, channels, receptors, or adhesion proteins. (cell-stress.com)
  • What is the function of transport proteins embedded in the cell membrane? (cheatography.com)
  • Membrane trafficking defects caused by mutation in OCRL may explain renal tubular defects observed in Lowe syndrome, including the inability of proximal tubular cells (PTC) to reabsorb low-molecular weight (LMW) proteins and other solutes such as phosphorus and bicarbonate from the glomerular filtrate. (medscape.com)
  • Megalin is internalized by endocytosis and delivered to vacuolar endosomes, which then sort megalin into recycling tubules and deliver it back to the plasma membrane, thus keeping an abundant number of megalin receptors at the apical surface of PTC for further endocytosis and recycling. (medscape.com)
  • These data highlight the importance of membrane protein recycling during development. (sdbonline.org)
  • Specialized regions of the cell membrane composed of pits coated with a bristle covering made of the protein CLATHRIN. (uchicago.edu)
  • To solve this problem, the cell membrane contains proteins that are selective for unique, water soluble molecules. (wikibooks.org)
  • Iodide ions are then transported to the apical membrane of the thyroid follicular cells by the action of pendrin, an anion exchanger protein. (myendoconsult.com)
  • Based on these S-layer proteins, supramolecular assemblies can be constructed which are envisaged for label-free detection systems, as affinity matrix, as anti-allergic immuno-therapeutics, as membrane protein-based screening devices, and as drug targeting and delivery systems. (2medicalcare.com)
  • As such as proteins, lipids, glycans, nucleic acids, and isoporous ultrafiltration membrane they can apparently combination of that. (2medicalcare.com)
  • What are membrane receptors? (rhumbarlv.com)
  • Membrane receptors are specialized protein molecules attached to or integrated into the cell membrane. (rhumbarlv.com)
  • What does membrane bound protein mean? (rhumbarlv.com)
  • Membrane proteins are common proteins that are part of, or interact with, biological membranes. (rhumbarlv.com)
  • Integral membrane proteins are a permanent part of a cell membrane and can either penetrate the membrane (transmembrane) or associate with one or the other side of a membrane (integral monotopic). (rhumbarlv.com)
  • What is an example of a membrane receptor? (rhumbarlv.com)
  • The LDL receptor is a transmembrane protein of the plasma membrane. (rhumbarlv.com)
  • How do membrane receptors produce their effects? (rhumbarlv.com)
  • membrane receptors are specialized protein molecules in the membranes of cells, to which external molecules (hormones, neurotransmitters, drugs) attach, triggering changes in the function of the cell. (rhumbarlv.com)
  • How are receptor proteins located in the cell membrane? (rhumbarlv.com)
  • Which is not a function of a membrane protein? (rhumbarlv.com)
  • Act as carrier molecules for various solutes is not a function of membrane proteins. (rhumbarlv.com)
  • Do membrane proteins move explain? (rhumbarlv.com)
  • In the case of membrane proteins, they are able to undergo rotational and lateral movement. (rhumbarlv.com)
  • Intrinsic membrane proteins are tightly embedded in the hydrophobic core, whereas extrinsic membrane proteins associate with their required leaflet. (rhumbarlv.com)
  • What are the four types of membrane proteins? (rhumbarlv.com)
  • Four types of membrane proteins are Integral Membrane Protein, Peripheral Membrane Protein, Transmembrane Protein, and Integral Monotopic Proteins. (rhumbarlv.com)
  • The six major functions of membrane proteins are discussed. (rhumbarlv.com)
  • What are proteins in a cell membrane? (rhumbarlv.com)
  • In B-lymphocytes, endocytosis of MHC I and MHC II molecules is important for the cross-priming and presentation of labile antigens, respectively. (silverchair.com)
  • Arg-Gly-Asp (RGD) peptides,2 poly-Arg peptides), 3,4 proteins (e.g., antibodies,5 transport proteins, and transferrin6), and small molecules (e.g., folate7) have been used to selectively direct drugs to cancer cells with upregulated receptors by forming drug-carrier conjugates (Fig. 1). (biosyn.com)
  • Affibody molecules hold great promise as carriers of cytotoxic drugs for cancer therapy due to their typically high affinity, easy production, and inherent control of the drug molecules' loading and spatial arrangement. (mdpi.com)
  • Receptors are generally transmembrane proteins, which bind to signaling molecules outside the cell and subsequently transmit the signal through a sequence of molecular switches to internal signaling pathways. (rhumbarlv.com)
  • Systematic analyses have revealed that physicochemical properties of the drug-peptide conjugates and their mechanism of receptor-mediated cellular internalization are important controlling factors for developing a successful targeting system. (biosyn.com)
  • The advent of radiolabeled somatostatin analogs in the targeted imaging and radionuclide therapy of tumors overexpressing somatostatin receptors has paved the way for other radiopeptides to target alternative cancer-associated peptide receptor systems ( 1 - 4 ). (snmjournals.org)
  • Well-known examples include the β-adrenergic receptor, the muscarininc type of acetylcholine receptor, metabotropic glutamate receptors, receptors for odorants in the olfactory system, and many types of receptors for peptide hormones. (rhumbarlv.com)
  • The existence of a receptor for transferrin iron uptake has been recognized since the late 1950s. (wikipedia.org)
  • Earlier two transferrin receptors in humans, transferrin receptor 1 and transferrin receptor 2 had been characterized and until recently cellular iron uptake was believed to occur chiefly via these two well documented transferrin receptors. (wikipedia.org)
  • Figure 3: The cycle of transferrin and transferrin receptor 1-mediated cellular iron uptake. (wikipedia.org)
  • Folate receptors FRα and FRβ bind folate and its reduced forms, and are important in folate tissue uptake, and FRα especially in renal reabsorption. (turkupetcentre.net)
  • These cell surface proteins impinge on the vast majority of all cellular functions by mediating nutrient uptake, preserving ion homeostasis and initiating complex signaling cascades in response to extracellular cues. (cell-stress.com)
  • The bioavailability of drugs is increased due to the specialized uptake of nanoparticles by absorptive endocytosis. (trialx.com)
  • Albumin can specifically bind to gp60 and SPARC-mediated receptor endocytosis and thus can actively increase the uptake of the nanoparticles. (meditechinsights.com)
  • Endocytosis and uptake of lucifer yellow by cultured atrial myocytes and isolated intact atria from adult rats. (uchicago.edu)
  • The polar transport of auxin mainly depends on three transporters: AUX/LAX, PIN and ABCB protein families. (chinbullbotany.com)
  • Multidrug resistance-associated proteins (MRPs) and organic anion transporters (OATs) transport folates in addition to many other substrates, mostly in epithelial tissues. (turkupetcentre.net)
  • Solute carrier (SLC) transporters control fluxes of nutrients and metabolites across membranes and thereby represent a critical interface between the microenvironment and cellular and subcellular metabolism. (life-science-alliance.org)
  • The vitamin is involved in tyrosine metabolism, conversion of folic acid to folinic acid, carbohydrate metabolism, synthesis of lipids and proteins, iron metabolism, resistance to infections, and cellular respiration. (pharmfair.com)
  • While certain aspects of stress-elicited adaptive programs such as the heat shock response or the oxidative stress response are very well studied, the contribution of other cellular pathways including endocytosis to cellular adaptation is still elusive. (cell-stress.com)
  • Continuous protein pathways are composed of carrier proteins , channels and pumps . (wikibooks.org)
  • Subsequent molecular and physiological studies in human mutation carriers and animal models have allowed us to unravel novel functions of the identified genes, to delineate their cognate pathways and to discover new targets for pharmaceutical intervention. (yale.edu)
  • Podocyte injury has been reported to increase the kidney Ang II content and induce Na + retention depending on the function of megalin, a proximal tubular endocytosis receptor. (bvsalud.org)
  • Immunohistochemistry revealed decreased expression of megalin and cubilin, two important multiligand protein receptors on the brush border of proximal tubular epithelial cells. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Based on the type of protein coats, these vesicles can be of three types: coat protein or COP-coated vesicles, COPI and COPII, and clathrin-coated vesicles. (jove.com)
  • Their formation is driven by the assembly of different classes of coat proteins, namely COPI, COPII, clathrin, or retromer complex. (jove.com)
  • The COPI and COPII coat proteins share similar structural features with Clathrin but differ in cargo sorting and vesicle formation mechanisms. (jove.com)
  • The OCRL1 protein is an inositol polyphosphate 5-phosphatase primarily located in the trans- Golgi network (TGN), on endosomes, and at the endocytic clathrin coated pits. (medscape.com)
  • The absorption of LMW proteins occurs in the PTC through clathrin-mediated endocytosis via 2 multiligand receptors (megalin and cubilin) present in the PTC apical border. (medscape.com)
  • A new type of coated vesicular carrier that appears not to contain clathrin: its possible role in protein transport within the Golgi stack. (uchicago.edu)
  • TfR1 is a high affinity ubiquitously expressed receptor while expression of TfR2 is restricted to certain cell types and is unaffected by intracellular iron concentrations. (wikipedia.org)
  • Wild-type mice received an individual i.v. shot at among three dosages (5 25 and 50 mg/kg) of high-affinity anti-TfRA/BACE1 or low-affinity anti-TfRD/BACE1 and TfR proteins amounts in the cortex had been evaluated at 1 and 4 d after shot by Traditional western blot from human brain homogenates. (biotech-angels.com)
  • The high-affinity folate binding protein (FBP) exists in humans in four isoforms, folate receptors (FRα and FRβ, or FOLR1 and FOLR2) that are attached to the outer cell surface by glycosyl-phosphatidyl-inositol (GPI) link, and FRγ (FOLR3) that is a secretory protein, and expressed at much lower levels than FRα and FRβ. (turkupetcentre.net)
  • As nonsulfated gastrin derivatives were shown to be more suitable for tumor targeting by virtue of their CCK-2 receptor selectivity, high affinity, and favorable in vivo profile ( 20 ), Behr et al. (snmjournals.org)
  • The characterization of this protein in vivo has shown that it widely expressed in different tissues and circulates in the blood, its levels rise after food intake in humans and stimulates insulin secretion and sensitivity and inhibits platelet aggregation. (yale.edu)
  • In humans, an exogenous source of ascorbic acid is required for collagen formation and tissue repair by acting as a cofactor in the posttranslational formation of 4-hydroxyproline in -Xaa-Pro-Gly- sequences in collagens and other proteins. (pharmfair.com)
  • During 2010-2015 our researches were aimed at studying the interaction of diphtheria toxin (DT) with mammalian cells, as well as functions of DT receptor, the precursor of heparin-binding epidermal growth factor-like growth factor proHB-EGF. (org.ua)
  • Overexpression of miR-21 decreases the sensitivity of gastric cancer cells to trastuzumab, which is a humanized monoclonal antibody targeting human epidermal growth factor receptor 2. (oncotarget.com)
  • Discover our full range of catalog products including Labeling and Detection, Peptides, Reagents for peptides synthesis, Assay Kits and Proteins. (anaspec.com)
  • Peptides derived from sequence of cell surface proteins, such as intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1), LHRH, Bombesin, and LFA-1, have shown potent binding affinity to the target cell surface receptors. (biosyn.com)
  • Moreover, peptides derived from ICAM-1 receptor can be internalized by the leukemic T-cells along with the conjugated moiety offering the promise to selectively treat cancers and autoimmune diseases. (biosyn.com)
  • Active targeting involves use of targeting ligands such as antibodies, peptides (e.g cell penetrating peptides) which bind specifically to receptors, epitopes over-expressed on target site. (trialx.com)
  • Albumin has emerged as one of the most important drug carriers for therapeutically active drugs, peptides, and antibodies. (meditechinsights.com)
  • Considering the commercial success of products that use albumin as a drug carrier and the ongoing clinical trials as well as due to the advent of many diverse technologies for improving the pharmacokinetic profile and drug targeting potential of therapeutic and diagnostic peptides, albumin is attracting the interest of researchers and also the pharmaceutical and biotechnological companies, which in turn is driving the growth of albumin market. (meditechinsights.com)
  • Most of our recombinant proteins are fluorescent derivatives of various DT and proHB-EGF. (org.ua)
  • The low number of megalin at the PTC apical border explains the reduced endocytosis of low-molecular weight proteins that occur in Lowe syndrome. (medscape.com)
  • [ 3 ] Proteomic analysis of urine from patients with Lowe syndrome typically show low levels of megalin and cubilin denoting a decrease in the number of these multiligand receptors in the PTC. (medscape.com)
  • The molecule of this receptor is composed of four functional portions: heparin-binding, EGF-like, transmembrane and cytoplasmic domains. (org.ua)
  • Receptors are a special class of proteins that function by binding a specific ligand molecule. (rhumbarlv.com)
  • The immune system utilizes sensors on immune cells named pattern recognition receptors to recognize invading pathogens and foreign substances. (exeter.ac.uk)
  • Thus, transferrin receptor maintains cellular iron homeostasis. (wikipedia.org)
  • TfR has been actively explored to deliver protein therapeutics to the brain (Jones and Shusta 2007 Yu and Watts 2013 although an understanding of precise cellular mechanisms associated with TfR trafficking in the BBB remains unclear. (biotech-angels.com)
  • In this review we summarize recent data regarding stress-induced changes in endocytosis and discuss how these changes might contribute to the cellular adaptation to stress in different systems. (cell-stress.com)
  • These assist with protein folding and, thereby, help to keep the cellular protein machinery functional in spite of adverse thermal conditions. (cell-stress.com)
  • [ 2 ] and (2) Mehta ZB, Pietka G, Lowe M. The cellular and physiological functions of the Lowe syndrome protein OCRL1. (medscape.com)
  • The insulin receptor modulates the cellular response to insulin, through insulin binding to the extracellular domain of the receptor. (rhumbarlv.com)
  • Along their life cycle, GPCRs are accompanied by a range of specialized GPCR-interacting proteins (GIPs) to assist nascent receptors in proper folding, to target them to the appropriate subcellular compartments and to fulfill their signaling tasks. (nih.gov)
  • To be suitable as a drug carrier, the size of nanoparticles should be small enough to avoid elimination from the body by Mononuclear phagocytic system (MPS) and big enough to avoid rapid renal filtration. (trialx.com)
  • For example, tumor cells have certain upregulated receptors, enzymes, and other metabolic features that are not present in normal cells in the body. (biosyn.com)
  • Nanosized structures and devices are smaller than human cells which are around 10,000 nm in diameter and similar in size to biomolecules such as enzymes, proteins (hemoglobin is 5 nm in diameter). (trialx.com)
  • COPI and COPII vesicles are composed of similar coat protein complexes called coatomers. (jove.com)
  • Coated vesicles are spherical, protein-coated carriers with a 50-100 nm diameter that mediate bidirectional transport between the ER and the Golgi. (jove.com)
  • The distribution of proteins between the ER and Golgi complex is dynamic and is maintained by different coated vesicles. (jove.com)
  • Loss of Pcs impairs Rab11 localization on the trans-side of Golgi units and induces the cytoplasmic accumulation of post-Golgi vesicles bearing rhabdomere proteins, as observed in Rab11-deficiency. (sdbonline.org)
  • Concentration of transferrin receptor in human placental coated vesicles. (uchicago.edu)
  • HMOX2 is constitutively expressed to encode a 36 kDa HO-2 protein, mainly functioning to maintain the basal heme metabolism and may also play a role in inflammatory responses [ 4 ] . (encyclopedia.pub)
  • 60% of human protein-coding genes, mostly by binding to the 3′- untranslated region (3′UTR) of the target mRNAs ( 5 ) and, therefore, miRNAs affect gene expression networks of a variety of biological processes including development, apoptosis, proliferation, and metabolism ( 1 , 2 ). (frontiersin.org)
  • These differences could be in the expressed surface receptors (i.e., the absence or presence of certain receptors), the metabolism profiles (i.e., different enzyme expression or intracellular trafficking), the site/location of the cells (i.e., circulating in blood stream vs. organ), and the nature of the cells (i.e., normal vs. cancerous). (biosyn.com)
  • MFR-alpha was synthesized as a 32-kD protein and converted in a maturely glycosylated 36-38-kD protein 1 h after synthesis. (rupress.org)
  • This leads to an almost complete arrest of protein synthesis in the cell and its death. (org.ua)
  • We have previously shown that hemocyanins are internalized by APCs through receptor-mediated endocytosis with proteins that contain C-type lectin domains, such as mannose receptor (MR). However, the contribution of other innate immune receptors to the proinflammatory signaling pathway triggered by hemocyanins is unknown. (exeter.ac.uk)
  • Albumin is the most abundant circulating protein in the plasma, accounting for more than half of the human plasma protein. (meditechinsights.com)
  • It occurs mainly bound to proteins or polypeptides and is abundant in liver, kidney, pancreas, yeast, and milk. (pharmfair.com)
  • Fanconi syndrome, the result of proximal tubule epithelial cell (PTEC) injury leading to proximal RTA (type II RTA), hypophosphatemia, hypouricemia, aminoaciduria, glycosuria and urine loss of low molecular weight proteins, is a rare manifestation of pSS. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Each follicle is composed of a rim of simple cuboidal epithelial cells encircling a mass of colloidal storage protein named thyroglobulin. (myendoconsult.com)
  • An increase in serum albumin concentration of 1 g/dL increases protein-bound calcium by 0.8 mg/dL, whereas an increase of 1 g/dL of globulin increases protein-bound calcium by 0.16 mg/dL. (abdominalkey.com)
  • The elucidation of the binding of serum albumin to FcRn receptors that control its half-life is a key point in designing albumin-based therapeutic or diagnostic agents for optimizing their pharmacokinetics and drug targeting properties. (meditechinsights.com)
  • Reduced folate carrier is constitutively expressed on immune cells, including the non-proliferating macrophages. (turkupetcentre.net)
  • Conjugation of proteins and liposomes to folate does not necessarily prevent the receptor-mediated endocytosis, and this can be utilized in delivery of therapeutic macromolecules into cells ( Leamon and Low, 1991 ). (turkupetcentre.net)
  • Inhibition of receptor-mediated endocytosis has been proposed as the mechanism of Fanconi syndrome in other disease states. (biomedcentral.com)
  • This research includes comparative studies of the behavior of liposomes and nanostructured lipid-carriers in a series of well-structured in vitro tests that could assess their interactions with the hCMEC / D3 and SH - SY5Y cell lines as an in vitro model of the blood-brain barrier and neuronal function, respectively. (mdpi.com)
  • It also refers as " Extrinsic proteins " that associates with the lipid bilayer by weak electrostatic and hydrogen bond interactions. (rhumbarlv.com)
  • Through interaction with specific ligands (e.g., hormones and neurotransmitters), the receptors facilitate communication between the cell and the extracellular environment. (rhumbarlv.com)
  • The PIN protein contains a central hydrophilic loop (HL) and two separated hydrophobic regions, and the multiple phosphorylation sites on HL are the targets of protein kinases. (chinbullbotany.com)
  • Total serum calcium is divisible into protein-bound and ultrafiltrable (diffusible) calcium ( Fig. 6-1 ). (abdominalkey.com)
  • Approximately 40% of total calcium is bound to serum proteins, and 80% to 90% of this calcium is bound to albumin. (abdominalkey.com)
  • Variations in serum protein alter proportionately the concentration of the protein-bound and total serum calcium. (abdominalkey.com)
  • Hyponatremia increases, whereas hypernatremia decreases protein-bound calcium. (abdominalkey.com)
  • Changes in pH also affect protein-bound calcium, and an increase or decrease of 0.1 pH increases or decreases protein-bound calcium by 0.12 mg/dL. (abdominalkey.com)
  • 1998 has been proposed to undergo transcytosis in the BBB to allow access of iron-bound Tf by constitutive endocytosis (Fishman et al. (biotech-angels.com)
  • These pits are the entry route for macromolecules bound by cell surface receptors. (uchicago.edu)
  • Most thyroxine is bound to carrier proteins, such as thyroxine-binding globulin (TBG), transthyretin, and albumin in circulation, with only a tiny fraction (approximately 0.03%) present as free thyroxine (FT4)[3]. (myendoconsult.com)
  • T3 circulates bound to carrier proteins (mainly TBG and albumin), with a small fraction (approximately 0.3%) existing as free triiodothyronine (FT3). (myendoconsult.com)
  • However several essential AMG-925 nutrients and carrier proteins are thought to mix the BBB via receptors indicated on mind endothelial cells through a process known as receptor-mediated transcytosis (Rubin and Staddon 1999 Predescu et al. (biotech-angels.com)
  • 2007 the exact route of receptor-mediated transcytosis of Tf-TfR is not well understood in the BBB. (biotech-angels.com)
  • The aim of this study was to evaluate 3 new 99m Tc-labeled minigastrin analogs modified with open chain tetraamines at the N-terminus for their suitability in the CCK-2/gastrin-R-targeted imaging of tumors (CCK-2/gastrin-R = cholecystokinin subtype 2/gastrin receptor). (snmjournals.org)
  • 90%) and high-density expression of CCK-2/gastrin-R (CCK-2/gastrin-R = cholecystokinin subtype 2/gastrin receptor) in human medullary thyroid cancer (MTC), already suspected by the highly sensitive pentagastrin diagnostic test ( 5 - 7 ). (snmjournals.org)
  • Of particular clinical relevance is the independence of CCK-2/gastrin-R status on the degree of tumor differentiation in human MTCs ( 5 , 6 ), whereas, in advanced and clinically aggressive forms of the disease, somatostatin receptor expression is lacking ( 7 , 8 ). (snmjournals.org)
  • Furthermore, albumin can bind to special receptors overexpressed on cancer cells and enhance nanoparticle binding and internalization. (meditechinsights.com)
  • Both these receptors are transmembrane glycoproteins. (wikipedia.org)
  • Here, we report that MHC I and MHC II were internalized by separate endocytic carriers that lacked transferrin receptor. (silverchair.com)
  • Changes in the overall endocytic flux or in the endocytic regulation of select proteins conceivably can help to counteract adverse environmental conditions. (cell-stress.com)
  • The direction of auxin flow between cells is closely related to the polar localization of PIN proteins in cells. (chinbullbotany.com)
  • The receptor-mediated endocytosis will only let certain particles into the cell, only allowing cells with the appropriate receptors to remove and process its surrounding even in very low concentrations. (studymode.com)
  • The cells secrete proteins this way. (studymode.com)
  • 2007 Transferrin (Tf) receptor (TfR) a type II transmembrane protein highly indicated on mind endothelial cells (Jefferies et al. (biotech-angels.com)
  • The small size of nanoparticles allows them to interact readily with biomolecules on the cell surface (receptors) and within the cell, and thus allows better understanding of complex processes that govern the behavior of cells in their normal state and during the diseased state. (trialx.com)
  • Mollusk hemocyanins have biomedical uses as carriers/adjuvants and nonspecific immunostimulants with beneficial clinical outcomes by triggering the production of proinflammatory cytokines in antigen-presenting cells (APCs) and driving immune responses toward type 1 T helper (Th1) polarization. (exeter.ac.uk)
  • Thus, we studied the roles of Dectin-1, Dectin-2, and Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) in the hemocyanin activation of murine APCs, both in dendritic cells (DCs) and macrophages, using hemocyanins from Megathura crenulata (KLH), Concholepas concholepas (CCH) and Fissurella latimarginata (FLH). (exeter.ac.uk)
  • This study is a continuation of our earlier findings involving poly(ε-caprolactone) (PCL)-poly (ethylene glycol) (PEG) nanoparticles (PEG-PCL NPs), which were coated with trastuzumab to target gastric cancer cells with HER2 receptor over-expression using anti-miRNA-21 antisense oligonucleotides (AMO-21). (oncotarget.com)
  • Excitation refers to the shape change that occurs in voltage-sensitive proteins in the sarcolemma. (easynotecards.com)
  • In the absence of iron, one of these proteins (generally IRP2) binds to the hairpin like structure (IRE) that is in the 3' UTR of the TfR mRNA. (wikipedia.org)
  • The 302 amino acid (aa), 43 kDa protein contains a 17 aa signal sequence, an N-terminal acidic region that binds calcium, a follistatin domain containing Kazal-like sequences, and a C-terminal extracellular calcium (EC) binding domain with two EF-hand motifs (1‑5). (rndsystems.com)
  • When a ligand binds to its receptor, the receptor can change conformation, transmitting a signal into the cell. (rhumbarlv.com)
  • The GTPase Rab11 regulates endosomal protein trafficking and previous work has shown that loss of Rab11 caused intestinal inflammation and hyperplasia in mice and flies. (sdbonline.org)
  • Here we reviewed the research progress of PIN protein in Arabidopsis thaliana and cereal crops from the aspects of protein structure, activity regulation and functional verification to provide new ideas and clues for exploring the auxin polar transport mediated by PIN protein family. (chinbullbotany.com)
  • Surface (S)-layer proteins and S-layer fusion proteins incorporating functional sequences, self-assemble into monomolecular lattices on solid supports and on various lipid structures. (2medicalcare.com)
  • Exosomes, microvesicles, and apoptotic bodies are considered as carriers of extracellular miRNAs ( 21 ). (frontiersin.org)
  • More than 90% of extracellular miRNAs are vesicle-free, but form a complex with proteins such as Agonaute2 (AGO2) ( 22 , 23 ). (frontiersin.org)
  • The PIN proteins are fine-tuned at multiple levels, including transcriptional regulation, post-transcriptional modification, intracellular recycling and vacuolar trafficking for degradation, in response to endogenous and exogenous signals. (chinbullbotany.com)
  • These receptors trigger a plethora of immune responses that confer protection against infection and could also contribute to unwanted exacerbated immune responses. (exeter.ac.uk)