AnatomyOrganismsDiseasesChemicals and DrugsAnalytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and EquipmentPhenomena and ProcessesDisciplines and OccupationsInformation Science
Epidermal Growth FactorReceptor, Epidermal Growth FactorEndocytosisLigandsReceptors, TNF-Related Apoptosis-Inducing LigandSignal TransductionTransforming Growth Factor alphaQuinazolinesCell LineCells, CulturedReceptors, Cell SurfacePhosphorylationTransforming Growth FactorsCell Line, TumorMolecular Sequence DataProtein BindingVascular Endothelial Growth Factor AGrowth SubstancesAmino Acid SequenceFibroblast Growth Factor 2Receptor, erbB-2RNA, MessengerTumor Cells, CulturedPlatelet-Derived Growth FactorCell DivisionTransforming Growth Factor betaClathrinTransfectionImmunohistochemistryAntibodies, MonoclonalApoptosisKineticsIntercellular Signaling Peptides and ProteinsTyrphostinsFibroblast Growth FactorsInsulin-Like Growth Factor IHepatocyte Growth FactorRecombinant Fusion ProteinsReceptors, Tumor Necrosis FactorProtein Structure, TertiaryNerve Growth FactorsBinding SitesProtein-Tyrosine KinasesMutationEndothelial Growth FactorsAntineoplastic AgentsEnzyme ActivationProtein Kinase InhibitorsDynaminsCell MembraneEndosomesMembrane GlycoproteinsTyrosineBlotting, WesternCell ProliferationBreast NeoplasmsVascular Endothelial Growth FactorsAntibodies, Monoclonal, HumanizedLung NeoplasmsTNF-Related Apoptosis-Inducing LigandGenes, erbB-1Recombinant ProteinsReceptors, Growth FactorNerve Growth FactorReceptors, Platelet-Derived Growth FactorFibroblastsProto-Oncogene ProteinsMitogen-Activated Protein KinasesReceptors, Fibroblast Growth FactorAntigens, CD95Chemokine CXCL12Mice, NudeDose-Response Relationship, DrugModels, MolecularReceptor, erbB-3Base SequenceReceptor Protein-Tyrosine KinasesEnzyme InhibitorsDown-RegulationTime FactorsCell MovementPhosphatidylinositol 3-KinasesMice, Inbred C57BL3T3 CellsMembrane ProteinsEpithelial CellsCarcinoma, Squamous CellTransforming Growth Factor beta1Protein TransportCoated Pits, Cell-MembraneGene Expression RegulationMAP Kinase Signaling SystemProto-Oncogene Proteins c-aktFibroblast Growth Factor 1Models, BiologicalInsulin-Like Growth Factor IIClathrin-Coated VesiclesPeptidesGene ExpressionPhosphotyrosine
EGFRHuman epidermal growth fInternalizationDegradationMembranePathwaysBindsIntracellularEpithelialCaveolae-mediated EndocytosisProteinsBindLipoproteinPathwayClathrinRTKsMammalianEndocyticDendritic cellsSpecific receptorsTumorTyrosine-proteinSignalingLDLRMannose receptorRegulatesInsulinSerineResiduesSmall moleculesViralMultivesicularSolubleEnzymesPrecursorHeterodimerizationCellsCell proliferationCrucialPathogenesisUnidirectionalEndosomesInteractionsAlterationsComplexesRegulateStimulusFunctionallyActivates
EGFR25
  • The researchers demonstrated their technique on the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), one of the most studied cellular signaling pathways. (blogspot.com)
  • They mapped the mechanical strain exerted by EGFR during the early stages of endocytosis, when the protein receptor of a cell takes in a ligand, or binding molecule. (blogspot.com)
  • And one of the ways that EGFR is activated is by binding its ligand and taking it in. (blogspot.com)
  • Implicated in trafficking and clathrin-mediated endocytosis through binding to epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and clathrin. (icr.ac.uk)
  • Binds to both poly- and mono-ubiquitin and regulates ligand-induced degradation of EGFR, thereby contributing to the accumulation of EGFR at the limiting membrane of early endosomes. (icr.ac.uk)
  • Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) controls a wide range of cellular processes, and aberrant EGFR signaling as a result of receptor overexpression and/or mutation occurs in many types of cancer. (nebraska.edu)
  • Emerging data suggest that a number of factors are critical for the mutant EGFR-dependent tumorigenicity, and bypassing the effects of TKIs on these pathways promotes drug resistance. (nebraska.edu)
  • It is now well-established that the potency and spatiotemporal features of cellular signaling by receptor tyrosine kinases such as EGFR, as well as the specific pathways activated, is determined by the nature of endocytic traffic pathways through which the active receptors traverse. (nebraska.edu)
  • ErbB receptors comprise a family of four RTKs (EGFR/ErbB1, Her2/ErbB2, Her3/ErbB3 and Her4/ErbB4) with important roles in normal cell physiology and in cancer 1 . (nature.com)
  • Here we exploit the multiplexing capabilities of Exchange-PAINT, a multiplexed variant of DNA-PAINT 14 , to image simultaneously five RTKs (EGFR, ErbB2, ErbB3, IGF-1R and Met) at endogenous levels of expression in BT20 cancer cells and to examine how receptor distribution changes following ligand stimulation. (nature.com)
  • By using machine learning and subsequent biochemical validation we detect ligand-dependent, non-canonical interaction of EGFR and Met. (nature.com)
  • degradation, but do trigger the inhibition of receptor internalization, displaying that modified signaling and postponed ligand-induced downregulation of EGFR manifestation resulted from reduced EGFR endocytosis. (baxkyardgardener.com)
  • Inhibited receptor internalization due to the manifestation of GnT-Va siRNA were 3rd party of galectin binding since reduced EGFR internalization in the knockdown cells had not been affected by the treating the cells with lactose, a galectin inhibitor. (baxkyardgardener.com)
  • Our outcomes show that reduced GnT-Va activity because of siRNA manifestation in human being carcinoma cells inhibits ligand-induced EGFR internalization, as a result leading to postponed downstream sign inhibition and transduction from the EGF-induced, invasiveness-related phenotypes. (baxkyardgardener.com)
  • solid Bosutinib novel inhibtior course="kwd-title" Keywords: EGFR, endocytosis, GnT-V, em N /em -glycan Intro There is certainly accumulating proof that aberrant em N /em -glycosylation of cell surface area receptors, including both cell adhesion development and substances element receptors, promotes tumor development. (baxkyardgardener.com)
  • The human epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) contains 12 putative em N /em -glycosylation sites located in extracellular domain ICIV (Ullrich et al. (baxkyardgardener.com)
  • 2004). We expressed small interfering RNA (siRNA) directed toward GnT-Va transcripts in MDA-MB231 human breast carcinoma cells and found that knockdown of GnT-Va by siRNA expression caused reduced em N /em -linked (1,6)-branching on EGFR and a significant inhibition of EGF-stimulated cell detachment from matrix, but without affecting the receptor's ability to bind the ligand (Guo et al. (baxkyardgardener.com)
  • E1/E2 heterodimer binding on CD81 activates the epithelial growth factor receptor (EGFR) signaling pathway (PubMed:22855500). (proteopedia.org)
  • Renal epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) signaling is activated in models of diabetic nephropathy (DN), and inhibition of the EGFR signaling pathway protects against the development of DN. (diabetesjournals.org)
  • Thus, GAGs/PGs may modulate downstream signaling of key cellular mediators including insulin growth factor receptor (IGFR), epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), estrogen receptors (ERs), or Wnt members. (hindawi.com)
  • Whereas caveolae-mediated endocytosis was not affected in CLN3 cells, clathrin-mediated epidermal growth factor (EGF) internalization was reduced, along with EGF receptor (EGFR) phosphorylation. (ac.ir)
  • EGFR lysosomal degradation was impaired and our results suggest that the receptor was diverted to proteasomal degradation. (ac.ir)
  • There was also a reduction in the rate of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) dephosphorylation and degradation following ligand stimulation, consistent with the retention of the EGFR on the limiting membranes of the enlarged late endosomes. (utoledo.edu)
  • EGFR is a cell surface protein that binds to epidermal growth factor. (bioss.com.cn)
  • Interestingly, aux depletion causes a dramatic increase in EGFR signaling, with a strong accumulation of EGFR at the plasma membrane and an increased expression of EGFR ligands in response to tissue stress. (sdbonline.org)
Human epidermal growth f1
  • Overexpression of miR-21 decreases the sensitivity of gastric cancer cells to trastuzumab, which is a humanized monoclonal antibody targeting human epidermal growth factor receptor 2. (oncotarget.com)
Internalization9
  • Several mechanisms to generate this behaviour have been described theoretically, the underlying assumptions of which, however, have not been experimentally demonstrated for the EGF receptor internalization network. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Further, we describe extensibility of the model to more than two pathways which might play a role in contexts other than receptor internalization. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The model is not restricted to EGF receptor internalization and might account for ultrasensitivity in other cellular contexts. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The growth hormone (GH) receptor (GHR) is a mammalian plasma membrane protein whose internalization is mediated by the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway. (portlandpress.com)
  • Adjustments in the manifestation of em N /em -glycan branching glycosyltransferases can transform cell surface area receptor features, involving their degrees of cell surface area retention, prices of internalization in to the endosomal area, and subsequent intracellular signaling. (baxkyardgardener.com)
  • Cells constitutively utilize several distinct mechanisms of endocytosis, including clathrin-mediated endocytosis (CME) for the internalization of receptor-bound macromolecules such as Transferrin Receptor (TfR), and distinct mechanism(s) that mediate the majority of fluid-phase endocytosis. (plos.org)
  • Tracking the abundance of TfR on the cell surface and the internalization of its ligand transferrin revealed that USMB acutely enhances the rate of CME. (plos.org)
  • We have now investigated the postendocytotic pathway of the ligand for the pIg-R. After a 5-min internalization at the basolateral surface, approximately 45% of internalized ligand recycles to the basolateral medium and 30% is transcytosed to the apical medium. (silverchair.com)
  • DT binding to proHB-EGF on a plasma membrane triggers internalization of DT-proHB-EGF complex through the clathrin-dependent endocytosis. (org.ua)
Degradation3
  • Experiments with antibodies against different receptor tail sections show that degradation of the GHR cytosolic domain precedes degradation of the extracellular GH-binding domain. (portlandpress.com)
  • A possible role for the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway in the degradation of the receptor and ligand is discussed. (portlandpress.com)
  • Cell surface biotinylation after EGF (2 ng/mL) stimulation, EGF phosphorylation (Tyr-845), retromer and cation-independent mannose-6-phosphate receptor (CI-MPR) levels and stability, EGF degradation pathways and cathepsin L and D levels were analysed by western blots. (ac.ir)
Membrane18
  • Our method can be applied to nearly any receptor, opening the door to rapidly studying chemical and mechanical interactions across the thousands of membrane-bound receptors on the surface of virtually any cell type," Salaita says. (blogspot.com)
  • Via direct or indirect binding, adaptors recruit the receptor to special membrane regions which are characterized by a particular composition of cage-proteins and/or -lipids [ 8 , 9 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • We find that these receptors are intermixed nonhomogenously on the plasma membrane. (nature.com)
  • The plasma membrane is not only the first point of encounter for many types of environmental stress, but given the diversity of receptor proteins and their associated molecules also represents the site at which many cellular signal cascades originate. (cell-stress.com)
  • The plasma membrane can be envisioned as a central compartment in the cellular adaptation to diverse stress conditions as it shapes the interactions between cells and their environment by harboring an elaborate complement of transmembrane proteins, e.g. transporters, channels, receptors, or adhesion proteins. (cell-stress.com)
  • A molecular understanding of membrane traffic has broad implications for our understanding of growth control in cancer, receptor trafficking errors in heart disease, regulation of insulin secretion in diabetes and synaptic vesicle biogenesis and transport in neurological disorders. (stanford.edu)
  • Drug delivery to tumors is limited by several factors, including drug permeability of the target cell plasma membrane. (plos.org)
  • 5. Which of the following can bind to plasma membrane receptors? (browsegrades.net)
  • Ribosomes ANS: D .te Ligands are specific molecules that can bind with receptors on the cell membrane. (browsegrades.net)
  • Secreted phospholipases A 2 (sPLA 2 s) participate in a very broad spectrum of biological processes through their enzymatic activity and as ligands for membrane and soluble receptors. (ijbs.com)
  • Progesterone receptor membrane component 1 (PGRMC1) is a multifunctional protein implicated in multiple pathologies, including cancer and Alzheimer's disease. (oncotarget.com)
  • Progesterone receptor membrane component 1 (PGRMC1) is 195 residue membrane-bound protein which contains a short luminal peptide, a single N -terminal transmembrane domain, and a C -terminal cytochrome b 5 -related heme-binding domain ( Figure 1A ). (oncotarget.com)
  • B-subunit is composed of two domains: receptor domain or R-domain, which is responsible for binding to cell DT receptor, and transmembrane or T-domain, which is involved in the process of C-domain transfer in the cytosol across endosomal membrane. (org.ua)
  • Suppression of hVps34 expression reduced the cellular growth rate and caused a striking accumulation of large acidic phase-lucent vacuoles that contain lysosomal membrane proteins LAMP1 and LGP85. (utoledo.edu)
  • Eph receptors and their membrane-tethered ligands have important functions in development. (silverchair.com)
  • They exclusively bind membrane-tethered ligands known as ephrin proteins. (silverchair.com)
  • 5) Lysosomes can also fuse with the plasma membrane to mediate membrane repair or discharge contents outside the cell, such as cathepsins or immune factors. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Chronic HIV infection results in a loss of HIV-specific Compact disc8+ Capital t cell effector function, termed exhaustion, which is definitely mediated, in part, by the membrane coinhibitory receptor Capital t cell immunoglobulin mucin domain-3 (Tim-3). (exposed-skin-care.net)
Pathways10
  • Growth factors (also known as trophic factors) bind to cell-surface receptors to initiate signaling pathways that result in the growth and differentiation of numerous different cell types. (tocris.com)
  • Although growth factors act on different cell types, the signal pathways they initiate often overlap: for example, both EGF and FGF ensure cell survival by activating PI 3-K and MAPK cascades. (tocris.com)
  • Here, we present a mathematical model of receptor sorting into alternative pathways that explains the EGF-concentration dependent response of CIE. (biomedcentral.com)
  • This is especially important since a receptor modification discriminating between the pathways has not been found experimentally. (biomedcentral.com)
  • the distribution of receptors into the two pathways was shown to be EGF-concentration dependent. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The adaptors for the respective endocytosis pathways are referred to as CDE- or CIE-adaptors, respectively. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Diverse signal recognition receptors and signal transduction pathways were defined which regulate cellular functions, metabolism and development. (mdpi.com)
  • While certain aspects of stress-elicited adaptive programs such as the heat shock response or the oxidative stress response are very well studied, the contribution of other cellular pathways including endocytosis to cellular adaptation is still elusive. (cell-stress.com)
  • an adapter protein coupling the receptor to downstream signaling pathways. (bioss.com.cn)
  • Moreover, Eph/ephrin signalling can be bi-directional, with intracellular pathways operating downstream of both the Eph receptor (forward signalling) and the ephrin ligand (reverse signalling) ( Kullander and Klein, 2002 ). (silverchair.com)
Binds3
  • The LDL receptor binds LDL and transports it into cells by acidic endocytosis. (embl.de)
  • Some cross-reactivities have been reported, most notably for EphA4, which binds both ligand subclasses ( Pasquale, 2008 ). (silverchair.com)
  • The ESCRT portion tends typically human for receptor-ligand transport that is fulfilment metabolized unidirectional binds. (erik-mill.de)
Intracellular2
  • The complex canonical and non-canonical intracellular TGFβ-1 signal transduction is modified by ligand-induced endocytosis of monoubiquitinylated TGFβ-receptor/ligand complexes [ 4 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Several factors could explain this, such as proteolytic cleavage of the pIg-R at the apical surface, decreased apical endocytosis of ligand, or an intracellular sorting event. (silverchair.com)
Epithelial2
  • Deregulation of growth factor receptor activity is found in nearly all epithelial tumors, and the expression of mutant forms of growth factor proteins may also lead to cancer . (tocris.com)
  • We hypothesized that cysteine cathepsins affect transforming growth factor β-1 (TGFβ-1)-induced EMT of normal and malignant mammary epithelial cells. (biomedcentral.com)
Caveolae-mediated Endocytosis1
Proteins15
  • The growth/survival signal is initially carried by these receptor ligands - proteins such as epidermal growth factor (EGF), fibroblast growth factor (FGF) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) - which bind cell-surface receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs). (tocris.com)
  • Additionally, transforming growth factor β signals through receptor serine/threonine kinases (RSTKs) and activates downstream SMAD proteins to regulate the expression of specific genes. (tocris.com)
  • Ligand induced phosphorylation of EGF receptor creates docking sites for adaptor proteins, such as EPS15, epsin and AP-2 [ 6 , 7 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Other homologous domains occur in related receptors, including the very low-density lipoprotein receptor and the LDL receptor-related protein/alpha 2-macroglobulin receptor, and in proteins which are functionally unrelated, such as the C9 component of complement. (embl.de)
  • Phosphorylates MCF2, thereby enhancing its activity as a guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF) toward Rho family proteins. (icr.ac.uk)
  • The peptides bind to a novel ligand-binding site of the μHD, which is distinct from those of other distantly related μHD-containing proteins. (rcsb.org)
  • The repeat is found in a variety of proteins that include, vitellogenin receptor from Drosophila melanogaster, low-density lipoprotein (LDL) receptor [ ( PUBMED:6091915 ) ], preproepidermal growth factor, and nidogen (entactin). (embl.de)
  • The phosphorylated receptor recruits adapter proteins like GRB2 which in turn activates complex downstream signaling cascades. (bioss.com.cn)
  • Also directly phosphorylates other proteins like RGS16, activating its GTPase activity and probably coupling the EGF receptor signaling to the G protein-coupled receptor signaling. (bioss.com.cn)
  • SD proteins are known to undergo endocytosis and recycling to maintain the integrity of the filtration structure. (sdbonline.org)
  • All genes in this SD protein endocytosis and recycling pathway, as well as SD proteins themselves, are highly conserved from flies to humans. (sdbonline.org)
  • Thus, these results suggest that the SD proteins in human kidney undergo the same endocytosis and recycling pathway to maintain the filtration structure, and mutations in any genes in this pathway could lead to abnormal SD and renal diseases. (sdbonline.org)
  • Eph and ephrin proteins interact with a number of other ligand/receptor systems to influence how cells translate environmental signals to orchestrate morphogenetic events. (silverchair.com)
  • Typically, EphA receptors bind to glycosylphosphatidylinositol anchor (GPI)-linked ephrin A proteins and EphB receptors bind to transmembrane ephrin B proteins. (silverchair.com)
  • Curiously, while LAG-3 losing enhances expansion of the mother or father cell credited to reduction of surface area inhibitory receptor (inbuilt impact), the shed proteins displays no obvious impact on various other cells of the resistant program (extrinsic impact). (exposed-skin-care.net)
Bind4
  • One end gets a fluorescence-based turn-on sensor that will bind to a receptor on the cell surface. (blogspot.com)
  • The N-terminal type A repeats in LDL receptor bind the lipoproteins. (embl.de)
  • it does not bind to receptors. (browsegrades.net)
  • In the trans-Golgi network (TGN), phosphorylated lysosomal enzymes bind to M-6-P receptors, which direct the enzymes into clathrin-coated vesicles. (biomedcentral.com)
Lipoprotein4
  • Cysteine-rich repeat in the low-density lipoprotein (LDL) receptor that plays a central role in mammalian cholesterol metabolism. (embl.de)
  • The low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR) is the major cholesterol-carrying lipoprotein of plasma, acting to regulate cholesterol homeostasis in mammalian cells. (embl.de)
  • APOE associated to the LVP allows the initial virus attachment to cell surface receptors such as the heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs), syndecan-1 (SDC1), syndecan-1 (SDC2), the low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR) and scavenger receptor class B type I (SCARB1) (PubMed:12970454, PubMed:12356718, PubMed:12913001, PubMed:28404852, PubMed:22767607). (proteopedia.org)
  • Complete cloning and sequencing of rat gp330/"megalin," a distinctive member of the low density lipoprotein receptor gene family. (embl.de)
Pathway6
  • The described mechanism involves a saturation effect of the dominant clathrin-dependent endocytosis pathway and implies distinct steady-states into which the system is forced for low vs high EGF stimulations. (biomedcentral.com)
  • More recent work has shown that mutant EGFRs undergo ligand-independent traffic into the endocytic recycling compartment, a behavior that plays a key role in Src pathway activation and oncogenesis. (nebraska.edu)
  • The insulin-like growth factor (IGF) signaling pathway has been implicated in the pathogenesis of numerous tumor types, including non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). (omicsdi.org)
  • Using the Drosophila nephrocyte as a genetic screen platform, most genes involved in endocytosis and cell trafficking were screened, and the key components were identified of the cell trafficking pathway required for SD protein endocytosis and recycling. (sdbonline.org)
  • The SD protein endocytosis and recycling pathway was found to contain clathrin , dynamin , AP-2 complex, like-AP180 (Lap) , auxilin and Hsc70-4 (the endocytosis part) followed by Rab11 and the exocyst complex (the recycling part). (sdbonline.org)
  • The combination of growth factors and RTKs can activate the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway and negatively regulate TSC1/2, promoting Rheb to become GTP loaded, which can activate mTORC1. (biomedcentral.com)
Clathrin5
  • The Epidermal Growth Factor (EGF) receptor has been shown to internalize via clathrin-independent endocytosis (CIE) in a ligand concentration dependent manner. (biomedcentral.com)
  • In order to be internalized, the receptor-ligand complex must first cluster into clathrin-coated pits. (embl.de)
  • The fifth domain is the cytoplasmic tail that directs the receptor to clathrin-coated pits. (embl.de)
  • Fekri F, Delos Santos RC, Karshafian R, Antonescu CN (2016) Ultrasound Microbubble Treatment Enhances Clathrin-Mediated Endocytosis and Fluid-Phase Uptake through Distinct Mechanisms. (plos.org)
  • FCHo1, FCHo2, and SGIP1 are key regulators of clathrin-mediated endocytosis. (rcsb.org)
RTKs5
  • However, mutant RTKs may continue to send proliferative signals even in the absence of growth factor stimulation. (tocris.com)
  • Signal transduction by receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) involves complex ligand- and time-dependent changes in conformation and modification state. (nature.com)
  • High resolution structures are available for individual receptors dimers, but less is known about receptor clusters that form in plasma membranes composed of many different RTKs with the potential to interact. (nature.com)
  • We report the use of multiplexed super-resolution imaging (Exchange-PAINT) followed by mean-shift clustering and random forest analysis to measure the precise distributions of five receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) from the ErbB, IGF-1R and Met families in breast cancer cells. (nature.com)
  • Eph receptors constitute the largest family of receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs). (silverchair.com)
Mammalian1
  • During 2010-2015 our researches were aimed at studying the interaction of diphtheria toxin (DT) with mammalian cells, as well as functions of DT receptor, the precursor of heparin-binding epidermal growth factor-like growth factor proHB-EGF. (org.ua)
Endocytic2
  • The cryo-EM structure of the endocytic receptor DEC-205. (uci.edu)
  • DEC-205 (CD205), a member of the macrophage mannose receptor protein family, is the prototypic endocytic receptor of dendritic cells, whose ligands include phosphorothioated cytosine-guanosine (CpG) oligonucleotides, a motif often seen in bacterial or viral DNA. (uci.edu)
Dendritic cells2
  • [ 11 ] Immature dendritic cells respond to GM-CSF (not to macrophage colony-stimulating factor [M-CSF]) and become committed to generating dendritic cells, which are "professional" antigen-presenting cells (APCs). (medscape.com)
  • Dendritic cells display a large amount of MHC-peptide complexes at their surface and can increase the expression of costimulatory receptors and migrate to the lymph nodes, spleen, and other lymphoid tissues, where they activate specific T cells. (medscape.com)
Specific receptors2
  • The first step is to measure the tension applied to specific receptors on the cell surface. (blogspot.com)
  • Several recent reviews show that adjustments in em N /em -glycan structures on specific receptors was associated with abnormal receptor-mediated, invasive phenotypes by affecting cell adhesion, migration, cell survival, and tumorigenesis (Yoshimura et al. (baxkyardgardener.com)
Tumor5
  • Confers metastatic properties on cancer cells and promotes tumor growth by negatively regulating tumor suppressor such as WWOX and positively regulating pro-survival factors such as AKT1 and AR. (icr.ac.uk)
  • The consecutive stages of cancer growth and dissemination are obligatorily perpetrated through specific interactions of the tumor cells with their microenvironment. (hindawi.com)
  • The consecutive steps of tumor growth, local invasion, intravasation, extravasation, and invasion of anatomically distant sites are obligatorily perpetrated through specific interactions of the tumor cells with their microenvironment. (hindawi.com)
  • This study aimed to identify molecular determinants of sensitivity of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) to anti-insulin-like growth factor receptor (IGF-IR) therapy.A total of 216 tumor samples were investigated, of which 165 consisted of retrospective analyses of banked tissue and an additional 51 were from patients enrolled in a phase II study of figitumumab, a monoclonal antibody against IGF-IR, in stage IIIb/IV NSCLC. (omicsdi.org)
  • While inflammatory injury drives both fibrogenesis and carcinogenesis, the tolerogenic microenvironment of the liver conveys immunosuppressive effects that encourage tumor growth. (mdpi.com)
Tyrosine-protein1
  • Non-receptor tyrosine-protein and serine/threonine-protein kinase that is implicated in cell spreading and migration, cell survival, cell growth and proliferation. (icr.ac.uk)
Signaling3
  • Growth factors initiate numerous different signaling cascades in order to regulate cell differentiation and proliferation. (tocris.com)
  • These results indicate that USMB enhances both CME and fluid phase endocytosis through distinct signaling mechanisms, and suggest that strategies for potentiating the enhancement of endocytosis upon USMB treatment may improve targeted drug delivery. (plos.org)
  • Receptor tyrosine kinase binding ligands of the EGF family and activating several signaling cascades to convert extracellular cues into appropriate cellular responses. (bioss.com.cn)
LDLR1
  • The internal dissociation of the LDLR with its ligand is mediated by proton pumps within the walls of the endosome that lower the pH. (embl.de)
Mannose receptor1
  • Here we describe the 3.2 Å cryo-EM structure of human DEC-205, thereby illuminating the structure of the mannose receptor protein family. (uci.edu)
Regulates1
  • The galectin lattice (i) regulates flow of receptors and solute transporters to coated-pit endocytosis and/or caveolin domains, and (ii) promotes turnover of cell-cell contacts such as immune synapses and focal adhesion complexes. (gr.jp)
Insulin1
Serine1
  • Similar trend was observed in MCF-7 whereby TZT treatment down-regulated the anti-apoptotic catalase and PON2, increased the proapoptotic, B cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2)-associated agonist of cell death (Bad) and Bcl-2-associated X (Bax), second mitochondria-derived activator of caspase (SMAC) and HtrA serine peptidase 2 (HTRA2) as well as TRAIL receptors (TRAIL R1 and TRAIL R2). (eurekaselect.com)
Residues4
  • The acidic residues between the fourth and sixth cysteines are important for high-affinity binding of positively charged sequences in LDLR's ligands. (embl.de)
  • Numerous familial hypercholestorolemia mutations of the LDL receptor alter the calcium coordinating residue of LDL-A domains or other crucial scaffolding residues. (embl.de)
  • The natural receptor of DT, proHB-EGF is a single chain transmembrane glycoprotein of 208 amino acid residues. (org.ua)
  • Ligand binding triggers receptor homo- and/or heterodimerization and autophosphorylation on key cytoplasmic residues. (bioss.com.cn)
Small molecules2
  • Written by Kirsty E. Clarke, Victoria B. Christie, Andy Whiting and Stefan A. Przyborski, this review provides an overview of the use of small molecules in the control of stem cell growth and differentiation. (tocris.com)
  • Our Stem Cells review gives an overview of the use of small molecules in the control of stem cell growth & differentiation and somatic cell reprogramming. (tocris.com)
Viral1
  • National Science Foundation, and cleaved on BBC World, Science 360, and continuous viral receptors enzymes. (erik-mill.de)
Multivesicular1
  • The human type III phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase, hVps34, converts phosphatidylinositol (PtdIns) to phosphatidylinositol 3-phosphate [PtdIns(3)P]. Studies using inhibitors of phosphatidylinositide 3-kinases have indicated that production of PtdIns(3)P is important for a variety of vesicle-mediated trafficking events, including endocytosis, sorting of receptors in multivesicular endosomes, and transport of lysosomal enzymes from the trans-Golgi network (TGN) to the endosomes and lysosomes. (utoledo.edu)
Soluble3
  • Coinhibitory paths can become controlled by the creation of endogenous soluble coinhibitory receptors. (exposed-skin-care.net)
  • Soluble receptors possess been reported for multiple coinhibitory substances, including LAG-3 and CEACAM1 (9, 15, 16). (exposed-skin-care.net)
  • The systems for soluble receptor creation are different for LAG-3 and CEACAM1. (exposed-skin-care.net)
Enzymes3
  • Other recent work has emphasized that not only is the topology of networks important for creating ultrasensitivity responses, but that their composition (enzymes vs. transcription factors) strongly affects whether they will exhibit robust ultrasensitivity. (wikipedia.org)
  • Mathematical modeling suggests for a broad array of network topologies that a combination of enzymes and transcription factors tends to provide more robust ultrasensitivity than that seen in networks composed entirely of transcription factors or composed entirely of enzymes. (wikipedia.org)
  • The physiological roles of sPLA 2 s as enzymes have been very well described, while their functions as ligands are still poorly known. (ijbs.com)
Precursor1
Heterodimerization1
  • Binding of the ligand triggers homo- and/or heterodimerization of the receptor triggering its autophosphorylation. (bioss.com.cn)
Cells4
  • Aims: The aim of this study was to sensitize the resistant breast adenocarcinoma cells towards Tumour Necrosis Factor-related Apoptosis-inducing Ligand (TRAIL)-induced apoptosis. (eurekaselect.com)
  • Pores formed upon USMB treatment are rapidly resealed, suggesting that other processes such as enhanced endocytosis may contribute to the enhanced material uptake by cells upon USMB treatment. (plos.org)
  • This study is a continuation of our earlier findings involving poly(ε-caprolactone) (PCL)-poly (ethylene glycol) (PEG) nanoparticles (PEG-PCL NPs), which were coated with trastuzumab to target gastric cancer cells with HER2 receptor over-expression using anti-miRNA-21 antisense oligonucleotides (AMO-21). (oncotarget.com)
  • Postendocytotic sorting of the ligand for the polymeric immunoglobulin receptor in Madin-Darby canine kidney cells. (silverchair.com)
Cell proliferation1
Crucial1
Pathogenesis2
  • GAGs and PGs perform multiple functions in specific stages of the metastatic cascade due to their defined structure and ability to interact with both ligands and receptors regulating cancer pathogenesis. (hindawi.com)
  • Understanding the systems of legislation beyond receptor/ligand appearance can be essential, as these systems influence whether these procedures play a part in pathogenesis and how the particular coinhibitory path would react to restorative treatment. (exposed-skin-care.net)
Unidirectional1
  • We have also examined why transcytosis of ligand is unidirectional, going only from basolateral to apical, but not from apical to basolateral. (silverchair.com)
Endosomes1
Interactions2
  • Here we review the interactions of metabolism, galectins and glycoprotein ligands as well as the utility of this model to predict and treat inflammation and autoimmunity. (gr.jp)
  • Trans interactions of Eph receptors with ephrins at cell-cell interfaces promote a variety of cellular responses, including repulsion, attraction and migration. (silverchair.com)
Alterations1
Complexes1
  • Forms complexes with GRB2 and numerous receptor tyrosine kinases (RTK) including LTK, AXL or PDGFRL, in which GRB2 promotes RTK recruitment by TNK2. (icr.ac.uk)
Regulate2
  • Free glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) and proteoglycan- (PG-) containing GAGs, key effectors of cell surface, pericellular and extracellular microenvironments, perform multiple functions in cancer by virtue of their coded structure and their ability to interact with both ligands and receptors that regulate cancer growth [ 1 - 4 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • Therefore, identifying the factors and mechanisms that regulate the functional status and spatial distribution of lysosomes and elucidating the relationship between lysosomes and the development and progression of cancer can provide important information for cancer diagnosis and prognosis prediction and may yield new therapeutic targets. (biomedcentral.com)
Stimulus1
  • Our main result is that a scenario where different endocytosis routes consume the same form of receptor corroborates the observation of a clear-cut, stimulus dependent sorting. (biomedcentral.com)
Functionally1
  • Eph receptors lie functionally at the interface between pattern formation and morphogenesis. (silverchair.com)
Activates1
  • Targets transcription factors involved in the regulation of inflammatory responses and in the immune response: suppresses NF-kappa-B activation, and activates AP-1 (By similarity). (proteopedia.org)