• It is hypothesized to play a role endochondral ossification as a regulator of chondrocyte proliferation and differentiation. (wikipedia.org)
  • Scaffolds play an important role in tissue engineering as a substrate that can mimic the native extracellular matrix and the properties of scaffolds have been shown to affect the cell behavior such as the cell attachment, proliferation and differentiation. (wjgnet.com)
  • BMP-2 induces chondrocyte proliferation, endochondral bone formation, longitudinal bone growth, and bone and cartilage repair (6, 7). (novusbio.com)
  • The proliferation and differentiation of satellite cells are regulated by a number of extracellular signals ( Wang & Rudnicki, 2012 Wang YX, Rudnicki MA. (scielo.br)
  • Coordinated chondrocyte proliferation and differentiation are required for normal endochondral bone growth. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Growth and development of endochondral bones is controlled through the highly coordinated proliferation and differentiation of growth plate chondrocytes [ 1 - 3 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • FGFR3 inhibits chondrocyte proliferation and differentiation and promotes chondrocyte apoptosis [ 1 ]. (e-apem.org)
  • Local factors, including transcription factors such as SRY-box 9 protein (SOX9), Runt-related transcription factor 2 (RUNX2), and bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs), along with signaling pathways such as the Wnt pathway, play critical roles in chondrocyte proliferation and differentiation. (pfmjournal.org)
  • The cellular processes involved in the formation of cranial skeletal elements include induction, migration, condensation, differentiation, and proliferation, all of which require sophisticated genetic control. (cuni.cz)
  • Human bmMSCs were described in the late nineties as well [ 6 ] and at the same time a breakthrough study investigated the expression of typical cell surface markers and the proliferation and differentiation properties of human MSCs in more detail [ 7 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • Histologic evaluation of long bone structure in thanatophoric dysplasia shows disruption of endochondral ossification but not of periosteal ossification. (medscape.com)
  • Heterotopic ossification (HO) is the abnormal growth of bone in soft connective tissues that occurs as a frequent complication in individuals with traumatic brain injury (TBI) and in rare genetic disorders. (mdpi.com)
  • The skeletal elements of the limb are formed through a process known as endochondral ossification in which condensations of mesenchymal cells differentiate into cartilage and with maturation are replaced by bone. (silverchair.com)
  • Targeted disruption of VLK leads to a defect in lung development and delayed ossification of endochondral bone. (rockland.com)
  • All forms of OI also feature short stature, implying an effect on endochondral ossification. (jci.org)
  • These effects on endochondral ossification indicate that OI is a biologically complex phenotype going beyond its known impacts on bone to negatively affect linear growth. (jci.org)
  • Endochondral ossification is a major bone-forming process in vertebrate skeletal development. (silverchair.com)
  • To identify subpopulations of resting, proliferating, and hypertrophic chondrocytes and osteoblasts involved in bone formation, we have identified here two novel marker genes present in endochondral and intramembranous ossification. (nyu.edu)
  • Using Northern blot analysis and in situ hybridization on parallel sections of murine embryos and bones of newborn mice we compared the expression pattern of the recently cloned Itm2a and MMP-13 (collagenase-3) genes with that of established marker genes for bone formation, such as alkaline phosphatase (ALP), osteocalcin (OC), and collagen type X, during endochondral and intramembranous ossification. (nyu.edu)
  • In areas undergoing endochondral ossification Itm2a expression was found in chondrocytes of the resting and the proliferating zones. (nyu.edu)
  • MMP-13 expression was restricted to chondrocytes of the lower zone of hypertrophic cartilage also expressing collagen type X. In osteoblasts involved in endochondral and intramembranous ossification Itm2a was not present. (nyu.edu)
  • It has been shown that there is endochondral ossification involved in both osteoarthritis and that occurs in normal aging . (heightquest.com)
  • Thus, osteoclasts may be able to remove bone that is generated by endochondral ossification at a fast enough rate such that there is no net bone length increase. (heightquest.com)
  • A way to test this is with osteoclast inhibitors however articular cartilage endochondral ossification is slow and osteoclasts are needed for many functions. (heightquest.com)
  • And then see if articular cartilage endochondral ossification could make you taller. (heightquest.com)
  • The growth plate, a complex of cartilaginous structures situated between the epiphysis and the metaphysis of the long bones, orchestrates the process of endochondral ossification, which determines the linear growth of long bones [ 1 - 3 ]. (pfmjournal.org)
  • The bones comprising the cranial skeleton are formed through both intramembranous and endochondral ossification, regardless of the origin. (cuni.cz)
  • In the light of a recent report that mutations in the BMP-13 gene are associated with spine vertebral fusion in Klippel-Feil syndrome, we hypothesized that BMP-13 signaling is crucial for regulating embryonic endochondral ossification. (ijbs.com)
  • Ossification is a medical term that is synonymous with bone tissue formation . (phys.org)
  • Endochondral ossification and intramembranous ossification are two processes resulting in the formation of normal, healthy bone tissue. (phys.org)
  • Heterotopic ossification is a process resulting in the formation of bone tissue, that is often atypical, at an extraskeletal location. (phys.org)
  • This posteroanterior (PA) view radiograph of an infant with achondrogenesis type II shows the relatively large calvaria with normal cranial ossification, short and flared thorax, bell-shaped cage and shorter ribs without fractures, relatively well ossified iliac bone with long crescent-shaped medial and inferior margins, and short tubular bones. (medscape.com)
  • At distinct anatomical sites, bone tissue harbors multiple types of skeletal stem cells, which may independently supply osteogenic cells in a site-specific manner. (nature.com)
  • However, the primary mechanisms regulating osteogenic differentiation are controversial. (nature.com)
  • As primary sources of osteoblasts, MSCs show osteogenic functions that are closely associated with bone homeostasis and development. (nature.com)
  • Vascular cells can undergo chondrogenic or osteogenic differentiation, causing mineralization of membranous bone and formation of endochondral bone. (clinsurgeryjournal.com)
  • To date, RUNX2 has been involved in diverse physiological processes, including osteogenic differentiation of mesenchymal stem/stromal cells, chondrocyte hypertrophy, immunomodulation, vascular invasion and endothelial cell migration via modulating a variety of signaling cascades (e.g. (spandidos-publications.com)
  • In this study, we found that BMP-13 inhibited the osteogenic differentiation of human bone marrow multipotent mesenchymal stromal cells (BM MSCs) in vitro. (ijbs.com)
  • In conclusion, BMP-13 inhibited osteogenic differentiation of MSCs, implying that functional mutations or deficiency of BMP-13 may allow excess bone formation. (ijbs.com)
  • The function of BMPs in bone remodelling and fracture repair is associated with the recruitment of stem cells from surrounding tissues and with effects on the osteogenic lineage commitment of these cells. (ijbs.com)
  • We successfully identified LEPR hi CD45 low BM-MSCs within the CD271 + BM-MNC population, and further codified the BM-MSCs into distinct subpopulations corresponding to the osteogenic, chondrogenic, and adipogenic differentiation trajectories, as well as terminal-stage quiescent cells. (ijbs.com)
  • The expression of Prx1 has been used as a marker to define the skeletal stem cells (SSCs) populations found within the bone marrow and periosteum that contribute to bone regeneration. (researchgate.net)
  • Conversely, in bone marrow MSC from Hmgb2 / mice, Col10a1 was much more strongly expressed than in wildtype MSC. (cox-inhibitors.com)
  • Today, more than 50 years after the first successful bone marrow transplantation, clinical application of hematopoietic stem cells is a routine procedure, saving the lives of many every day. (hindawi.com)
  • However, transplanting other than hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells is still limited to a few applications, and it mainly applies to mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) isolated from bone marrow. (hindawi.com)
  • But research progressed and different trials explore the clinical potential of human MSCs isolated from bone marrow but also from other tissues including adipose tissue. (hindawi.com)
  • Recently, MSCs isolated from bone marrow (bmMSCs) were shown to be a blend of distinct cells and MSCs isolated from different tissues show besides some common features also some significant differences. (hindawi.com)
  • The MSCs have been described for the first time as colony forming fibroblasts (CFU-F), a rare population of cells residing in the bone marrow of guinea-pigs or mice [ 1 , 2 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • Bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (BM-MSCs) are multipotent stromal cells that have a critical role in the maintenance of skeletal tissues such as bone, cartilage, and the fat in bone marrow. (ijbs.com)
  • Techniques Sufferers and samples Bone marrow specimens were obtained at the time of diagnosis throughout schedule clinical assessment of 11 sufferers with AML, who presented at the Department of Hematology and Oncology, Childrens Hospital of Soo chow University in between 2011 and 2012. (micrornainhibitors.com)
  • On top of that, bone marrow samples from 10 balanced donors were analyzed as controls. (micrornainhibitors.com)
  • Bone marrow mononuclear cells have been isolated applying Ficoll solution inside two h just after bone marrow samples harvested and instantly subjected for that ex traction of total RNA. (micrornainhibitors.com)
  • RNA extraction For RNA extraction, bone marrow samples have been imme diately submerged in 2 ml Trizol, stored at 80 C until eventually more processed. (micrornainhibitors.com)
  • The multi-step process of endochondral bone formation begins with the condensation of mesenchymal progenitor cells. (silverchair.com)
  • Compared to wild-type, Foxl2 null mice are smaller and show skeletal abnormalities and defects in cartilage and bone mineralization, with down-regulation of the GH/IGF1 axis. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Objectives: Limited data exist on growth parameters in children with hypophosphatasia (HPP), a rare metabolic disease characterized by impaired bone mineralization. (bone-abstracts.org)
  • Here we demonstrate that Atf3 mRNA levels increase during mouse chondrocyte differentiation in vitro and in vivo . (biomedcentral.com)
  • The identification of the continuum of sequential expression of Itm2a, ALP, MMP-13, and OC will now allow us to establish a series of marker genes that are highly suitable to characterize bone cells during chondrocytic and osteoblastic differentiation in vivo. (nyu.edu)
  • BMP signaling is pertinent during NC differentiation in vivo. (globaltechbiz.com)
  • As a consequence, growth and maturation of these bones is highly disorganized,resulting in the creation of amorphous bony elements, rather than a normal radius and ulna. (silverchair.com)
  • PSCs are considered to exert their effects exclusively in intramembranous bone formation, since Ctsk -Cre-mediated deletion of Sp7 , an essential transcriptional factor for osteoblast differentiation, impacted intramembranous but not endochondral bone formation 3 . (nature.com)
  • In this system however, osteoblast differentiation of PSCs is selectively inhibited by Sp7 deficiency but PSCs are still present and may still play a role in skeletal growth. (nature.com)
  • These effects demonstrate that HMGB2 expression is inversely correlated with all the differentiation status of MSC and that HMGB2 suppresses chondrogenic differentiation. (cox-inhibitors.com)
  • To clarify its characteristics, we examined the distributions of the ECMs associated with chondrogenic differentiation and matrix calcification in the chondroid bone of the rat glenoid fossa, and compared them to those in two typical bone tissues, alveolar bone of the maxilla (intramembranous bone) and the growth plate of long bone (endochrondral bane), using immunofluorescence techniques. (elsevierpure.com)
  • Normally, FGFR3 is a negative regulator of bone growth. (medscape.com)
  • Mice deficient in PSCs display progressive defects in intramembranous and endochondral bone formation, the latter of which is caused by a deficiency in PSC-derived Indian hedgehog (Ihh). (nature.com)
  • Bone-targeting ZBTB16 overexpression had a therapeutic effect on the decreased bone density and remodeling capacity of Brd4 fl/fl Prx1 -cre mice and osteoporosis (OP) models. (nature.com)
  • µCT analysis showed no increased bone formation in HLA-B27 transgenic mice. (bmj.com)
  • Mice also exhibit defective endochondral bone formation and impaired Ihh-mediated chondrocyte differentiation. (utsouthwestern.edu)
  • We report here that mice lacking Foxl2 also show defects in postnatal growth and embryonic bone and cartilage formation. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Interestingly, nonetheless, when wild form mice were contaminated with an avirulentSalmonella strain, which may induce OPG, osteoclast improvement was suppressed and bone mineral density was greater. (cox-inhibitors.com)
  • Mice exposed to early life vitamin D deficiency have lower bone mass and reduced bone accrual in response to mechanical loading. (bone-abstracts.org)
  • Using tibias from these mice we assessed DNA methylation of promoters of genetic loci important for bone growth and development.Methods: C57/BL6 mice received a vitamin D replete or deplete diet for 6 weeks per. (bone-abstracts.org)
  • Periosteal stem cells (PSCs) and growth plate resting zone stem cells (RZSCs) critically contribute to intramembranous and endochondral bone formation, respectively. (nature.com)
  • Here we show PSCs are not only required for intramembranous bone formation, but also for the growth plate maintenance and prolonged longitudinal bone growth. (nature.com)
  • PSC-specific deletion of Ihh impairs the maintenance of the RZSCs, leading to a severe defect in endochondral bone formation in postnatal life. (nature.com)
  • Mammalian bone is formed through two distinct growth processes: endochondral and intramembranous bone formation 6 . (nature.com)
  • Here we show that PSCs not only regulate intramembranous bone formation but also contribute significantly to endochondral bone formation. (nature.com)
  • Therefore, understanding the mechanisms behind ectopic bone formation in response to TBI is likely to have a significant impact on identification of novel therapeutic targets for HO treatment. (mdpi.com)
  • It plays a dominant role in embryonic dorsal-ventral patterning, organogenesis, limb bud formation, and bone formation and regeneration (1, 2). (novusbio.com)
  • At day 28, bony ankylosis showed increased biological process related to new bone formation, while fibrous ankylosis was characterized by a prolonged immune and inflammatory reaction. (medscimonit.com)
  • Currently, there is no consensus whether there is a single or multiple postnatal stem cell population(s) that contribute to skeletal homeostasis and postnatal bone formation. (researchgate.net)
  • A known population of cells that express Prx1 contributes to postnatal bone formation. (researchgate.net)
  • Methods Different in vitro differentiation systems were used to mimic endochondral and direct bone formation. (bmj.com)
  • The latter is characterised by progressive ankylosis of the sacroiliac joints and spine and with new cartilage and bone formation leading to loss of spinal mobility. (bmj.com)
  • Bone and cartilage formation was analyzed by Von Kossa staining and immunofluorescence using anti-FOXL2 and anti-SOX9 antibodies followed by confocal microscopy. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Our results support FOXL2 as a master transcription factor in a spectrum of developmental processes, including growth, cartilage and bone formation. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Chondrocyte hypertrophy is an essential process required for endochondral bone formation. (silverchair.com)
  • Endochondral bone formation requires the action of cells of the chondrocytic and osteoblastic lineage, which undergo continuous differentiation during this process. (nyu.edu)
  • In fact in a genetic disease where osteoclast formation is suppressed, the shape of the long bones is almost "post-like" with no reduction in mid-shaft cross-sectional area. (heightquest.com)
  • You could elevate HGH levels which increases both bone formation and resorption thus allowing you to safely lower osteoclast levels. (heightquest.com)
  • Osteo calcin, which was absent from the calcified cartilage of endochondral bone formation, was also present in the ECM of the chondroid bone, but not in cells. (elsevierpure.com)
  • Genetic ablation of Batf also inhibited CIA-induced synovitis, synovial hyperplasia, angiogenesis in synovial tissues, pannus formation, bone erosion, and cartilage destruction. (biomedcentral.com)
  • RA manifestations also include erosion of the bone and cartilage which is caused by the formation of the pannus, which is an aggressive front of hyperplastic synovium. (biomedcentral.com)
  • This, in turn, precipitates chondrocyte apoptosis, thereby, osteoblasts invade the hypertrophic zone and bone formation occurs [ 5 ]. (pfmjournal.org)
  • Our finding provides an insight into the molecular mechanisms and the therapeutic potential of BMP-13 in restricting pathological bone formation. (ijbs.com)
  • BMPs were originally identified because of their ability to induce endochondral bone formation and are important regulators of key events in the process of bone formation during embryogenesis, postnatal growth, remodelling and regeneration of the skeleton [ 1 , 2 , 3 ]. (ijbs.com)
  • Recombinant human BMP-2 and BMP-7 are used clinically to augment bone formation in spinal fusion and many other applications in which bone induction is desired [ 4 ]. (ijbs.com)
  • Lately, in vitro differentiation of human being embryonic stem cells proven that Wnt/-catenin signaling takes on an important part in releasing early genes that are necessary for NC advancement [22]. (globaltechbiz.com)
  • There was also increased Sox9 expression throughout the growth plate, which is expected to accelerate early chondrocyte differentiation but reduce late hypertrophic differentiation. (jci.org)
  • SOX9 has a role in sex determination and differentiation of Sertoli cells. (thermofisher.com)
  • so perhaps on the proximal end of the phalanx bone there may be a periosteal membrane despite being separated by articular cartilage. (heightquest.com)
  • Part of the cells were grown in extracellular matrix coated plates with serum containing culture medium containing 5% FBS plus the antibiotic cock tail to induce differentiation. (kinasepathway.com)
  • Chondrocyte growth, metabolism, and differentiation are complex processes. (pfmjournal.org)
  • In addition to providing microenvironmental support for hematopoietic processes, BM-MSCs can differentiate into various mesodermal lineages including osteoblast/osteocyte, chondrocyte, and adipocyte that are crucial for bone metabolism. (ijbs.com)
  • This review provides an overview of the structural aspects of the growth plate, factors influencing chondrocyte function, and their impact on longitudinal bone growth. (pfmjournal.org)
  • It seems that the term "stem cell" became more popular although the "stemness" was only shown in a more strict sense for MSCs involved in osteogenesis and bone repair. (hindawi.com)
  • Changes in the differentiation potential of MSCs after in vitro expansion were noted and chondrogenic clones especially disappeared early on [ 12 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • To understand whether there is a PTHrP -independent role of Ihh signaling in regulating chondrocyte hypertrophy, we have both activated and inactivated Ihh signaling in the absence of PTHrP during endochondral skeletal development. (silverchair.com)
  • In addition, we found that bone morphogenetic protein (Bmp) and Wnt/β-catenin signaling in the cartilage may both mediate the effect of upregulated Ihh signaling in promoting chondrocyte hypertrophy. (silverchair.com)
  • Prior studies of acute phosphate restriction during the endochondral phase of fracture healing showed delayed chondrocyte differentiation was mechanistically linked to decreased bone morphogenetic protein signaling. (researchgate.net)
  • Osteogenesis imperfecta (OI), or brittle bone disease, is a disorder characterized by bone fragility and increased fracture incidence. (jci.org)
  • Proteolytic activity and collagenolytic degradation of extracellular matrix at the bone-implant interface have been reported in conjunction with increased mRNA expression of metalloproteinases (MMPs) in otherwise healthy tissues. (allenpress.com)
  • Ghasemi-Mobarakeh L, Prabhakaran MP, Tian L, Shamirzaei-Jeshvaghani E, Dehghani L, Ramakrishna S. Structural properties of scaffolds: Crucial parameters towards stem cells differentiation. (wjgnet.com)
  • Overview on self-renewal or differentiation of stem cells in their respective stem cell niche. (hindawi.com)
  • Type III has nonfractured ribs, halberd ilia, mushroom-stem long bones, and a CIfemur of 2.8-4.9. (medscape.com)
  • These repressors could down-regulate CRE-dependent transcription and thus cause delay of cell cycle progression and/or promote cell cycle exit during terminal differentiation. (biomedcentral.com)
  • To check this hypothesis, we overexpressed inducible types of HES-1 and MSX-1 proteins in mouse ESCs and examined differentiation into Azlocillin sodium salt NC derivatives, including neural, soft muscle tissue, and chondrocyte-like cells, after activation of the transcription elements. (globaltechbiz.com)
  • Several differences in molecular mechanisms operating during chondrogenesis and skeletogenesis have been demonstrated in cranial bones originating from these different cell lineages. (cuni.cz)
  • Our research focuses on developmental pathways that regulate hematopoietic cell growth and differentiation and are disrupted in the course of neoplastic transformation, particularly in leukemias and lymphomas. (stanford.edu)
  • However, the most significant defect appears to be the failure to form normal growth plates at the proximal and distal ends of the zeugopod bones. (silverchair.com)
  • I started this article after reading a recently published study in which researchers used a statin to target bone growth impairment in a genetic disorder (1). (treatingachondroplasia.com)
  • A new study exploring the use of statins to treat bone growth retardation in one of the RASopathies has just been published (1). (treatingachondroplasia.com)
  • The bone growth plate is a very tight and dense tissue without direct blood flow where only small molecules are able to circulate with some freedom (save this info for later! (treatingachondroplasia.com)
  • This temporal expression was reflected in the spatial distribution of these markers in the growth plate of long bones. (nyu.edu)
  • Not all bone growth occurs via growth plate-dependent mechanisms. (heightquest.com)
  • The growth of phalanx bone apparently is not totally dependent on growth plate elongation. (heightquest.com)
  • Thus in phalanx bones, both types of bone growth must contribute to their expansion during overall skeletal growth. (heightquest.com)
  • During typical long bone growth (elongation), you will note that the ends of the long bones (where the growth plates reside) have a larger cross-sectional area than occurs at the mid-shaft. (heightquest.com)
  • And, in ends of the bones not formed by growth plates don't have as large a cross-sectional area favoring absorption thus apposition at the ends of the bones is greater than osteoclast resorption. (heightquest.com)
  • To test for [the possibility that the bone length gain was due to residual gain due to growth plate growth], we partitioned the sample into those cases whose younger-adult age at examination was less than 25 years and those with a radiograph after 25 years of age. (heightquest.com)
  • Long bone growth is a fundamental determinant of final height. (pfmjournal.org)
  • Long bone growth plays a pivotal role in determining overall height. (pfmjournal.org)
  • Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) are members of the transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) superfamily, which includes the families of TGF-βs, BMPs, activins and inhibins. (ijbs.com)
  • BMP-13, also known as growth differentiation factor 6 (GDF6) and cartilage-derived morphogenetic protein-2 (CDMP-2), was first identified and isolated as a component of bovine cartilage [ 5 ]. (ijbs.com)
  • Comparisons with other BMPs known for their ability to stimulate bone growth have suggested that BMP-13 is not strongly osteo-inductive [ 9 , 10 , 11 , 12 ]. (ijbs.com)
  • Objectives: Osteocytes play a major role in bone metabolism as mechanosensors, key regulators of osteoblast and osteoclast activity and of the mineral homeostasis. (bone-abstracts.org)
  • ALP, MMP-13, and OC were mutually exclusively expressed in these cells suggesting a differentiation-dependent sequential expression of ALP, MMP-13, and OC. (nyu.edu)
  • The cells that sculpt the shape of the long bones are the osteoclasts which have the ability to remove bone. (heightquest.com)
  • The co-distribution of type I and type II collagens was observed in secondary cartilage and chondroid bone, whereas type X collagen was restricted to the pericellular matrix of hypertrophied cells (chondroid bone). (elsevierpure.com)
  • Batf knockout inhibited the differentiation of T helper (Th)17 cells and the conversion of CD4 + Foxp3 + cells to CD4 + IL-17 + cells. (biomedcentral.com)
  • DHH/PTC1 signaling triggers differentiation of Leydig cells by up-regulating Steroidogenic Factor 1 and expression of cytochrome P450 Side-Chain Cleavage enzyme located outside testicular cord [ 145 ]. (regenmedres-journal.org)
  • They display differentiation capacities and therefore qualify as multipotent progenitor cells (Figure 1 ). (hindawi.com)
  • Manifestation of Hes1 and Msx1 in Wild-type Sera Cells in Pluripotent Circumstances and after NC Differentiation To investigate the part of and in the differentiation of mESCs into neural crest cells, we utilized the stromal cell-inducing activity of Pre-adipose 6 (PA6) cells for 5 times [17], accompanied by the addition of BMP4, which commits cells to differentiate into NC derivatives [6]. (globaltechbiz.com)
  • Researchers at the University of Iowa have created a bio patch to regenerate missing or damaged bone by putting DNA into a nano-sized particle that delivers bone-producing instructions directly into cells. (phys.org)
  • Composed of multiple constituent enhancers, super enhancers (SEs) are powerful cis-regulatory elements that identify genes that ensure sequential differentiation. (nature.com)
  • however, over the last 10 years many of the key transcriptional regulators of chondrocyte differentiation have been identified. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The purpose of this function was to Azlocillin sodium salt determine whether HES-1 and MSX-1 take part in the induction/differentiation from the NC using pluripotent mammalian ESCs like a model. (globaltechbiz.com)
  • Since the transcriptome is a representation of the phenome, we hypothesized that both sex and sex specific temporal, transcriptomic differences in bone tissues over an 18‐month period would be informative to the underlying molecular proce. (researchgate.net)