Increased oxygen bioavailability improved the metabolism of the seeds, which extruded 5-fold more protons from the embryos. (researchgate.net)
Laurales: Other families: The members of Calycanthaceae differ from most of the other families in Laurales in having seeds with a large embryo and little if any endosperm at maturity. (britannica.com)
For the purposes of this study we broke down the seed into 8 capturable compartments: embyro proper, suspensor, micropylar endosperm, peripheral endosperm, chalazal endosperm, chalazal seed coat, general seed coat, and whole seeds. (nih.gov)
Total RNA was amplified and hybridized with Affymetrix ATH1 Arabidopsis array for 17 samples (Embryo Proper, Micropylar Endosperm, Peripheral Endosperm, General Seed Coat, Chalazal Seed Coat, and Whole Seeds, 2 biological replicates each and Chalazal Endosperm with 3 biological replicates). (nih.gov)
In Arabidopsis embryos, miR-156 delays the production of maturation transcripts, suggesting that the miRNA might also be involved in late embryo maturation during wheat grain development. (genomeweb.com)
Expression data from Arabidopsis Seed Compartments at the Globular Embryo Stage. (nih.gov)
We collected globular stage seed compartments from 5 or 7-micron paraffin sections using the Leica LMD6000 system in order to identify the mRNAs present in different compartments of an Arabidopsis seed containing a globular stage embryo. (nih.gov)
Globular stage1
In silico analysis of available array data showed that a large number of genes traditionally classified as PEP dependent genes are transcribed during early embryo development from the pre-globular stage to the mature-green-stage. (frontiersin.org)
Morphology1
We describe the isolation and characterisation of a mutation that induces aberrant globular embryo and endosperm morphology, globby1-1 ( glo1-1 ). (biologists.com)
Pericarp8
The principal anatomical components are pericarp, germ or embryo and endosperm. (fao.org)
In finger, prove and foxtail millets the pericarp is like a sack, loosely attached to the endosperm at only one point. (fao.org)
In these utricle-type kernels the pericarp easily breaks away, leaving the seed-coat or testa to protect the inner endosperm. (fao.org)
The kernels of sorghum and pearl millet are of the caryopsis type, in which the pericarp is completely fused to the endosperm. (fao.org)
In the sorghum kernel the distribution by weight is pericarp 6 percent, endosperm 84 percent and germ 10 percent (Hubbard, Hall and Earle, 1950). (fao.org)
In pearl millet, it is pericarp 8.4 percent, endosperm 75 percent and germ 16.5 percent (Abdelrahman, Hoseney and Varriano-Marston, 1984). (fao.org)
During decortication or milling, the pericarp of pearl millet breaks at the cross and tube cell layers and fragments of endocarp may remain with the endosperm. (fao.org)
Plating of seed components showed that both fungi were present in the pericarp and endosperm but not in the embryo. (apsnet.org)
Abundant1
A number of grain-abundant miRNAs specifically expressed in the embryo or endosperm during grain development were also uncovered. (genomeweb.com)
Shrunken2
Many shrunken endosperm mutants of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) have been described and several of these are known to have lesions in starch biosynthesis genes. (aber.ac.uk)
Here we confirm that one type of shrunken endosperm mutant, lys3 (so called because it was first identified as a high-lysine mutant) has an additional phenotype: as well as shrunken endosperm it also has enlarged embryos. (aber.ac.uk)
Germinating seed1
To fill in this gap, the researchers created 11 sequencing libraries using small RNAs extracted from dry grains, germinating seed embryos, seedling shoots, seedling leaves, seedling roots, stems in the jointing stage, young spikes of varying lengths, flag leaves, and developing grain eight days and 15 days after pollination. (genomeweb.com)
Germ4
The ratio of endosperm to germ in pearl millet is 4.5:1, while in the sorghum kernel it is 8.4:1. (fao.org)
In finger and prove millets the germ is very small and therefore the endosperm-togerm ratio, 11:1 to 12:1, is much higher than in sorghum. (fao.org)
Wheat germ is one of the three edible parts of the wheat kernel, along with the endosperm and bran. (greatist.com)
The germ is like a little tiny wheat embryo in the center of the grain. (greatist.com)
The largest component of the cereal kernel is the endosperm, which is a major storage tissue. (fao.org)
Additionally, our data suggest that acquisition of aleurone cell fate does not solely rely upon signalling from the maternal surrounding tissue to the periphery of the endosperm, as previously thought, but that other factor(s) present within the endosperm are involved. (biologists.com)
The other sperm cell fertilizes the central cell of the same ovule to give rise to the endosperm, a tissue the nourishes the growing embryo. (livescience.com)
Cereal1
Cereal endosperm tissues account for most of the world's calorific intake,yet the regulation of monocot seed development remains poorly understood. (biologists.com)
Sugars1
When the seed germinates, these become predigested amino acids and natural sugars upon which the plant embryo feeds to grow. (life-enthusiast.com)
Wheat1
In their study, northern blotting analysis showed that two 22-nucleotide miRNAs - tae-miR021b and tae-miR2003a - preferentially accumulated in the embryo rather than the endosperm, suggesting important roles for miRNA-mediated gene regulation in wheat grain. (genomeweb.com)
Mutants2
In many respects, the phenotype of barley lys3 is similar to that of rice GIANT EMBRYO mutants (affected in the OsGE gene). (aber.ac.uk)
The prin2.2 and csp41b-2 single mutants displayed pale phenotypes, abnormal chloroplasts with reduced transcript levels of photosynthesis genes and defects in embryo development. (frontiersin.org)
Development8
During formation of endosperm and embryo development of L. tuberosus , protein bodies are formed. (wikipedia.org)
The expression analysis of both gene family members reflect their preferential seed-specific expression, especially during the mature embryo development stage. (nature.com)
Pattern formation in the embryo is severely impaired with development arresting at premature stages, while in the endosperm, the effects of the glo1-1 mutation are manifest at the free-nuclear or syncytial stage. (biologists.com)
During cellularisation,and at later stages of development, aberrant cell division and localised domains of cell proliferation are apparent in glo1-1 endosperms. (biologists.com)
Delayed embryo development, impeded seed germination and puny seedlings were also observed in the OsLTPL36 RNAi lines. (isaaa.org)
Chloroplast biogenesis and function is essential for proper plant embryo and seed development but the molecular mechanisms underlying the role of plastids during embryogenesis are poorly understood. (frontiersin.org)
We show here that PLASTID REDOX INSENSITIVE 2 (PRIN2) and CHLOROPLAST STEM-LOOP BINDING PROTEIN 41 kDa (CSP41b), two proteins identified in plastid nucleoid preparations, are essential for proper plant embryo development. (frontiersin.org)
Taken together, our results suggest that PEP activity and consequently the switch from NEP to PEP activity, is essential during embryo development and that the PRIN2-CSP41b DNA binding protein complex possibly is important for full PEP activity during this process. (frontiersin.org)
Grains2
Observations of developing lys3 embryos suggest that they undergo a form of premature germination and the mature lys3 grains show reduced dormancy. (aber.ac.uk)
Grains with thick mesocarp on a hard endosperm are preferred for dehulling by hand-pounding. (fao.org)
Proteins1
During oat seed germination, the insoluble storage proteins must be solubilized and transported to the embryo for use of the developing plantlet. (usda.gov)
Kernel1
It is thick near the crown area of the kernel and thin near the embryo portion. (fao.org)
Protein2
All cells of the embryo organs are involved in protein storage accumulation. (wikipedia.org)
A team led by Xin Wang of the Huazhong Agricultural University in China identified OsLTPL36, a lipid transport protein, and its specific expression in developing rice seed coat and endosperm. (isaaa.org)
Stages1
This is one of the critical stages of embryogenesis, when an immature embryo becomes independent of some physiological factors, in particular, hormones (mainly auxins, cytokinins, and ABA) of a maternal organism. (springer.com)
Ovule1
the fertilized, matured ovule of a flowering plant, containing an embryo or rudimentary plant. (dictionary.com)
Expression1
The researchers found that engineered lines with suppressed expression of OsLTPL36 exhibited chalky endosperm and had reduced fat acid content compared to wild types. (isaaa.org)
After receiving a cup of Dunkin' Donuts Coffea arabica that had clearly exceeded the 15-minute half-life from coffee to sludge, and after abandoning Starbucks where the maker of my venti-no-fat-no-whip-mocha-valencia forgot the shot, I went home and mixed beans from both sources, grinding into intimate contact the helpless slivers of endosperm, mindlessly obliterating the embryos within. (the-scientist.com)
Leaves1
This embryo grows by widening its stem and producing larger and larger leaves until a spore-bearing leaf eventually appears. (ou.edu)
Formation1
The maize endosperm originates with a series of free-nuclear divisions, followed by cellularisation and subsequent formation of a range of functional cellular domains. (biologists.com)
Plant1
Chloroplast function is required throughout the life cycle of the plant and compromised activity can result in embryo lethality. (frontiersin.org)
Weight1
The lys3 embryos have a dry weight that is 50-150% larger than normal. (aber.ac.uk)
Activity1
Corn embryo orientation in relation to a moist substrate also significantly impacted oxygen bioavailability to the embryo and hence ADHase activity. (researchgate.net)
Relative1
Identification of the relative embryonic autonomy as a critical stage in embryo culture in vitro, along with morphological, histological, and physiological statuses of the relatively autonomous embryos, is considered. (springer.com)
Cell1
As a consequence, cell fate acquisition and subsequent differentiation of endosperm tissues are affected to varying degrees of severity. (biologists.com)
Ability1
Autonomy is a special structural and functional state of an embryo, reflecting its ability for self-regulation and independence from the adjacent tissues. (springer.com)