Embryonic stem cells are pluripotent embryo clone cells. Medical search. Frequent questions

this approach has been championed as an answer to the many issues concerning embryonic stem cells (ESCs) and the destruction of viable embryos for medical use, though questions remain on how homologous the two cell types truly are. (wikipedia.org)
Apparently adult stem cells--those cells gotten from human body tissues and not embryos--have the potential to be just as versatile for medical research as ESCs--but without the need to kill nascent human life. (stanguthrie.com)
Research on iPSCs, initiated by Shinya Yamanaka in 2006 and extended by James Thompson in 2007, has so far revealed the same properties as embryonic stem cells (ESCs), making their discovery potentially very beneficial for scientists and ethicists alike. (asu.edu)
The authors reviewed the biology of three types of pluripotent stem cells, embryonic stem cells, or ESCs, mesenchymal stem cells, or MSCs, and induced pluripotent stem cells, or iPS cells. (asu.edu)
Takahashi and Yamanaka's 2006 and 2007 experiments showed that scientists can prompt adult body cells to dedifferentiate, or lose specialized characteristics, and behave similarly to embryonic stem cells (ESCs). (asu.edu)
Embryonic stem cells (ESCs): These stem cells are derived from embryos and have the ability to develop into any type of cell in the body. (stemcellassurance.com)
There are three major ways to obtain stem cells with unlimited proliferation and differentiation capabilities, including 1) isolating embryonic stem cells (ESCs) from embryos, 2) isolating adult stem cells from adult tissues, and 3) in vitro reprogramming of differentiated somatic cells into induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs). (bvsalud.org)
It is well known that pluripotent stem cells, including embryonic stem cells (ESCs) and iPSCs can give rise to tumors and also result in immune rejection based on the research using immunodeficient mouse models. (atlasofscience.org)
To overcome this confusion, we designed a new mouse model by combining the theory of somatic animal cloning, tetraploid complementation, ESCs and iPSCs (Figure). (atlasofscience.org)
Secondly, via tetraploid complementation, which involves microinjection of the ESCs with two times chromosomes (2n) into early embryos with four times chromosomes (4n blastocysts), the resulted mice would all come from the 2n ESCs. (atlasofscience.org)
Editor Embryonic stem cells (ESCs) are pluripotent cells established from early stage embryos that maintain the capability to differentiate into three-germ level cells. (researchhunt.com)
The various other population had taken on the looks of flattened clones termed flattened rat ESCs (f-rESCs). (researchhunt.com)
Among them embryonic stem cells (ESCs) are the classic example of a PSC 1-3 and they remain the gold standard to which newly derived PSC lines are typically compared molecularly through expression and epigenetic profiling and functionally by assessing their differentiation potential and (Table 1). (hiv-proteases.com)
SCNT allows generating ESCs (ntESC) from cloned embryos obtained through injection of a somatic nucleus into an enucleated oocyte. (hiv-proteases.com)
Embryonic germ cells (EGCs) and germ line stem cells (GSCs): derived respectively from mouse primordial germ cells (Figure 1 (+)-Corynoline (d)) or germ line stem cells (GSCs) from neonatal and adult testis (Figure 1 (+)-Corynoline (e)) they resemble ESCs but retain some epigenetic features of their cell of origin. (hiv-proteases.com)
These cells have been described as embryonic stem cells (ESCs) and. (scitizen.com)

It is used in both therapeutic and reproductive cloning. (wikipedia.org)
Stem cells can then be obtained by the destruction of this clone embryo for use in therapeutic cloning or in the case of reproductive cloning the clone embryo is implanted into a host mother for further development and brought to term. (wikipedia.org)
The findings validate this controversial method, and may one day allow therapeutic stem cells to be created from a patient's own genetic material. (the-scientist.com)
In the best case, an early embryo consisting of a few cells may form, but these are not capable of giving rise to human life, nor hESCs for therapeutic purposes. (the-scientist.com)
The triploid cells aren't suitable for therapeutic purposes, and future efforts will be focused on trying to eliminate the [egg cell] genome," said Daley, who wrote an accompanying News & Views in Nature . (the-scientist.com)
While iPSCs avoid the ethical issues surrounding embryonic stem cells, the methods used to derive them sometimes induce mutations in cancer causing genes, making them unsuitable for therapeutic purposes. (the-scientist.com)
SCNT, or therapeutic cloning, is one method used to produce a source of individually-tailored stem cells. (medicalxpress.com)
But adult stem cells also raise some interesting ethical dilemmas alongside their great therapeutic promise. (eppc.org)
The use of the pluripotent and/or self-renewing qualities of stem cells is believed to have therapeutic benefits for the regeneration of tissue in humans. (citizendium.org)
Human embryos fertilized in the ordinary manner and harvested in the blastocyst stage have been used as an extensive source of stem cells for research purposes, and have been shown to possess therapeutic value in laboratory animals. (citizendium.org)
If biotech scientists have the ability to manipulate the genes of an embryo or gamete cell for non-therapeutic purposes, it could be argued that these genetically modified cells are in fact patentable "inventions," given that the material was not, in that particular sequence, naturally occurring. (nyu.edu)
The isolation and characterization of embryonic stem cells in the late 1990s opened up new possibilities for studying and utilizing these cells for therapeutic purposes. (stemcellassurance.com)
Researchers continue to work towards overcoming challenges and limitations to harness the power of stem cells for therapeutic purposes. (stemcellassurance.com)
One of the next preclinical steps, according to the authors, is to evaluate, in the lab, differentiated patient-specific human embryonic stem cell lines for immune-system tolerance, therapeutic efficacy and safety. (scienceblog.com)
The therapeutic potential of cloned human cells has been demonstrated by another study using human oocytes to reprogram adult cells of a type 1 diabetic. (news-medical.net)
Although attempts have not yet been made to create a therapeutic transplant from embryonic stem cells, the methods have been developed to allow the creation of functional, mature cells using human cell cloning technology. (news-medical.net)
Embryonic stem cell production through therapeutic cloning has fewer ethical problems than stem cell harvest from surplus IVF embryos. (philpapers.org)
We suggest the stem cell researchers all over the world to investigate the applicability of iPSCs and tissue specific stem cells for therapeutic applications and take advantage of this model. (atlasofscience.org)
5. In 2001, France and Germany requested the United Nations General Assembly to develop international conventions on human reproductive cloning, therapeutic cloning and research on stem cells. (who.int)
Human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) offer unique opportunities for studying human biology modeling diseases and for therapeutic applications. (hiv-proteases.com)
With an ethical solution looking quite plausible, the pressure will be on scientists to explain why therapeutic cloning deserves to be legalised and funded. (blogspot.com)
The heated debate in our society over reproductive cloning, as well as therapeutic cloning to obtain embryonic stem cells, has been fueled by misconceptions and hyperbole on both sides. (flfamily.org)
Human cloning via SCNT was redefined from "therapeutic cloning" in the advocates' lexicon to merely "stem-cell research. (lifelegaldefensefoundation.org)
Reproductive cloning in humans and therapeutic cloning in primates: is the ethical debate catching up with the recent scientific advances? (bmj.com)
With this background information as a foundation, we then discuss each of the key questions in relation to the upcoming therapeutic trial and critically assess if the time is ripe for clinical translation of parthenogenetic stem cell technology in Parkinson's disease. (lu.se)

After examination, Takahashi and Yamanaka concluded that the cells were similar to embryonic stem cells and duplicated themselves in similar periods of as embryonic stem cells. (asu.edu)
iPSCs have characteristics similar to embryonic stem cells and can differentiate into various cell types. (stemcellassurance.com)
While research on human adult stem cells was not included in the Working Group's mandate, recent scientific research has confirmed the possibility of generating human pluripotent stem cells with properties similar to embryonic stem cells from adult cells (e.g., induced pluripotent stem cells). (gc.ca)

Noggle said the findings may also pave the way for better induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), which form when somatic cells are regressed to a pluripotent state through the use of genetic factors. (the-scientist.com)
Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells (iPSCs) are cells derived from non-pluripotent cells, such as adult somatic cells, that are genetically manipulated so as to return to an undifferentiated, pluripotent state. (asu.edu)
They called the pluripotent stem cells that they produced induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) because they had induced the adult cells, called differentiated cells, to become pluripotent stem cells through genetic manipulation. (asu.edu)
Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs): These stem cells are created by reprogramming adult somatic cells, such as skin cells, back into a pluripotent state. (stemcellassurance.com)
These new types of cells are called induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs). (healthline.com)
To create iPSCs, scientists genetically reprogram the adult stem cells so they behave like embryonic stem cells. (healthline.com)
Moreover, iPSCs circumvent the ethical concerns by avoiding the use of early embryos. (atlasofscience.org)
As a result, we can theoretically perform stem cell transplantation between iPSCs, and these mice could mimic the transplantation of iPSCs from the patients into themselves. (atlasofscience.org)
In addition, the iPSCs and their derivative tissue-specific stem cells should not form tumor. (atlasofscience.org)
Firstly, we can test immuno-rejection of iPSCs and various tissue specific stem cells, and to select suitable stem cell lines for transplantation. (atlasofscience.org)
Secondly, we can assess the tumor formation of iPSCs and other stem cell lines and select suitable stem cells for therapy. (atlasofscience.org)
Based on these observations Yamanaka and colleagues screened 24 pluripotency transcription factors and demonstrated that over-expression of the reprogramming factors Oct4 Sox2 Klf4 and c-Myc (referred to as OSKM) is sufficient to create induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) from mouse fibroblasts (Figure 1 (h)) 8. (hiv-proteases.com)
Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) are capable of unlimited self-renewal and can give rise to all three germ layers, thereby providing a new platform with which to study mammalian development and epigenetic reprogramming. (molcells.org)
However, iPSC generation may result in subtle epigenetic variations, such as the aberrant methylation of the Dlk1-Dio3 locus, among the clones, and this heterogeneity constitutes a major drawback to harnessing the full potential of iPSCs. (molcells.org)

In the United States, scientists at the Harvard Stem Cell Institute, the University of California San Francisco, the Oregon Health & Science University, Stemagen (La Jolla, CA) and possibly Advanced Cell Technology are currently researching a technique to use somatic cell nuclear transfer to produce embryonic stem cells. (wikipedia.org)
Instead of becoming "biowaste" these embryos could be used to produce embryonic stem cells. (ox.ac.uk)

The researchers say the finding, which has been successfully demonstrated in frog embryos, will help scientists control the differentiation of various cell types. (scitechdaily.com)
For the first time researchers can now compare iPSC differentiation to the same process an egg goes through after the transfer of a somatic cell genome. (the-scientist.com)
This could help researchers identify abnormalities in iPSC differentiation, correct them, and develop pluripotent stem cells that don't harbor tumorigenic qualities and do not require the use of human embryos. (the-scientist.com)
Somatic cells are cells that have gone through the differentiation process and are not germ cells. (asu.edu)
Differentiation: Stem cells can differentiate into specialized cell types, such as muscle cells, nerve cells, or blood cells, based on the signals they receive from their surrounding environment. (stemcellassurance.com)
In addition, researchers must develop methods to efficiently direct the differentiation of embryonic stem cells to specific stable cell types. (scienceblog.com)
Aside from the promise of using hPSC-derived cells for cell replacement therapies there (+)-Corynoline is great potential of using hPSCs for modeling lineage decisions during differentiation and studying disease-relevant phenotypes that ENG are manifested at the cellular level. (hiv-proteases.com)
Our scientists have developed a wide array of stem cell-focused reagents and resources for many applications including flow cytometry , western blotting , ELISAs , and recombinant proteins for cell differentiation. (biolegend.com)
RUNX1 is also required for the differentiation of CD8+, Th17, and regulatory T cells. (biolegend.com)
These findings revealed that RUNX1 acts as a tumor suppressor for myeloid leukemia and is crucial for the development and terminal differentiation of several blood cell lineages 2,3 . (biolegend.com)
Stem and progenitor cell populations are often heterogeneous, which may reflect stem cell subsets that express subtly different properties, including different propensities for lineage selection upon differentiation, yet remain able to interconvert. (lu.se)
A key challenge is to understand how state, but must also afford flexibility in cell-fate choice to permit the different cell-fate options confronting stem and progenitor cell-type diversification and differentiation in response to cells are selected and coordinated such that adoption of a given intrinsic cues or extrinsic signals. (lu.se)
Evidence the fate of stem cells has broad ramifications for biomedical suggests that during development or differentiation, cells make science from elucidating the causes of cancer to the use of very precise transitions between apparently stable ``network stem cells in regenerative medicine. (lu.se)

For those trying to create neural cells, "Notum is a necessary ingredient and new tool in the kit box for researchers to instruct human progenitor cells to become neural tissues," said He, who is also an American Cancer Society research professor. (scitechdaily.com)
These cells are deemed to have a pluripotent potential because they have the ability to give rise to all of the tissues found in an adult organism. (wikipedia.org)
Another application of SCNT stem cell research is using the patient specific stem cell lines to generate tissues or even organs for transplant into the specific patient. (wikipedia.org)
Today, we can derive stem cells from a range of adult and newborn tissues: liver cells, kidney cells, brain cells, fat cells, and umbilical cord blood. (eppc.org)
Robert describes part-human animals, otherwise known as chimeras, as those resulting from the intentional combination of human and nonhuman cells, tissues, or organs at any stage of development. (asu.edu)
Nowadays we know that stem cells from adult tissues, as well as those associated with a live birth (such as the umbilical cord, placenta, amniotic fluid, etc.) are far more versatile than originally thought. (catholicphilly.com)
Adult stem cells: These stem cells are found in various tissues and organs of the body, such as bone marrow, blood, and adipose tissue. (stemcellassurance.com)
Plasticity: Some types of stem cells have the ability to differentiate into cell types from other tissues or organs, a property known as plasticity. (stemcellassurance.com)
The history of stem cell research dates back to the 19th century, when scientists first observed that certain cells have the ability to regenerate and repair tissues. (stemcellassurance.com)
Stem cells serve as a valuable tool for studying the development and function of various organs and tissues, as well as for modeling diseases and developing new drugs. (stemcellassurance.com)
This new method of generating stem cells does not require embryos as starting points and could be used to generate cells from many adult tissues, such as a patient's own skin cells,' said principal author Andras Nagy, senior investigator at Mount Sinai's Samuel Lunenfeld Research Institute. (cbc.ca)
These stem cells come from developed organs and tissues in the body. (healthline.com)
not only does it mimic the cell specification and layout of an early-stage body plan - including precursors of heart, blood, brain and other organs - but also the "support" cells like those found in the placenta and other tissues required to establish and maintain a pregnancy. (theconversation.com)
Cloning of human cells is a technology that holds the potential to cure many diseases and provide a source of exactly matched transplant tissues and organs. (news-medical.net)
Moreover, the field is only inching forward scientifically as it is proving very hard to harness cells meant to create differentiated tissues in gestating embryos and fetuses. (nationalrighttolifenews.org)
In the case of mesenchymal stem cells, their "mission" or genetically determined function is to repair skin , conjunctive tissues, muscle, and tendon damage. (stemaid.com)
27 Jun, 2007 06:08 pm Stem cells have the potential to become all the cells and tissues in the human body. (scitizen.com)
Early human trials showed that adult stem cells from olfactory tissues restored feeling to patients paralyzed with spinal-cord injury. (lifelegaldefensefoundation.org)
They can be used to replace dead or damaged cells, tissues or organs. (ox.ac.uk)

A potential use of stem cells genetically matched to a patient would be to create cell lines that have genes linked to a patient's particular disease. (wikipedia.org)
For example, if a person with Parkinson's disease donated their somatic cells, the stem cells resulting from SCNT would have genes that contribute to Parkinson's disease. (wikipedia.org)
Cells become cancerous by accumulating, stepwise, a series of several mutations that alter the function of genes important for cell growth. (agemed.org)
A breakthrough in somatic cell nuclear transfer opens the possibility of producing human embryonic stem cells with a patient's own genes. (the-scientist.com)
After these experiments with somatic cells, Takahashi and Yamanaka hypothesized that there were common factors, genes in particular, which caused somatic cells to become pluripotent stem cells. (asu.edu)
In 2006, Takahashi and Yamanaka selected twenty-four candidate genes as factors that they hypothesized could possibly induce somatic cells to become pluripotent, and they began to test them one at a time. (asu.edu)
They used retroviruses to insert each of the twenty-four genes into the chromosomes of differentiated mouse embryonic fibroblasts. (asu.edu)
If one of the infected cells showed G418 resistance, then the scientists would know that one of the twenty-four genes influenced the cell to become an embryonic stem cell-like cell. (asu.edu)
But previous approaches required the use of viruses to deliver the four genes needed to activate the cell and accomplish that task. (cbc.ca)
This was believed to be due to an inability to activate certain embryonic genes. (news-medical.net)
He'd like to see a library of cells created with those carefully chosen genes. (usf.edu)
Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells are prepared by introducing foreign genes into adult cells. (stemaid.com)
However, they are not considered fully embryonic due to their foreign genes and this limits their range of application. (stemaid.com)
The underphosphorylated, active form of Rb interacts directly with E2F1 , leading to cell cycle arrest, while the hyperphosphorylated form decouples from E2F1, thus promoting the transcription of genes promoting entry into the S phase. (biolegend.com)
explosion further, consider that a fictitious small genome with 2002) More recently and more dramatically, the potential for 260 genes would host the same number of combinations as cell state conversions is exemplified by the reprogramming of the number of atoms in the visible universe! (lu.se)

The blastocyst stage is developed by the egg to help create embryonic stem cells from the inner cell mass of the blastocyst. (wikipedia.org)
Development will ensue normally and after many mitotic divisions, the single cell forms a blastocyst (an early stage embryo with about 100 cells) with an identical genome to the original organism (i.e. a clone). (wikipedia.org)
Such tissue renewal may be accomplished via the use of adult stem cells, or embryonic stem cells, which may be derived from a human embryo in the blastocyst stage. (citizendium.org)
The use of embryonic stem cells has been a source of considerable controversy due to its sacrifice of human embryos in the blastocyst stage, which some people view as the destruction of human life . (citizendium.org)
Ethical objections to the use of human embryonic stem cells revolve around the destruction of human embryos in the blastocyst stage to obtain the stem cells. (citizendium.org)
Those who oppose this practice often argue that human life begins from the moment of conception, and that, therefore, destruction of a blastocyst stage embryo is morally equivalent to abortion and infanticide . (citizendium.org)
However, supporters of embryonic stem cell research frequently contend that even the comparison to abortion is inappropriate, since while a several month old fetus might have sufficient neurological development to be conscious in some meaningful sense, a human embryo in the blastocyst stage has so little development that one can safely conclude that it cannot exist as a conscious being. (citizendium.org)
Next, oocytes with the patient's genetic material were allowed to grow to the blastocyst stage, an early stage of embryo development. (scienceblog.com)
Stem cells were then derived from the inner cell mass of the blastocyst. (scienceblog.com)
The Korean researchers who performed this stem cell research improved upon their protocols that yielded the first embryonic stem cell line from a cloned human blastocyst. (scienceblog.com)
Are they human embryonic stem cells (derived from a blastocyst), or are they induced pluripotent stem cells? (theconversation.com)
This method grants us the ability to generate a grand population of cloned mice, and each of them would be originated from the same and sole inner cell mass of the blastocyst. (atlasofscience.org)
Embryonic stem cells (ESC) are derived from a blastocyst (either donated or cloned from a skin-cell), which is an early-stage embryo (5 days old) of 100-200 cells that are barely visible to the naked eye. (stemaid.com)

The Church also supports research and therapies using adult stem cells, which are cells that come from any person who has been born - including umbilical cord blood, bone marrow, skin and other organs. (archstl.org)
Long before the controversy emerged over human embryonic stem cells, scientists and doctors began using first-generation stem cells from adult bone marrow. (eppc.org)
In the 1960s, the discovery of bone marrow transplantation paved the way for further research into the potential medical applications of stem cells. (stemcellassurance.com)
Embryonic stem cells come from embryos, embryonic germ cells from testes, and adult stem cells can come from bone marrow. (cbc.ca)
For example, hematopoietic stem cells are a type of adult stem cell found in bone marrow. (healthline.com)
Doctors have been performing stem cell transplants, also known as bone marrow transplants, for decades using hematopoietic stem cells in order to treat certain types of cancer. (healthline.com)
Example: In Japan, scientists have discovered the chemical that induces bone marrow to produce healing cells. (nationalrighttolifenews.org)
The chemical which summons stem cells from bone marrow to the site of a wound has been discovered by scientists in the UK and Japan. (nationalrighttolifenews.org)
Scientists at Osaka University and King's College London gave mice bone marrow cells that glow green - which can be tracked while moving round the body. (nationalrighttolifenews.org)
These cells, harvested from patients' bone marrow are predetermined to help with all blood related issues, including blood vessels and the immune system. (stemaid.com)
In May 2011, stem cell therapy in sports medicine was spotlighted after New York Yankees pitcher Bartolo Colon was revealed to have had fat and bone marrow stem cells injected into his injured elbow and shoulder while in the Dominican Republic. (cnn.com)
Bone-marrow stem cells appeared to prevent the worsening of progressive MS. People with Type-1 diabetes were cured with their own adult stem cells. (lifelegaldefensefoundation.org)
Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) involves the intravenous infusion of hematopoietic stem cells in order to reestablish blood cell production in patients whose bone marrow or immune system is damaged or defective. (medscape.com)
The National Marrow Donor Program (NMDP), founded in 1986, and the World Marrow Donor Association (WMDA), founded in 1988, were established to (1) locate and secure appropriate unrelated-donor HSCT sources for patients by promoting volunteer donation of bone marrow and peripheral blood stem cells in the community and (2) promote ethical practices of sharing stem cell sources by need, rather than by geographic location of the donor. (medscape.com)

The genetic material of the donor egg cell is removed and discarded, leaving it 'deprogrammed. (wikipedia.org)
Research advocates attack President Bush for "banning stem cell research," while pro-life advocates lament a Republican administration and Congress that have banned nothing-not embryo destruction, not human cloning, not fetal farming, not genetic engineering. (eppc.org)
Most of the current technologies that closely resemble actual genetic selection focus on testing the embryo or fetus to screen for several undesirable physiological genetic characteristics. (nyu.edu)
For example, pre-implantation genetic diagnosis ("PGD") has grown to be a common service at fertility clinics, allowing couples undergoing in vitro fertilization to test multiple embryos for genetic disorders before deciding which one to implant. (nyu.edu)
This caused genetic changes that turned the adult cells into stem cells. (zmescience.com)
In 2004, Yamanaka began working at Kyoto University as a professor, where he studied factors that help an organism fend off retroviruses, which are single-stranded RNA viruses that can incorporate their genetic material into the DNA of a host cell. (asu.edu)
Moreover, because embryonic stem cells can be rejected as foreign tissue by patients' bodies, are very unstable and are difficult to develop into just one cell type at a time, great numbers of viable human embryos with different genetic profiles may be needed to continue this line of research. (catholicphilly.com)
Currently, stem cell research is a rapidly evolving field, with ongoing research and clinical trials exploring the potential applications of stem cells in various fields, such as regenerative medicine, genetic disorders, organ transplants, cosmetic and plastic surgery, and drug development. (stemcellassurance.com)
Each of the 11 new human embryonic stem cell lines was created by transferring the nuclear genetic material from a non-reproductive cell of a patient into a donated egg, or "oocyte," whose nucleus had been removed. (scienceblog.com)
In their new paper, Science author Woo Suk Hwang from Seoul National University in Seoul, Korea and colleagues replaced the nuclei from donated oocytes with nuclei from skin cells from male and female patients, ranging in age from 2 to 56, who had spinal cord injuries, juvenile diabetes and the genetic disease "congenital hypogamma-globulinemia. (scienceblog.com)
From the 185 donated oocytes, endowed with the genetic material from a different person (or in one case, the same person), the researchers report development of 31 hollow balls of cells called "human nuclear-transfer blastocysts. (scienceblog.com)
These cells have been successfully used to treat children with blood cancers, such as leukemia, and certain genetic blood disorders. (healthline.com)
In the field of agriculture, the efficient purification, culture and establishment of livestock and poultry stem cell lines are expected to significantly improve the efficiency of somatic cell cloning and genetic modification of cells. (bvsalud.org)
Genetic match for the patient - you use their skin cells. (cbc-network.org)
In vivo 2-color multiphoton imaging of genetic… Fibroblasts are cells that synthesize collagen and support the maintenance of connective tissue in the skin, tendons, and joints. (atlasofscience.org)
A clone is an organism that is a genetic copy of an existing one. (who.int)
2. Nuclear transfer is a technique used to duplicate genetic material by creating an embryo through the transfer and fusion of a diploid cell in an enucleated female oocyte.2 Cloning has a broader meaning than nuclear transfer as it also involves gene replication and natural or induced embryo splitting (see Annex 1). (who.int)
This mouse egg (top) is being injected with genetic material from an adult cell to ultimately create an embryo - and, eventually, embryonic stem cells. (usf.edu)
They repeated the process - this time starting with the genetic material extracted from the skin cells of a much older man. (usf.edu)
Use of hiPSCs circumvents the ethical controversies associated with hESCs or nt-hESCs and as one can easily generate hiPSCs that match the genetic background of any individual this offers an ideal platform for cell replacement therapy and disease modeling. (hiv-proteases.com)
Using in vitro fertilization, doctors created embryos and then tested them for the genetic disease. (cnn.com)

These cells genetically matched the donor organism from which they came. (wikipedia.org)
The resulting cells would be genetically identical to the somatic cell donor, thus avoiding any complications from immune system rejection. (wikipedia.org)
And since they are genetically identical to the person who provided the original sample, they are technically embryonic cell clones of that person. (stanguthrie.com)
Cross-species transplantation was possible without the rejection of the human embryonic stem cells by the mice's immune systems because the mice were genetically modified to suppress certain immune responses that would have interfered with transplantation. (citizendium.org)
There have been many false dawns in the field of embryonic stem cell research, but these results seem to confirm that it is possible to use adult cells to create genetically matched stem cell lines. (bioedge.org)
Advances in the biotechnology industry have increased scientists' understanding of the human genome and enhanced their ability to genetically modify eggs, sperm, and human embryos. (nyu.edu)
The Supreme Court's decision in Association for Molecular Pathology v. Myriad Genetics , Inc. [2] could be interpreted as paving the way for patenting genetically altered genome or gamete cells. (nyu.edu)
The technology of stem cell induced-gamete production will greatly simplify the generation process, and consequently improve the generation efficiency of genetically modified animals. (bvsalud.org)
By transferring adult cell DNA into an embryonic stem cell, it is possible to create a line of immortal embryonic cells that are able to develop into any type of adult cell, genetically identical to the donor. (news-medical.net)
First of all, all the mice cloned from one inner cell mass would be genetically identical. (atlasofscience.org)
Dolly, the first mammal to be genetically cloned from adult cells, poses for the camera in 1997 at the Roslin Institute in Edinburgh, Scotland. (usf.edu)

A protein that is necessary for the formation of the vertebrate brain has been identified by researchers at the Harvard Stem Cell Institute (HSCI) and Boston Children's Hospital, in collaboration with scientists from Oxford and Rio de Janeiro. (scitechdaily.com)
In January 2018, a team of scientists in Shanghai announced the successful cloning of two female crab-eating macaques (named Zhong Zhong and Hua Hua) from foetal nuclei. (wikipedia.org)
Controversy surrounds human ESC work due to the destruction of viable human embryos, leading scientists to seek alternative methods of obtaining pluripotent stem cells, SCNT is one such method. (wikipedia.org)
What these scientists can now do is essentially to take any type of cell and turn it into the equivalent of an embryonic stem cell-without needing embryos or egg cells. (stanguthrie.com)
Scientists from the Monash Institute of Medical Research (MIMR) and colleagues from New South Wales will compare two different methods of creating patient-specific stem cells: somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) and induced pluripotent stem cells (iPS). (medicalxpress.com)
But they are also less equipped to produce every cell type of the body and less able to reproduce themselves indefinitely, which makes them less appealing to scientists interested in basic research. (eppc.org)
In July 2005, for example, scientists announced that they had engineered adult mouse stem cells into usable mouse eggs, a technique that might one day allow for the creation of human eggs from ordinary human cells. (eppc.org)
Interest in using stem cells from cloned human embryos has revived after success by scientists in the United States and Korea. (bioedge.org)
Nature adds that rogue scientists might implant cloned embryos into wombs to create cloned children, a possibility which is widely condemned. (bioedge.org)
Scientists are unlikely to rush into creating human embryonic stem cell lines. (bioedge.org)
Ironically, just eight days before Obama expanded funding for embryonic stem cell research, two teams of scientists, one led by Dr. Keisuke Kaji of the University of Edinburgh and the other by Dr. Andras Nagy of Toronto's Mount Sinai Hospital, disclosed in Nature , a leading scientific journal, that they have come up with a practical method for transforming ordinary skin cells into pluripotent stem cells. (theinterim.com)
Scientists should focus instead on legitimate avenues of research, such as the new method for creating pluripotent stem cells from skin cells. (theinterim.com)
Having played a key role in encouraging scientists to explore alternatives to embryonic stem cell research, we should not relent in our opposition to the death-dealing procedure until it is banned and stopped altogether. (theinterim.com)
In the second half of the twentieth century, scientists learned how to clone organisms in some species of mammals. (asu.edu)
Scientists have applied somatic cell nuclear transfer to clone human and mammalian embryos as a means to produce stem cells for laboratory and medical use. (asu.edu)
This study aims to provide information to answer the following question: While some scientists claim they can indefinitely culture a stem cell line in vitro, what are the consequences of those culturing practices? (asu.edu)
Yamanaka received the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 2012, along with John Gurdon, as their work showed scientists how to reprogram mature cells to become pluripotent. (asu.edu)
The Dolly experiment showed that scientists could reprogram the nucleus of somatic cells by transferring the contents of the nucleus into oocytes that have had their nuclei removed, a technique called somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT). (asu.edu)
Scientists have been all abuzz in the last few years over stem cells - cellular magicians that promise to dazzle and amaze. (cbc.ca)
Scientists say embryonic stem cells are the most useful type because they have the potential to become any type of cell within the body. (cbc.ca)
Scientists are fascinated by the ability of stem cells to become any type of cell. (cbc.ca)
Scientists have isolated the first human embryonic stem cell lines specifically tailored to match the nuclear DNA of patients, both males and females of various ages, suffering from disease or spinal cord injury. (scienceblog.com)
The work also moves scientists one step closer to the goal of transplanting healthy cells into humans to replace cells damaged by diseases such as Parkinson's and diabetes. (scienceblog.com)
From the 31 nuclear-transfer blastocysts, the scientists derived 11 stem cell lines. (scienceblog.com)
Since stem cells have the ability to turn into various other types of cells, scientists believe that they can be useful for treating and understanding diseases. (healthline.com)
Scientists have recently discovered how to turn adult stem cells into pluripotent stem cells. (healthline.com)
Scientists are hoping that the cells can be made from someone's own skin to treat a disease. (healthline.com)
"PrimeGen , based in Irvine, California, says that its scientists have converted specialised adult human cells back to a seemingly embryonic state - using methods that are much less likely to trigger cancer than those deployed previously. (cbc-network.org)
The company also claims to be able to produce reprogrammed cells faster and much more efficiently than other scientists. (cbc-network.org)
1. Cloning is an umbrella term traditionally used by scientists to describe different processes for duplicating biological material. (who.int)
Eighteen years ago, scientists in Scotland took the nuclear DNA from the cell of an adult sheep and put it into another sheep's egg cell that had been emptied of its own nucleus. (usf.edu)
So ideally scientists would like to be able to extract DNA from the cells of older people - not just cells from infants - to create therapies for adult diseases. (usf.edu)
In the 18 years since researchers cloned a sheep, scientists have found another way to produce cloned human cell lines. (usf.edu)
In principle, scientists could produce a series of cell lines that would allow a close match for the majority of would-be cell recipients - just as transplant surgeons currently seek a close match for organ donors. (usf.edu)
During the great embryonic-stem-cell debate in the early 2000s, I personally witnessed scientists blatantly mislead legislators about biotech issues such as cloning, adult stem cells, and the biological nature of embryos in order to gain funding and/or resist regulations. (mindmatters.ai)
Scientists view stem cells as a possible gateway to curing many medical conditions, from Parkinson's disease to diabetes. (cnn.com)
In 2000, the National Institutes of Health issued guidelines for the use of embryonic stem cells in research, specifying that scientists receiving federal funds could use only extra embryos that would otherwise be discarded. (cnn.com)
In February 2012, early research published by scientists at Cedars-Sinai Medical Center and Johns Hopkins University showed that a patient's own stem cells can be used to regenerate heart tissue and help undo damage caused by a heart attack. (cnn.com)
Scientists have found a way to possibly avoid using embryonic stem. (scitizen.com)
Amendment 2 in Missouri-which established a constitutional right in Missouri to conduct human cloning research-was expected to cruise to an easy victory, proving that even in the Bible Belt, people wanted scientists to pursue ESCR/SCNT. (lifelegaldefensefoundation.org)

And so by consensus, the new cells are being called induced pluripotent stem cells. (stanguthrie.com)
Researchers have developed new, non-destructive methods to produce cells with all the properties of embryonic stem cells (called "induced Pluripotent Stem Cells" or iPSC) by "reprogramming" adult cells. (catholicphilly.com)

In genetics and developmental biology, somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) is a laboratory strategy for creating a viable embryo from a body cell and an egg cell. (wikipedia.org)
Somatic cell nuclear transfer is a technique for cloning in which the nucleus of a somatic cell is transferred to the cytoplasm of an enucleated egg. (wikipedia.org)
After the somatic cell transfers, the cytoplasmic factors affect the nucleus to become a zygote. (wikipedia.org)
The process of somatic cell nuclear transfer involves two different cells. (wikipedia.org)
The second being a somatic cell, referring to the cells of the human body. (wikipedia.org)
What is left is a somatic cell and an enucleated egg cell. (wikipedia.org)
These are then fused by inserting the somatic cell into the 'empty' ovum. (wikipedia.org)
After being inserted into the egg, the somatic cell nucleus is reprogrammed by its host egg cell. (wikipedia.org)
Somatic cell nuclear transplantation has become a focus of study in stem cell research. (wikipedia.org)
The first pluripotent human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) have been generated from somatic cell nuclear transfer, according to a study published today (October 5) in Nature . (the-scientist.com)
The advance here is the proof that somatic cell nuclear transfer can work [in human cells] and can fully reset the donor cell genome to a pluripotent state," said Harvard Medical School's George Daley , who was not affiliated with the study. (the-scientist.com)
Somatic cell nuclear transfer typically involves the transfer of genomic information from a somatic cell into an unfertilized egg cell whose nucleus has been removed. (the-scientist.com)
Somatic cell nuclear transfer has shown limited success in animal studies, which have successfully isolated pluripotent cells. (the-scientist.com)
Instead of removing the egg genome prior to nuclear transfer, he and his colleagues added the somatic cell nucleus directly to the intact egg. (the-scientist.com)
In the end, the egg cell contained three sets of chromosomes-two from the diploid somatic cell, and one from the haploid egg. (the-scientist.com)
It became a hot topic in 1996 when Dolly the sheep was cloned via a process called somatic cell nuclear transfer. (archstl.org)
The most infamous study of embryonic stem cells asserted that cloned human embryos had been created via somatic cell nuclear transfer, and stem cells had been generated from these embryos. (citizendium.org)
Somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) is a technology applied in cloning, stem cell research and regenerative medicine. (asu.edu)
This method is called "somatic cell nuclear transfer" or SCNT. (scienceblog.com)
The single cell line generated in the 2004 Science paper resulted from nuclear transfer in which the oocyte and non-reproductive ("somatic") cell came from the same healthy female. (scienceblog.com)
One cloning technology that has been developed for mammalian and human cells is somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT). (news-medical.net)
2013: the first time in the world to have 25 generation of cloned mice from 1 somatic cell. (edu.vn)
Another approach is to reset a somatic cell to a pluripotent state by exposing its nucleus to exogenous transacting factors. (hiv-proteases.com)
This is currently achieved by three methods: somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) cell fusion and direct reprogramming by defined transcription factors. (hiv-proteases.com)

Researchers from the Harvard Stem Cell Institute have identified a vital protein that can help determine embryonic development. (scitechdaily.com)
In collaboration with researchers from University of Oxford and Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, He and colleagues compared how frog embryos - which are considered models for human embryos - developed with and without Notum. (scitechdaily.com)
When the researchers injected frog embryos with Notum, the embryos grew bigger brains and heads. (scitechdaily.com)
These findings could benefit stem cell researchers trying to create specific tissue types or organs in the lab. (scitechdaily.com)
In order to guide or direct stem cells to differentiate into a given cell type, such as neural cells or muscle cells, researchers continue to alter their experimental recipes, fine-tuning which molecules should be added to their dishes in what sequence and amount. (scitechdaily.com)
Additionally, the researchers were able to demonstrate how Notum deactivates Wnt, which is a family of proteins that direct stem cells to "self-renew," or make more stem cells, among other things. (scitechdaily.com)
Such "guidelines" will ensure that stem cell researchers are not treated poorly as was Hwang when he was eventually found guilty of falsifying his data. (lifeissues.net)
Before the technique will ever make it to the clinic, however, researchers must find a way to remove genomic material from the egg cell. (the-scientist.com)
Researchers have recently described new lines of stem cells derived from amniotic fluid [9] . (citizendium.org)
However, the process is still ethically controversial, as researchers first create a human embryo and then destroy it to create stem cells. (bioedge.org)
UK researchers have rejuvenated the skin cells of a 53-year-old woman so they are the equivalent of a 23-year-olds. (zmescience.com)
The technique used by Reik and his team comes from the 1990s when researchers from the Roslin Institute found a way to turn an adult mammary gland cell taken from a sheep into an embryo. (zmescience.com)
The researchers added all of the twenty-four retroviral factors at the same time into mouse fibroblast cells. (asu.edu)
Researchers there are working on technology that induces human skin cells to change into the kind of stem cells that have been created by embryos. (cbc.ca)
However, researchers at the Harvard Stem Cell Institute say reprogrammed cells won't eliminate the need or value of studying embryonic stem cells. (cbc.ca)
Before patient-specific stem cells can potentially be used in the clinic, a variety of issues must be addressed, the researchers emphasized. (scienceblog.com)
The researchers generated these stem cell lines ten times more efficiently than in their 2004 Science study, using improved laboratory methods. (scienceblog.com)
This achievement, published in the journal Cell by a team led by researchers from the Weizmann Institute of Science in Israel, is a very sophisticated model of what happens during early mouse embryo development - in the stage just after implantation. (theconversation.com)
Researchers using these human embryo models, often called blastoids , have even been able to start to explore implantation in a dish, but this process is much more challenging in humans than it is in mice. (theconversation.com)
Researchers have grown 'human embryos' from skin cells. (theconversation.com)
Some suggest that it is Congress' role to tell researchers what kinds of cells to use. (ontheissues.org)
In January 2014, researchers announced they had developed a new method of making stem cells: by placing skin cells in an acidic environment. (cnn.com)
Until then, Canada had no laws to govern human pluripotent stem cell research, nor were there any guidelines for researchers, research ethics boards, or funding agencies on how human pluripotent stem cells may be derived and used. (gc.ca)
18 Sep, 2007 12:13 pm Rice University researchers have engineered musculoskeletal cartilages with human embryonic stem cells, with the hope of eventually using the neotissue. (scitizen.com)
6 Jun, 2007 07:00 pm Researchers have reprogrammed skin cells into embryonic stem cells. (scitizen.com)

Totipotent cells have the capacity to differentiate to all cell types, including somatic cells, germ cells, and certain cells that exist outside the embryo and are important to fetal development that are termed extraembryonic cells. (citizendium.org)
Stem cells come in three forms: embryonic stem cells, embryonic germ cells and adult stem cells. (cbc.ca)
2014: discovered female germ line stem cells from adult ovary in the pig. (edu.vn)
Its mandate was to advise CIHR as to whether human embryonic stem cell and human embryonic germ cell research should be considered eligible for CIHR funding. (gc.ca)

This could allow us to create cells that are useful for transplantation for a variety of diseases without the problem of immunological rejection," said Noggle in a press briefing. (the-scientist.com)
This discovery not only laid the foundation for the research field of reprogramming, but also provided priceless sources for stem cell transplantation. (atlasofscience.org)
Compared with current mouse models for stem cell transplantation, our "Mouse Clone Model" has several advantages. (atlasofscience.org)
Furthermore, after the selection of applicable stem cells, we can investigate the appropriate stages of different stem cells for transplantation. (atlasofscience.org)
Most importantly, embryonic stem cells may allow transplantation to be used to treat common diseases like heart attack, Alzheimer's Disease, diabetes, Parkinson's Disease and stroke. (ox.ac.uk)
Recent news of an impending clinical cell transplantation trial in Parkinson's disease using parthenogenetic stem cells as a source of donor tissue have raised hopes in the patient community and sparked discussion in the research community. (lu.se)
Based on discussions held by a global collaborative initiative on translation of stem cell therapy in Parkinson's disease, we have identified a set of key questions that we believe should be addressed ahead of every clinical stem cell-based transplantation trial in this disorder. (lu.se)

If we can overcome this, they could certainly offer a great alternative to embryonic stem cells. (medicalxpress.com)
Such cells provide a potential alternative to embryonic stem cells. (citizendium.org)

In 1996, Dolly the sheep became famous for being the first successful case of the reproductive cloning of a mammal. (wikipedia.org)
Oocyte donors and patients who donated non-reproductive cells were all unpaid volunteers. (scienceblog.com)
For underage donors of non-reproductive cells, both parents signed informed-consent agreements. (scienceblog.com)
Currently, the procedure for isolating non-reproductive cells for the nuclear transfer method involves animal enzymes and serum. (scienceblog.com)
2. Over the years, the international community has tried without success to build a consensus on an international convention against the reproductive cloning of human beings. (who.int)
3. Creating awareness among ministries of health in the African Region will provide them with critical and relevant information on the reproductive cloning of human beings and its implications to the health status of the general population. (who.int)
7. The WHO Regional Committee for Africa is invited to review this document for information and guidance concerning reproductive cloning of human beings. (who.int)
3. Media reports on nuclear transfer are usually about one form, reproductive nuclear transfer, also known as reproductive cloning of human beings . (who.int)
2) To achieve 20 years of combined 4 key biotechnologies of 21st century such as animal cloning techniques, induced pluripotent stem cells (iPS cell), Transgenic animals, advanced reproductive technology, and modern breeding applications in medicine and agriculture. (edu.vn)
3) To provide high-level research and education for graduate students in the field of stem cell, cellular reprogramming, assisted reproductive technology, and transgenic animals. (edu.vn)
A closeup of a microscope slide taken in 2000 at the Reproductive Genetics Institute's Chicago laboratory shows transplanted stem cells taken from the umbilical cord blood of a baby named Adam Nash. (cnn.com)
… "human clone" means an embryo that, as a result of the manipulation of human reproductive material or an in vitro embryo, contains a diploid set of chromosomes obtained from a single - living or deceased - human being, fetus, or embryo. (hinxtongroup.org)

The laboratory of Rudolf Jaenisch at MIT has taken in the lead in developing therapies with this new technique in mice, demonstrating a cure for a mouse version of sickle cell anemia and alleviating the symptoms of Parkinson's disease in mice. (stanguthrie.com)
I often say to people the day is coming when you're going to open the New York Times, and above the fold, it's going to say, 'Embryos cure Parkinson's,' or 'Embryos cure diabetes,'" he said. (archstl.org)
Australia is already a global leader in overall stem cell research and this new and clear regulatory framework gives us an opportunity to extend our leadership into SCNT which could transform how we treat diabetes, heart diseases and Parkinson's," Mr Jennings said. (medicalxpress.com)
2. Omitting that the diseases everyone is talking about curing (diabetes, Parkinson's, paralysis) have already been treated with adult stem cells. (alexchediak.com)
Since then, there has been a flurry of announcements about developments in stem cell research and hints of promising treatments for diseases such as Alzheimer's, Parkinson's and cancer. (cbc.ca)
These cells have been sought after as potential therapies for diseases ranging from heart disease to Parkinson's to cancer. (news-medical.net)
Stem cell research has the potential to provide treatments for a host of debilitating diseases including Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, diabetes, multiple sclerosis, heart disease, and spinal cord injury. (gc.ca)
Are Stem Cell-Based Therapies for Parkinson's Disease Ready for the Clinic in 2016? (lu.se)
In this article, we first provide a short history of cell therapy in Parkinson's disease and briefly describe the current state-of-art regarding human stem cell-derived dopamine neurons for use in any patient trial. (lu.se)
Stem cell-based therapies for Parkinson's dis- ogy company International Stem Cell Corporation ease (PD) are rapidly moving towards clinical trials. (lu.se)

Like Dolly the sheep, these microscopic embryos can also be implanted into a host uterus, where they develop into a fetus and grow into adult animals after birth. (the-scientist.com)
With the announcement last November that Ian Wilmut, who cloned Dolly the sheep, was ditching cloning in favor of the "amazingly efficient" method of induced pluripotent stem-cell research (iPS) - which reprograms adult stem cells into embryonic ones without using human embryos or eggs - pro-lifers had reason to celebrate. (crisismagazine.com)
This led to the creation of Dolly the cloned sheep . (zmescience.com)
Yamanaka also noted that experiments in cloning Dolly the sheep in 1996, conducted by Ian Wilmut, Angelica Schnieke, Jim McWhir, Alex Kind, and Keith Campbell at the Roslin Institute in Roslin, Scotland, influenced his work. (asu.edu)
This has led to a lot of interest in SCNT, which is best known as the method used to pioneer whole animal cloning technology, such as Dolly the sheep. (news-medical.net)
The resulting egg was implanted in the womb of a third sheep, and the result was Dolly, the first clone of a mammal. (usf.edu)

Pluripotent cells may differentiate to cells of most types, and multipotent cells are capable only of differentiating to certain types within a group of cells that perform similar functions. (citizendium.org)
Stem cells are defined as undifferentiated cells that can differentiate into specialized cell types and can divide to produce more stem cells. (stemcellassurance.com)
They are considered pluripotent, meaning they can differentiate into almost any cell type. (stemcellassurance.com)
Unlike embryonic stem cells, adult stem cells are multipotent, meaning they can differentiate into a limited number of cell types. (stemcellassurance.com)
For example, the stem cells can differentiate into cells that display characteristics of skin and retina cells, muscle cell bundles, bone matrix cells and cells of the gastrointestinal and respiratory lining. (scienceblog.com)
Eventually, the cells begin to differentiate, taking on a certain function in a part of the body. (healthline.com)
Adult stem cells can't differentiate into as many other types of cells as embryonic stem cells can. (healthline.com)
They can differentiate into all types of specialized cells in the body. (healthline.com)
The breakthrough has created a way to "de-differentiate" the stem cells. (healthline.com)
Introduction Pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) can self-renew indefinitely in culture while maintaining the potential to differentiate into all cell lineages of an adult organism. (hiv-proteases.com)
Stem cells are unique due to their ability to limitlessly self-renew and differentiate into each cell type in the adult body. (biolegend.com)
The capability of these cells to differentiate depends on the stem cell type, the regulation of gene expression by various transcription factors and interaction with the stem cell niche 1,4 . (biolegend.com)
Transcription factors have an important role in the ability of a cell to self-renew and also differentiate into most cell types, also known as pluripotency 1 . (biolegend.com)

The aim of carrying out this procedure is to obtain pluripotent cells from a cloned embryo. (wikipedia.org)

Only a handful of the labs in the world are currently using SCNT techniques in human stem cell research. (wikipedia.org)
One aspect to this project will be to source oocytes, or immature egg cells to generate SCNT embryos from which embryonic stem cells are harvested. (medicalxpress.com)
Unlike SCNT, iPS cells are derived from adult cells, such as skin, which are reprogrammed to behave like embryonic stem cells. (medicalxpress.com)
Once our team produces the iPS cells, we will compare the properties of iPS versus cells developed through SCNT. (medicalxpress.com)
SCNT is a method of cloning mammalian cells that can be used to create personalized embryonic stem cells from an adult animal or human. (news-medical.net)
But SCNT can also be used to clone human cells for transplant or other therapies. (news-medical.net)
In humans, a major roadblock in achieving successful SCNT leading to embryonic stem cells has been the fact that human SCNT embryos fail to progress beyond the eight-cell stage. (news-medical.net)
This was the first successful reprogramming of human somatic cells into embryonic stem cells using a cloning technique, SCNT. (news-medical.net)
Another successful attempt at human SCNT was made using cells from two adult males. (news-medical.net)
SCNT and experiments involving fusions between PSCs and somatic cells (Figure 1 (g)) demonstrate that factors present in the egg and in PSCs have the ability to reset somatic nuclei to a pluripotent state 7. (hiv-proteases.com)
Little noted in all of the caterwauling, was that ESCR and human-cloning research (SCNT) have been funded bounteously-to the tune of nearly $2 billion. (lifelegaldefensefoundation.org)
Not only has the National Institutes of Health put more than $150 million in recent years into human ESCR (about $40 annually), but according to a recent report put out by the Rockefeller Institute, to date about $1.7 billion has poured into ESCR and SCNT from philanthropic sources-and this doesn't include the hundreds of millions granted annually by the states for cloning and ESCR experiments. (lifelegaldefensefoundation.org)

This gives them the ability to create patient specific pluripotent cells, which could then be used in therapies or disease research. (wikipedia.org)
The Catholic Church has always held that stem-cell research and therapies are morally acceptable, as long as they don't involve the creation and destruction of human embryos. (archstl.org)
The holy grail of regenerative medicine-whatever one's ethical beliefs about destroying embryos-is to "reprogram" regular cells from one's own body so that individuals can be the source of their own rejection-proof therapies. (eppc.org)
In May 2007, Ontario and California announced a $30-million stem cell research deal aimed at finding new therapies for those diseases. (cbc.ca)
Allowing Innovative Stem Cell-Based Therapies Outside of Clinical Trials: Ethical and Policy Challenges. (philpapers.org)
The Roles and Responsibilities of Physicians in Patients' Decisions about Unproven Stem Cell Therapies. (philpapers.org)
Experts in the field of regenerative medicine believe one of the first areas of success when using stem cell-derived therapies will be the treatment of macular degeneration, which causes progressive loss of sight, and other retinal diseases. (cnn.com)

The mass production of human embryos also poses important ethical challenges, including the cloning of human embryos in laboratories for research purposes and the probable exploitation of women to obtain the eggs needed for such production. (catholicphilly.com)
Other improvements over the last paper include the reduced use of animal products in laboratory procedures and better evidence that the cell lines matched the patients' cells and did not have a parthenogenetic origin, where unfertilized eggs can divide on their own. (scienceblog.com)
In what's reported as a world-first achievement , biologists have grown mouse embryo models in the lab without the need for fertilised eggs, embryos, or even a mouse - using only stem cells and a special incubator. (theconversation.com)
They replicate only some aspects of development, but not fully reproduce the cellular architecture and developmental potential of embryos derived after fertilisation of eggs by sperm - so-called natural embryos. (theconversation.com)
Writing in the journal Cell Stem Cell , they say they started with nuclear DNA extracted from the skin cells of a middle-age man and injected it into human eggs donated by four women. (usf.edu)
Neither eggs nor embryos are necessary. (blogspot.com)
6 Sep, 2007 12:57 pm British authorities decided yesterday to permit research that uses animal eggs to create human stem cells because of the limited supply of human eggs. (scitizen.com)

In 2006, Kazutoshi Takahashi and Shinya Yamanaka reprogrammed mice fibroblast cells, which can produce only other fibroblast cells, to become pluripotent stem cells, which have the capacity to produce many different types of cells. (asu.edu)
Next, Takahashi tried to insert into a fibroblast cell multiple retroviral factors instead of one at a time. (asu.edu)
In the beginning preimplantation blastocysts (embryonic day time 4.5) from an outbred strain of CD:VRL1 rats (also called Sprague-Dawley (SD)) and inbred strains of Fischer 344 and Brown-Norway (BN) rats were individually seeded onto mitomycin C-treated mouse embryonic fibroblast cells in N2B27 medium supplemented with 2i-LIF (Supplementary info Data S1 Number 1A and ?and1B).1B). (researchhunt.com)
Above, a human stem cell colony, which is no more than 1 millimeter wide and comprises thousands of individual stem cells, grows on mouse embryonic fibroblast in a research laboratory in September 2001. (cnn.com)
Mouse embryonic fibroblast cells (MEFs) carrying an Oct4-GFP reporter were derived from day 13.5 embryos of the OG2 transgenic mouse strain and were cultured in Fibro Gro Low Serum (F.Gro) medium (Millipore). (molcells.org)

One group from CHA University in Seoul reported in Cell Stem Cell in April that it had managed to use cell nuclei from two men, aged 35 and 75, to create embryonic stem cell lines. (bioedge.org)
The adult cell nuclei were transferred into metaphase-II stage human oocytes, producing a karyotypically normal diploid embryonic stem cell line from each of the adult male donor cells. (news-medical.net)

From our research, several cases have been reported in which patients had developed tumors after spinal treatment with fetal stem cells. (stemaid.com)
1983) and the multipotent progenitor cells from fetal disease (Bjorklund and Lindvall, 2000). (lu.se)

Nature Cell Biology. (bdbiosciences.com)
Dr Paul Verma, Program Leader of MIMR's Stem Cell Biology Program and the Chief Investigator of the Victorian project team, will create the iPS cells for this project. (medicalxpress.com)
Right now, the hottest area in stem cell biology is that of induced pluripotent stem cells, or iPS cells, which have the ability to develop into several different tissue types. (cbc-network.org)
Social experiments in stem cell biology. (philpapers.org)
Philosophy of Stem Cell Biology - an Introduction. (philpapers.org)
Practical pursuit in stem cell biology: Innovation, translation, and incomplete theorization. (philpapers.org)
Understanding cell-fate decisions in stem cell populations is a major goal of modern biology. (lu.se)

Are 'synthetic embryos' of humans on the horizon? (theconversation.com)
Now, with the creation of human "synthetic embryos," aka, "embryo models, or "embryo replicas," which are constructed with pluripotent stem cells, I hope we are not slipping back into those bad old days of mendacity. (mindmatters.ai)

These moral perils are surely not a reason to oppose adult stem cell research, which deserves vigorous and expanded public support. (eppc.org)
Keep in mind, this is ethical adult stem cell research, which is in human clinical trials, helping patients NOW. (cbc-network.org)
Paul Wagle, M.A., discusses his experience with a life-saving adult stem cell treatment, and the importance of promoting ethical approaches to medical research. (flfamily.org)
The change of term constituted a clever ruse that bundled and confused in people's minds, the morally acceptable advances being made in adult stem-cell research, the morally dubious human cloning project, and the use of "spare" embryos for research that were "going to be discarded anyway. (lifelegaldefensefoundation.org)
Meanwhile, little reported by the mainstream media, adult stem-cell/umbilical-cord blood stem-cell research advanced at an exhilarating pace. (lifelegaldefensefoundation.org)

The protein, Notum, first discovered in fruit flies in 2002 and then found in mice and humans, is one of many that help determine embryonic development. (scitechdaily.com)
See "Review of Critical Article: Cobbe, 'Why the apparent haste to clone humans? (lifeissues.net)
In humans, somatic transfer has been less fruitful-the egg cell quits dividing and often dies after nuclear transfer. (the-scientist.com)
Properly controlled, adequately sized studies have yet to demonstrate that human embryonic stem cells have medical value in humans. (citizendium.org)
All humans start out as only one cell. (healthline.com)
It also means that finally getting the sheep technology to work with cells from adult humans may not turn out to be a turning point for this technology, after all. (usf.edu)
Viruses are currently used to induce the reprogramming of adult cells, and this process must be carefully tested before they can lead to safe and effective treatment in humans because, in animal studies, the virus used may sometimes cause cancers . (stemaid.com)
The Act also prohibits certain activities such as cloning humans or creating chimeras. (gc.ca)
2002). In humans, SSEA4 is expressed by building the nervous system but also for their prospec- nonneural cells such as the erythrocytes (Kannagi et al. (lu.se)

A Japanese team at Kyoto University has discovered how to reprogram skin cells so that they "dedifferentiate" into the equivalent of an embryonic stem cell. (blogspot.com)

This process gets rid of unneeded cells and is particularly important for "sculpting" tissue and organ structure during development of the embryo (or larval metamorphosis in insects), but may occur at any time even in adult cells when a tissue needs to be remodeled. (agemed.org)
The term stem cell is also used in reference to any adult cells that are capable of assisting in the restoration of adult tissue via self-renewal. (citizendium.org)
While other countries are publishing important studies showing tremendous progress in clinical trials for organ and tissue repair using adult stem cells, our country continues to be obsessed with embryonic stem cell research to our own detriment. (catholicphilly.com)
In a study published in the online journal Nature on March 1, 2009, Canadian researches described a new method for generating stem cells from adult human tissue. (cbc.ca)
This means they can potentially produce new cells for any organ or tissue. (healthline.com)
Although adipose tissue stem cells are more efficient than umbilical cord stem cells, they share similar limitations. (stemaid.com)
Unlike Adult stem cells, which are limited to differentiating into different cell types of their tissue of origin, ESC are pluripotent and can express the DNA of all the cell-types of the body. (stemaid.com)
8 Jun, 2007 04:13 pm Stem cells provide the starting material for the development and repair of every organ and tissue in the body and they are present in all stages of life. (scitizen.com)
It may be possible to engineer tissue from embryonic stem cells so doctors don't need to use these drugs. (ox.ac.uk)
It may be possible in the future to embryonic stem cells to produce brain tissue to replace the damaged brain tissue. (ox.ac.uk)
XI - embryonic stem cells: embryonic cells that are capable of modifying the cells of any organism tissue. (hinxtongroup.org)

Meanwhile, on the IPSC [induced pluripotent stem cells] front, [Dr. Shinya] Yamanaka-who refused to use embryonic stem cells because he saw his own children in them-has increased the efficiency of a method of creating pluripotent stem cells that don't appear to cause tumors. (nationalrighttolifenews.org)
However, iPSC generation is a slow, inefficient process, and not all of the resulting iPSC clones are functionally equivalent. (molcells.org)

The technique consists of taking an denucleated oocyte (egg cell) and implanting a donor nucleus from a somatic (body) cell. (wikipedia.org)
Those were spindle removal, donor cell fusion, and cytoplast activation. (news-medical.net)
The mitochondrial DNA of the stem cells, however, matched the donor egg's mitochondrial DNA. (news-medical.net)
The resulting cells were pluripotent and could be differentiated into insulin-producing beta cells to restore the function of the pancreas in the donor. (news-medical.net)
Due to the lack of normal immune system of the recipient mice, it is uncertain whether tumor-formation and immune-rejection resulted from the mice themselves or the donor stem cells. (atlasofscience.org)
Their parents wanted to have a child who could be a stem cell donor for Molly. (cnn.com)
Cells for HSCT may be obtained from the patient himself or herself (autologous transplant) or from another person, such as a sibling or unrelated donor (allogeneic transplant) or an identical twin (syngeneic transplant). (medscape.com)

Before leaving office, President Clinton sought to get around the existing law without actually changing it, by funding research on embryonic stem cells so long as the actual embryo destruction was paid for with private dollars. (eppc.org)
His action overturned an order approved by President George W. Bush in August 2001 that barred the National Institutes of Health from funding research on embryonic stem cells beyond using 60 cell lines that existed at that time. (cnn.com)

Cancer cells often spread (or metastasize ) throughout the body by way of the bloodstream or lymphatic vessels to form tumors in new locations beyond the primary site of origin. (agemed.org)
Adult stem cells are easier to control than embryonic stem cells and thus less likely to form tumors. (eppc.org)
Additionally, the so touted "potential benefits" are in this case more than questionable, given the great unresolved medical problems - including their propensity to create tumors - that embryonic stem cells pose. (catholicphilly.com)

The ten additional new lines resulted from nuclear transfer with skin cells of males or females and oocytes from biologically-unrelated females. (scienceblog.com)
The cloning method is based on the fact that cytoplasmic factors in mature, metaphase II oocytes are able to reset the identity of a transplanted adult cell nucleus to an embryonic state. (news-medical.net)

These cells behave like embryonic stem cells and are theoretically able to stimulate repair in the entire body. (stemaid.com)

Physicians could also extract DNA from the person who is going to receive the cellular transplant - creating a patient-specific treatment - though that would end up being far more expensive than drawing from a library of ready-made cells. (usf.edu)
Molly received a stem cell transplant from stem cells from Adam's umbilical cord. (cnn.com)

In June 2006, a Japanese group led by Shinya Yamanaka reported the first successful result with mouse skin cells, and between November 2007 and January 2008, Yamanaka's group and two American groups led by James Thomson and George Daley at Harvard University all reported the successful reprogramming of human skin cells into a state that is indistinguishable from human embryonic cells. (stanguthrie.com)
Takahashi and Yamanaka also experimented with human cell cultures in 2007. (asu.edu)
Yamanaka and others hypothesized that retroviruses could influence somatic cells to become stem cells. (asu.edu)
Yamanaka worked to find new ways to acquire embryonic stem cells to avoid the social and ethical controversies surrounding the use of human embryos in stem cell research during the late twentieth and early twenty-first centuries. (asu.edu)
Yamanaka claimed that Gurdon's work in reprogramming mature cells in frogs ( Xenopus ) in 1962 influenced his own work in reprogramming differentiated cells. (asu.edu)
Takahashi and Yamanaka placed the retrovirus-infected cells into cell culture with G418 antibiotic and cells to provide nourishment, called feeder cells. (asu.edu)
However, none of the cells showed a resistance to G418, so Takahashi and Yamanaka reworked their approach. (asu.edu)
Dr. Shinya Yamanaka of Japan and others have turned adult skin cells into human embryonic stem cells, without using an embryo. (nationalrighttolifenews.org)
In reality, gene somatic cells to a pluripotent cell state by a handful of transcrip- expression is graded, making the potential gene expression tion factors (Takahashi and Yamanaka, 2006). (lu.se)

Dermal fibroblasts were taken from a 35-year old male and a 75-year-old male and used to create embryonic stem cells. (news-medical.net)
This is by 4 early protein factors, the differentiated cells-such as fibroblasts, T and B cells-can return to pluripotent stem cells. (atlasofscience.org)
2008). Historically, this concept is highlighted by the experi- factors are key intrinsic regulators of these fate decisions and mental phenomenon of lineage reprogramming, for example, that fate choice involves modulating networks of transcription by the conversion of fibroblasts to muscles cells following trans- factors. (lu.se)

Tetraploid embryos could be produced by electrofusion at the stage of two-cell embryos, which could develop to blastocysts followed by fusion of cytoplasm and nucleus and cleavage in vitro. (bvsalud.org)
Blastocysts on embryonic time 4.5 were seeded on MEF NVP-AUY922 feeders individually. (researchhunt.com)

The fusion ultimately gives rise to a microscopic embryo, from which embryonic stem cells can theoretically be derived. (the-scientist.com)
And with a bit of coaxing, these cells could, theoretically, be prodded to turn into any sort of human cell - nerve, heart, liver and pancreas, for example. (usf.edu)
From this they can be morphed, theoretically, into any cell in the body, a property called pluripotency. (blogspot.com)

From their remarkable ability to transform into different types of cells to their role in regenerative medicine, we will explore how stem cells hold the key to revolutionizing healthcare and transforming lives. (stemcellassurance.com)
The rapidly emerging "regenerative" field of medicine is relying heavily on the use of ethically obtained stem cells. (flfamily.org)

Citizens disagree about whether we should destroy human embryos for their stem cells-and if so, which embryos, with whose money, under what regulatory guidelines. (eppc.org)
Furthermore, the use of diphtheria toxin -- which is far more toxic to human cells than mouse cells -- to destroy the human neurons in the mice reversed the observed improvements in motor function. (citizendium.org)
In particular, he would like the Congress to rescind legislation first enacted during the Clinton administration that prohibits the use of federal funding to create or destroy human embryos for medical research. (theinterim.com)
Pro-cloning forces have been working hard to convince state governments to pass constitutional amendments enshrining a "right" to clone and to destroy embryos for research. (flfamily.org)
The IUD and morning after pill destroy embryos. (ox.ac.uk)

This raises ethical concerns for people who believe that the destruction of a fertilized embryo is morally wrong. (healthline.com)

They are in an early stage of development and have the ability to become any type of cell to form skin, bones, organs or other body parts. (cbc.ca)
At this stage, these cells are not yet predetermined or specialized in any way, so there are no organs or even a single blood cell, just an "inner cell mass" from which embryonic stem cells can be obtained. (stemaid.com)

The disease specific stem cell lines could then be studied in order to better understand the condition. (wikipedia.org)
In contrast, currently existing hESC lines were derived from leftover embryos created for. (the-scientist.com)
The resulting clone developed into a microscopic embryo, which survived long enough for pluripotent stem cell lines to be derived. (the-scientist.com)
Currently, iPS cell lines show variability in their potential to produce mature cells. (medicalxpress.com)
Both methods need to be investigated further so we can determine which will produce the most robust cell lines," Dr Verma said. (medicalxpress.com)
Professor Tuch's team will also use their proficiencies in characterising human embryonic stem cell lines and bioinformatics. (medicalxpress.com)
The Bush administration at least limited federal funding for embryonic stem cell research to already-existing stem cell lines. (theinterim.com)
Now, Obama has extended federal support to research on all new, as well as old, stem cell lines produced in privately financed laboratories. (theinterim.com)
These cell lines will enable the study of human disease in cells in the laboratory. (scienceblog.com)
In laboratory culture, these cell lines displayed signs of immunological compatibility with the patients' cells, Science authors reported. (scienceblog.com)
The stem cell lines produced from patients with disease will likely display characteristics of the disease, so they will probably not be appropriate for direct use in treating patients. (scienceblog.com)
Voted YES on expanding research to more embryonic stem cell lines. (ontheissues.org)
They derived several human embryonic stem cell lines from these cloned embryos whose DNA was an exact match to the adult cell that donated the DNA. (news-medical.net)
But he says this does mean we could be getting closer to being able to go beyond cloned cell lines to cloning an entire human being. (usf.edu)
Both NVP-AUY922 cell lines were extensively propagated from solitary cells with normal karyotypes and were passaged at 3-day time intervals (Supplementary info Data S1 Number S1B). (researchhunt.com)
Sidebar Culture-derived Pluripotent Stem Cell lines Embryonal carcinoma cells (ECCs): derived from mouse teratocarcinomas these are the first PSC lines generated. (hiv-proteases.com)
In August 2001, President George W. Bush announced that he would allow federal funding for about 60 existing stem cell lines created before this date. (cnn.com)
The Act applies to the derivation of human pluripotent stem cells from human embryos, but does not apply to research using human embryonic stem cell lines that have already been derived. (gc.ca)
This new technique could be used to develop stem cell lines without use of controversial. (scitizen.com)
Yes, the president's policies have forced some research centers to set up separate labs for research on Bush-approved- and non-approved, stem-cell-research lines. (lifelegaldefensefoundation.org)
Similarly, GATA-1 has been shown to induce lineage switching expression values even if, for simplicity, we assume only ``on'' of committed cells in hematopoiesis, first in cell lines (Kulessa and ``off'' states for each gene. (lu.se)

Embryonic stem cell research, however, poses serious ethical concerns because it requires destroying an embryo in order to obtain the cells. (catholicphilly.com)
For decades, proponents of destructive embryo research have given at least lip service recognition to the serious ethical concerns inherent to such research. (flfamily.org)
Although the source of induced pluripotent stem cells does not raise unique ethical concerns, there are other ethical issues around related to the experimental use of human pluripotent stem cells whether they are derived from embryos or adults. (gc.ca)

After sixteen weeks, the injured mice who received human stem cell injections experienced a significant improvement in the motor functions that had been impaired by their injuries. (citizendium.org)
The authors wrote the article following their experiments with spleens of irradiated mice to demonstrate the existence of stem cells, had unknown properties. (asu.edu)
Each gene was inserted near the mouse Fbx15 gene, a gene that embryonic stem cells express during development in mice. (asu.edu)
Because the mice used in this strategy had normal immune system (as contrast with immune-deficient mice), in theory, we can avoid tumor formation and immune-rejection during stem cell therapy. (atlasofscience.org)
In mice without grafts, very few stem cells travelled to the wound. (nationalrighttolifenews.org)
Histone deacetylase inhibitor scriptaid rescues full-term development in cloned inbred mice by enhancing nascent mRNA production.Reproduction, 138: 309-317, 2009(IF: 3.413). (edu.vn)
RUNX1-deficient mice fail to generate hematopoietic stem cells. (biolegend.com)
The stage-specific embryonic antigen 4 (SSEA4) is com- isolate the NSCs from neonatal mice and rats (Campos monly used as a cell surface marker to identify the pluri- et al. (lu.se)
Immunohisto- have been used for positive selection of NSCs from em- chemistry on human embryonic central nervous system bryonic mice (Nagato et al. (lu.se)

That's why Father Pacholczyk, director of education at the National Catholic Bioethics Center in Philadelphia, said that the efforts to help people understand the immorality of embryo reserch, including human cloning, must focus on humanizing the issue and appreciating our own embryonic origins, not just on the desired results of embryonic or other types of stem-cell research. (archstl.org)
The subject of human cloning has been around for much of the 20th century and beyond. (archstl.org)
A decade later, cloning came to the forefront in Missouri with the narrow passage of Amendment 2, a ballot initiative in 2006 that constitutionally protects embryonic stem-cell research and human cloning. (archstl.org)
Mr Jennings said changes to the Victorian Infertility Treatment Act and the NSW Human Cloning and Other Prohibited Practices Act have opened up new opportunities for stem cell research in Australia. (medicalxpress.com)
That is to say, we risk turning developed cells into developing embryos, and thus risk engaging in the very activities of embryo destruction and human cloning that we seek to avoid. (eppc.org)
Obama has even gone so far as to suggest that the Congress should authorize human cloning for medical research. (theinterim.com)
Why, though, can Obama not grasp that human cloning for medical research is also dangerous and profoundly wrong, if only because it is all too likely to lead to human cloning for reproduction? (theinterim.com)
WHA50.37 of 1997 argues that human cloning is ethically unacceptable and contrary to human integrity and morality. (who.int)
General Assembly the adoption of a declaration on human cloning by which Member States were called upon to prohibit all forms of human cloning inasmuch as they are incompatible with human dignity and the protection of human life. (who.int)
We need to separate the facts from the popular fictions about human cloning. (flfamily.org)
21 Nov, 2007 10:54 am A huge advancement in stem cell research--and a stake in the heart of human cloning--was announced yesterday. (scitizen.com)
Big Biotech responded to the Bush policy by mounting a powerful public advocacy campaign aimed at both opening the federal spigots, and breaking the back of the moral opposition to ESCR and human cloning research. (lifelegaldefensefoundation.org)
In November 2004, California voters passed Proposition 71, agreeing to borrow $3 billion over ten years to pay private companies, and their business partners in major university research centers, to conduct human cloning research and ESCR. (lifelegaldefensefoundation.org)
Then, just a few weeks ago, New Jersey voters shocked the science and political worlds by rejecting a $450 million bond measure that, like California's Proposition 71, would have funded human cloning and embryonic-stem-cell research. (lifelegaldefensefoundation.org)
For performing human cloning: Punishment by confinement from 2 (two) to 5 (five) years and fine. (hinxtongroup.org)

When Notum was not present, the embryos would become a sack of skin cells with no head and a tiny brain, a result of embryonic progenitor cells making only epidermal but not neural cells. (scitechdaily.com)
The attached embryos robustly generated outgrowths comprising Oct4-positive cells indicating the presence of Sera progenitor cells (Supplementary info Data S1 Number 1C). (researchhunt.com)
To varying degrees, these fates also extend to the Such state stability is required in stem and progenitor cells to immediate progeny of stem cells, known as progenitor or support self-renewal and maintenance of the uncommitted transit-amplifying cells. (lu.se)

Using the SURVEYOR nuclease assay 13 , we assessed the ability of each Cas9-sgRNA complex to generate indels in human embryonic kidney (HEK) 293FT cells through the induction of DNA doublestranded breaks (DSBs) and subsequent nonhomologous end joining (NHEJ) DNA damage repair (Online Methods). (cdc.gov)

Anatomy55

Organisms11

Diseases6

Chemicals and Drugs57

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment47

Phenomena and Processes55

Disciplines and Occupations4

Technology, Industry, Agriculture1

Information Science3

ESCs16

Therapeutic25

Similar to embryonic stem3

IPSCs14

Produce embryonic stem2

Differentiation13

Tissues19

Genes15

Blastocyst13

Bone marrow14

Genetic21

Genetically11

Scientists40

Called induced pluri2

Somatic cell24

Researchers25

Germ4

Transplantation7

Alternative to embryonic stem2

Reproductive12

Parkinson's10

Dolly6

Differentiate13

Obtain pluripotent cells1

SCNT12

Therapies7

Eggs7

Fibroblast5

Nuclei2

Fetal2

Biology7

Synthetic embryos2

Adult stem5

Humans9

Reprogram1

Tissue11

IPSC2

Donor7

Research on embryon2

Tumors3

Oocytes2

Behave1

Transplant2

Yamanaka9

Fibroblasts3

Blastocysts2

Theoretically3

Regenerative2

Destroy5

Morally1

Organs2

Lines21

Ethical concerns3

Mice9

Human Cloning15

Progenitor cells3

Generate1