Cells constitutively utilize several distinct mechanisms of endocytosis, including clathrin-mediated endocytosis (CME) for the internalization of receptor-bound macromolecules such as Transferrin Receptor (TfR), and distinct mechanism(s) that mediate the majority of fluid-phase endocytosis. (plos.org)
Binding to galectin-1 at the extracellular surface prevents clathrin-mediated endocytosis of ROMK1 and leads to accumulation of functional channel on the plasma membrane. (aspetjournals.org)
Receptors4
Together, ligands and their receptors trigger signals that affect cell development and function. (medlineplus.gov)
The cytokine family operates through a common theme of binding private receptors for each ligand before engaging the common γ c receptor to induce signaling. (biorxiv.org)
The Notch pathway consists of four receptors (NOTCH1-4) and delta/jagged ligands. (scienceboard.net)
Notch receptors are activated by the mechanical force of ligand endocytosis, which exposes the receptor to cleavage by protease gamma-secretase to release the Notch intracellular domain, which drives Notch-dependent gene expression in the nucleus. (scienceboard.net)
Receptor-ligand3
In total, these findings represent a comprehensive analysis of how ligand properties, and their consequent effects on surface receptor-ligand interactions, translate to selective activation of immune cell populations. (biorxiv.org)
This altered selectivity is explained by altered surface receptor-ligand binding kinetics and can be quantitatively predicted using a multivalent binding model. (biorxiv.org)
In order to be internalized, the receptor-ligand complex must first cluster into clathrin-coated pits. (embl.de)
The growth/survival signal is initially carried by these receptor ligands - proteins such as epidermal growth factor (EGF), fibroblast growth factor (FGF) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) - which bind cell-surface receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs). (tocris.com)
SD proteins are known to undergo endocytosis and recycling to maintain the integrity of the filtration structure. (sdbonline.org)
All genes in this SD protein endocytosis and recycling pathway, as well as SD proteins themselves, are highly conserved from flies to humans. (sdbonline.org)
Thus, these results suggest that the SD proteins in human kidney undergo the same endocytosis and recycling pathway to maintain the filtration structure, and mutations in any genes in this pathway could lead to abnormal SD and renal diseases. (sdbonline.org)
These specialized signalling filopodia transmit signal proteins between communicating cells and allow a high degree of control of propagation speed, direction and concentration of the transmitted ligand. (exeter.ac.uk)
The low density lipoprotein receptor (LDL-R) gene family consists of cell surface proteins involved in receptor-mediated endocytosis of specific ligands. (thermofisher.com)
Internalization3
Tracking the abundance of TfR on the cell surface and the internalization of its ligand transferrin revealed that USMB acutely enhances the rate of CME. (plos.org)
therefore, we have analyzed domains and individual amino acids in the cytoplasmic region of the rat GHR required for ligand-mediated receptor internalization, receptor down-regulation, and transcriptional signaling. (ku.dk)
These results demonstrate that phenylalanine 346 is essential for GHR internalization and down-regulation but not for transcriptional signaling, suggesting that ligand-mediated endocytosis is not a prerequisite for GH-induced gene transcription. (ku.dk)
Notch3
Epsin's role in Notch Signaling is due to Notch's reliance on ligand endocytosis to release the Notch intracellular domain. (wikipedia.org)
This occurs through ubiquitination of the D114 notch ligand which provides a docking location of the epsin UIM domain. (wikipedia.org)
Mutations in the DSL (Delta, Serrate, Lag2) Notch (N) ligand Delta-like (Dll) 3 cause skeletal abnormalities in spondylocostal dysostosis, which is consistent with a critical role for N signaling during somitogenesis. (rupress.org)
RTKs2
Signal transduction by receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) involves complex ligand- and time-dependent changes in conformation and modification state. (nature.com)
Here we exploit the multiplexing capabilities of Exchange-PAINT, a multiplexed variant of DNA-PAINT 14 , to image simultaneously five RTKs (EGFR, ErbB2, ErbB3, IGF-1R and Met) at endogenous levels of expression in BT20 cancer cells and to examine how receptor distribution changes following ligand stimulation. (nature.com)
EGFR2
By using machine learning and subsequent biochemical validation we detect ligand-dependent, non-canonical interaction of EGFR and Met. (nature.com)
Interestingly, aux depletion causes a dramatic increase in EGFR signaling, with a strong accumulation of EGFR at the plasma membrane and an increased expression of EGFR ligands in response to tissue stress. (sdbonline.org)
Biochemical1
The features of Donnai-Barrow syndrome are probably caused by the inability of megalin to help absorb these ligands, disruption of biochemical signaling pathways, or other effects of the nonfunctional megalin protein. (medlineplus.gov)
Exposes1
Removal of sialic acids exposes underlying disaccharide galactose- N -acetylglucosamine, a ligand for a ubiquitous galactoside-binding lectin galectin-1. (aspetjournals.org)
Extracellular3
They are responding to a plethora of ligands and are involved in the transmission of extracellular signals inside the cell. (nih.gov)
Endocytosis is a fundamental process involved in trafficking of various extracellular and transmembrane molecules from the cell surface to its interior. (mdpi.com)
The extracellular CRD of Fz family members thereby serves as a highly conserved binding site for Wnt ligands. (wikipathways.org)
Genes1
Using the Drosophila nephrocyte as a genetic screen platform, most genes involved in endocytosis and cell trafficking were screened, and the key components were identified of the cell trafficking pathway required for SD protein endocytosis and recycling. (sdbonline.org)
Renal1
The lack of functional megalin in the renal tubules causes megalin's various ligands to be excreted in the urine rather than being absorbed back into the bloodstream. (medlineplus.gov)
Uptake1
Pores formed upon USMB treatment are rapidly resealed, suggesting that other processes such as enhanced endocytosis may contribute to the enhanced material uptake by cells upon USMB treatment. (plos.org)
Processes5
Megalin has many ligands involved in various body processes, including the absorption of vitamins A and D, immune functioning, stress response, and the transport of fats in the bloodstream. (medlineplus.gov)
Receptor activation triggers several processes such as signaling and receptor endocytosis. (nih.gov)
In addition, the rate of fluid-phase endocytosis was enhanced, but with delayed onset upon USMB treatment relative to the enhancement of CME, suggesting that the two processes are distinctly regulated by USMB. (plos.org)
Consecutive pathway and cluster analysis led to the identification of biological processes, namely processes involving binding and processing of nucleic acids, LRP1-dependent endocytosis, and exosome formation. (degruyter.com)
On the other hand active focusing on involves the attachment of a moiety such as a monoclonal antibody or a ligand to deliver a drug to pathological sites or to cross biological barriers based on molecular acknowledgement processes. (exposed-skin-care.net)
Protein2
The SD protein endocytosis and recycling pathway was found to contain clathrin , dynamin , AP-2 complex, like-AP180 (Lap) , auxilin and Hsc70-4 (the endocytosis part) followed by Rab11 and the exocyst complex (the recycling part). (sdbonline.org)
DEC-205 (CD205), a member of the macrophage mannose receptor protein family, is the prototypic endocytic receptor of dendritic cells, whose ligands include phosphorothioated cytosine-guanosine (CpG) oligonucleotides, a motif often seen in bacterial or viral DNA. (uci.edu)
Specific4
As such, epsins are able to bind to membranes with specific cargo and connect them with the endocytosis machinery, so one may understand epsins as something like Swiss army knives for endocytosis. (wikipedia.org)
We found that dimeric muteins are uniquely specific for T reg s at intermediate ligand concentrations. (biorxiv.org)
For example cellular focusing on of antibodies or specific ligands is based on the capability of the focusing on providers to selectively bind to the cell surface to result in receptor-mediated endocytosis.3 5 Thus the drug delivery system along with the therapeutic agent would be delivered to the interior of a given cell type. (exposed-skin-care.net)
Specific endocytosis and degradation of naked DNA in the endocardial cells of cod (Gadus morhua L. (silverchair.com)
Cytoplasmic1
Each subunit of IFNAR contains an N-terminal ligand binding domain (with two or four fibronectin type II-like subdomains, for IFNAR2 and IFNAR1, respectively), a transmembrane (TM) domain, and a cytoplasmic domain. (wikidoc.org)
Antibody2
Therapeutic ligands are often made dimeric as antibody Fc fusions to confer desirable pharmacokinetic benefits, with under-explored consequences on signaling. (biorxiv.org)
DCGM4 acts as a ligand for Langerin, triggering rapid endocytosis within 20 minutes at 37°C. The antibody has been used in intracellular immunofluorescence analyzed in confocal microscopy. (beckman.com)
Binding4
The acidic residues between the fourth and sixth cysteines are important for high-affinity binding of positively charged sequences in LDLR's ligands. (embl.de)
Ligand binding to either subunit is required for and precedes dimerization and activation of the receptor. (wikidoc.org)
[7] Each type I IFN ligand contains a "hotspot", or a sequence of conserved amino acids that are involved in binding to the receptor, specifically the high affinity receptor IFNAR2, which determines the affinity of each ligand for the receptor. (wikidoc.org)
Structural analysis of type I IFN receptor with different type I IFN ligand subtypes revealed a similar binding site for the different agonists. (wikidoc.org)
Distinct1
These results indicate that USMB enhances both CME and fluid phase endocytosis through distinct signaling mechanisms, and suggest that strategies for potentiating the enhancement of endocytosis upon USMB treatment may improve targeted drug delivery. (plos.org)
We report on the effect of surface charge and the ligand coating composition of CdSe/ZnS core/shell quantum dot (QD) nanoparticle s on human keratinocyte toxicity using fluorescent microscopy, flow cytometry, transmission electron microscopy. (cdc.gov)
Cells1
The LDL receptor binds LDL and transports it into cells by acidic endocytosis. (embl.de)
Complex3
Receptor-mediated endocytosis helps terminate the growth factor signal by internalizing the ligand-receptor complex. (tocris.com)
Type I IFN receptor forms a ternary complex, composed of its two subunits IFNAR1 and IFNAR2, and a type I IFN ligand. (wikidoc.org)
[9] Importantly, structural studies have not revealed differences in ternary complex structures with IFNAR and various type I IFN subtypes, despite differences in ligand affinities. (wikidoc.org)
Formation1
Epsins contribute to membrane deformations like endocytosis, and block vesicle formation during mitosis. (wikipedia.org)