• In a concurrent article in the January Scientific American, the researchers explained that their results could "represent the dawn of a new age in medicine by demonstrating that the goal of therapeutic cloning is within reach. (scientificamerican.com)
  • Therapeutic cloningin contrast to reproductive cloning, intended to create a babywould produce the stem cells needed to treat diabetes, paralysis and other currently incurable conditions. (scientificamerican.com)
  • Researchers have been hoping to harness the therapeutic potential of cloning ever since the cloning of Dolly the sheep in 1997. (nih.gov)
  • In another strategy, called therapeutic cloning, the embryo can instead be used to create stem cells that are genetically identical to a patient. (nih.gov)
  • Therapeutic cloning has garnered a great deal of attention over the past few years, but until now it had only been achieved in the mouse. (nih.gov)
  • Their report, published in the same issue of the journal, confirms that therapeutic cloning has now been accomplished in primates for the first time. (nih.gov)
  • Although this study proves that the therapeutic cloning of primates is possible, there are still many hurdles to be overcome. (nih.gov)
  • 2 The multiple therapeutic achievements that have been demonstrated using adult stem cells, and the promise they hold for other diseases, such as neurodegenerative disorders or diabetes, make efforts to support this fruitful avenue of investigation an urgent matter. (lifeissues.net)
  • Embryonic stem-cell experiments have not yet produced a single unqualified therapeutic success, not even in animal models. (lifeissues.net)
  • 4. The so-called "therapeutic cloning", which would be better called "research cloning" because we are still far from therapeutic applications, has been proposed in order to avert the potential immune rejection of embryonic stem cells derived from a donor other than the host. (lifeissues.net)
  • Moreover, a non-human primate model of cloning, which would be necessary in order to conduct experiments to establish safety before attempting therapeutic experiments in human beings, has yet to be developed. (lifeissues.net)
  • 5. The health benefits of therapeutic cloning are hypothetical, in as much as the method itself remains mainly a hypothesis. (lifeissues.net)
  • Indeed, even putting aside fundamental ethical considerations other than the patient's expectations, the present state of "therapeutic cloning" precludes, now and in the near future, any clinical application. (lifeissues.net)
  • 5. In 2001, France and Germany requested the United Nations General Assembly to develop international conventions on human reproductive cloning, therapeutic cloning and research on stem cells. (who.int)
  • Despite this apparent setback, the field of embryonic stem cell research and therapeutic cloning remains incredibly promising as demonstrated by some of our nation's leading scientists," says Daniel Perry, president of the Coalition for the Advancement of Medical Research. (thenewatlantis.com)
  • After years of touting so-called "therapeutic cloning" - the idea that stem cells from cloned blastocysts would supply every sick person with his own "biological repair kit" - no one has achieved even the first step toward making this medical dream a reality. (thenewatlantis.com)
  • Most Americans, and most legislators, probably assume that there are at least established animal models for the use of ESCs from "therapeutic cloning. (thenewatlantis.com)
  • Some studies published by Advanced Cell Technology and others have been touted as showing benefits from stem cells harvested from cloned animal embryos - but in each case, the study had to achieve its therapeutic goal by implanting the embryo in an animal's uterus and growing it to the fetal stage, then killing the fetus for more developed fetal stem cells. (thenewatlantis.com)
  • Such "fetus farming" is now apparently seen by some researchers as the new paradigm for human "therapeutic cloning," and some state laws on cloning (e.g. (thenewatlantis.com)
  • It may be that "therapeutic cloning" cannot be made to work without conducting the "reproductive cloning" that almost everyone condemns - placing embryos in women's wombs, in this case in order to abort them later for their more developed tissues. (thenewatlantis.com)
  • Any attempt to ban human cloning technology should be rejected permanently, because cloning-therapeutic and reproductive-is morally good. (capitalismmagazine.com)
  • Consider first therapeutic cloning, which opponents perversely condemn as "anti-life. (capitalismmagazine.com)
  • Senator Sam Brownback, who has sponsored a Congressional ban on all cloning, says therapeutic cloning is "creating human life to destroy [it]. (capitalismmagazine.com)
  • In fact, therapeutic cloning is a highly pro -life technology, since cloned embryos can be used to extract medically potent embryonic stem cells. (capitalismmagazine.com)
  • Opponents of therapeutic cloning know all this, but are unmoved. (capitalismmagazine.com)
  • This is because their fundamental objection is not that therapeutic cloning is antilife, but that it entails "playing God"-i.e., remaking nature to serve human purposes. (capitalismmagazine.com)
  • An Australian ban on therapeutic cloning was lifted in December 2006 after a long debate in Federal parliament. (bioedge.org)
  • Therapeutic cloning possesses enormous potential for revolutionizing medical and therapeutic techniques. (who.int)
  • This is therapeutic cloning. (who.int)
  • Since that time, the discussion has turned towards the possibilities of cloning human beings either for research ("therapeutic") or reproductive purposes, and even as a potential means for organ farming. (cbhd.org)
  • Though both seek a ban on what is being called 'reproductive' cloning--in which a clonal human embryo is implanted in a woman with the intent that a cloned human being will be born--they differ dramatically with respect to what is being termed 'therapeutic' cloning. (cbhd.org)
  • To achieve this end, we believe that a comprehensive ban prohibiting both 'reproductive' and 'therapeutic' cloning is needed. (cbhd.org)
  • I. The overwhelming consensus in this country that human reproductive cloning should not be permitted necessitates a ban on both reproductive and 'therapeutic' cloning. (cbhd.org)
  • 4 While most U.S. citizens support a ban on the reproductive cloning of human beings, they may or may not support a ban on 'therapeutic' cloning. (cbhd.org)
  • Yet, to enact a ban on the former while simultaneously permitting the latter would almost certainly result in instances of both reproductive and 'therapeutic' cloning. (cbhd.org)
  • That is, if it were legal to create clonal embryos for 'therapeutic'--but not for reproductive--purposes, the demise of these embryos would be required in order to prevent the illegal practice of reproductive cloning from occurring. (cbhd.org)
  • Indeed, if clonal human embryos were created in the laboratory for 'therapeutic' purposes, the mandate that they not be implanted or otherwise allowed to progress toward birth would prove very difficult to defend. (cbhd.org)
  • Reproductive cloning in humans and therapeutic cloning in primates: is the ethical debate catching up with the recent scientific advances? (bmj.com)
  • The National Academy of Sciences, while supporting (2001) such so-called therapeutic or research cloning, has opposed (2002) the cloning of humans for reproductive purposes, deeming it unsafe, but many ethicists, religious and political leaders, and others have called for banning human cloning for any purpose. (infoplease.com)
  • The experiment, the first published report of cloned human stem cells, means so-called therapeutic cloning is no longer a theory but a reality. (skewsme.com)
  • When an embryo like this is implanted into a uterus, as with Dolly, the process is called reproductive cloning. (nih.gov)
  • Gene Therapy Germ line Therapy: reproductive cells- affects offspring Somatic Therapy: body cells of an individual Ex. (slideserve.com)
  • 6. Scientists, philosophers, politicians and humanists agree on the need for an international ban on reproductive cloning. (lifeissues.net)
  • 2. Over the years, the international community has tried without success to build a consensus on an international convention against the reproductive cloning of human beings. (who.int)
  • 3. Creating awareness among ministries of health in the African Region will provide them with critical and relevant information on the reproductive cloning of human beings and its implications to the health status of the general population. (who.int)
  • 7. The WHO Regional Committee for Africa is invited to review this document for information and guidance concerning reproductive cloning of human beings. (who.int)
  • 3. Media reports on nuclear transfer are usually about one form, reproductive nuclear transfer, also known as reproductive cloning of human beings . (who.int)
  • Some seek to ban all cloning, while others oppose "only" reproductive cloning. (capitalismmagazine.com)
  • The same virtue applies to reproductive cloning-which, despite the ridiculous, horror-movie scenarios conjured up by its opponents, would simply result in time-separated twins just as human as anyone else. (capitalismmagazine.com)
  • Once it becomes safe, reproductive cloning will have legitimate uses for infertile couples and for preventing the transmission of genetic diseases. (capitalismmagazine.com)
  • At stake with reproductive cloning is not only whether you can conceive a child who shares your genetic makeup, but whether you have the right to improve the genetic makeup of your children: to prevent them from getting genetic diseases, to prolong their lifespan or to improve their physical appearance. (capitalismmagazine.com)
  • Cloning technology, however, is perceived as having the potential for reproductive cloning, which raises serious ethical and moral concerns. (who.int)
  • This is reproductive cloning, and can in theory be applied to any species of mammals, including humans. (who.int)
  • Ethical issues specific to human cloning include: the safety and efficacy of the procedure, cloning for destructive embryonic stem cell research, the effects of reproductive cloning on the child/parent relationship, and the commodification of human life as a research product. (cbhd.org)
  • An overwhelming majority of scientists, lawyers, health care professionals, ethicists and the general public has spoken out strongly against creating a human baby via what is being termed 'reproductive cloning. (cbhd.org)
  • First, if a ban only on reproductive cloning were adopted, enforcement would require the legally mandated destruction of human embryos created via cloning. (cbhd.org)
  • A person familiar with the research says "many tens" of human IVF embryos were created for the experiment using the donated sperm of men carrying inherited disease mutations. (technologyreview.com)
  • 15. Generation of embryonic stem cell lines from mouse blastocysts developed in vivo and in vitro: relation to Oct-4 expression. (nih.gov)
  • 19. Establishment of human embryonic stem cell lines from frozen-thawed blastocysts using STO cell feeder layers. (nih.gov)
  • other laboratories can make only cloned blastocysts (early-stage embryos), but not full-term offspring. (bbc.co.uk)
  • Currently, the 2009 NIH Guidelines for Human Stem Cell Research specifically prohibit introducing human pluripotent cells into nonhuman primate blastocysts and the breeding of animals into which human pluripotent cells may have contributed to the germ line (egg or sperm cells). (nih.gov)
  • Jan 29 (Reuters) - In experiments that could open a new era in stem cell biology, scientists have found a cheap and easy way to reprogram mature cells from mice back into an embryonic-like state that allowed them to generate many types of tissue. (medscape.com)
  • Within days, the scientists found that the cells survived and recovered from the stressful stimulus by naturally reverting into a state similar to that of an embryonic stem cell. (medscape.com)
  • To date, three previous reports of editing human embryos were all published by scientists in China. (technologyreview.com)
  • In altering the DNA code of human embryos, the objective of scientists is to show that they can eradicate or correct genes that cause inherited disease, like the blood condition beta-thalassemia. (technologyreview.com)
  • But other scientists confirmed the editing of embryos using CRISPR. (technologyreview.com)
  • A letter from eight scientists, including Ian Wilmut, the cloner of Dolly the sheep, is published in Science calling for validation of Hwang's results: "We encourage Hwang's laboratory to cooperate with us to perform an independent test of his cell lines. (bioedonline.org)
  • Plans to allow British scientists to create human-animal embryos are expected to be approved tomorrow by the government's fertility regulator. (physiciansforlife.org)
  • The Human Fertilisation and Embryology Authority published its long-awaited public consultation on the controversial research yesterday, revealing that a majority of people were 'at ease' with scientists creating the hybrid embryos. (physiciansforlife.org)
  • The consultation papers were released ahead of the authority's final decision on the matter, which will mark the end of almost a year of intense lobbying by scientists and a fervent campaign by organisations opposed to research involving embryonic stem cells. (physiciansforlife.org)
  • In December, the government sparked a revolt by scientists, patient groups and medical researchers when it published a white paper containing proposals to outlaw almost all research into animal-human embryos. (physiciansforlife.org)
  • The British government is set to make a decision on 5Sept07 about whether scientists can engage in human and animal cloning that fuses the two together. (physiciansforlife.org)
  • Weizmann Institute researcher Jacob Hanna said the scientists' creation 'is really a textbook image of a human day-14 embryo,' something that 'hasn't been done before. (lifesitenews.com)
  • Scientists say that because fetal tissue cells can divide and grow more quickly than other types of cells, they are highly valuable for research , including studies investigating human development, treatment of spinal cord injuries and diseases that affect the brain. (livescience.com)
  • 1. Cloning is an umbrella term traditionally used by scientists to describe different processes for duplicating biological material. (who.int)
  • The truth surely lies somewhere between these extremes: the scandal implicates far more than a few Korean scientists, but it does not undermine science in general, unless one foolishly equates human cloning with all of science. (thenewatlantis.com)
  • T he first obvious conclusion, as noted by the Washington Post , is that "the highly touted field of embryonic stem cell research is years behind where scientists thought it was. (thenewatlantis.com)
  • Ever since speculation over the healing potential of human embryonic stem cells began circulating after scientists isolated them in 1998, I have wondered what I would do if scientists ever extracted a cure for my child's incurable disease from tiny human lives like the one I had cherished. (christianitytoday.com)
  • I set out to find answers by talking to two stem-cell scientists about the ethics of their work. (christianitytoday.com)
  • In a huge breakthrough for medical progress, scientists from South Korea have finally created a cloned human embryo and extracted its stem cells-a feat that makes life-saving embryonic stem-cell treatments that much closer to reality. (capitalismmagazine.com)
  • Chinese scientists have successfully created chimeric embryos containing a combination of human and pig cells. (bioedge.org)
  • The concept of human cloning has long been in the imagination of many scientists, scholars and fiction writers [1]. (who.int)
  • However, while the success rate for cloning remains low, this does not mean the technology has ground to a halt: scientists still see great scientific and commercial potential. (bbc.co.uk)
  • To research more, scientists need more human embryonic stem cells, which, of course, means more destrution of embryos to obtain the stem cells. (prolifelouisiana.org)
  • The use of embryos from In Vitro are dependent on the donation of these embryos by the parents to scientists. (prolifelouisiana.org)
  • This limits the number of embryos scientists can acquire. (prolifelouisiana.org)
  • South Korean scientists announced in 2004 that they had cloned 30 human embryos, but an investigation in 2005 determined that the data had been fabricated. (infoplease.com)
  • By Wesley J. Smith When George W. Bush put federal funding restrictions on embryonic stem cell research, the media and "the scientists" screamed that he was "anti-science" and that he was destroying the "only hope" for CURES! (nationalrighttolifenews.org)
  • Cardin adds, "Stem cell research has the potential to help scientists make tremendous breakthroughs in medical innovation. (issues2000.org)
  • But the mismatch also raises the possibility that the embryonic stem-cell lines were not cloned from the stated patients. (bioedonline.org)
  • Researchers reported in Nature on November 22, 2007, that they successfully isolated 2 embryonic stem cell lines from cloned embryos made using cells from the skin of an adult rhesus macaque. (nih.gov)
  • The team that isolated the embryonic stem cell lines was led by Dr. Shoukhrat Mitalipov at Oregon Health and Science University in Portland. (nih.gov)
  • The stem cells, the researchers showed, could turn into heart or nerve cells in the laboratory, and had other characteristics of established embryonic stem cell lines. (nih.gov)
  • WHA50.37 of 1997 argues that human cloning is ethically unacceptable and contrary to human integrity and morality. (who.int)
  • Dr Teruhiko Wakayama, of the Center for Developmental Biology in Riken, Japan, was part of the team that created the first cloned mouse, Cumulin, born in 1997. (bbc.co.uk)
  • In 1997 Dolly the Sheep was the first mammal ever to be cloned. (cbhd.org)
  • See G. Kolata, Clone (1997). (infoplease.com)
  • By Presidential memorandum of March 4, 1997, NIH is prohibited from using Federal funds for cloning of human beings. (nih.gov)
  • Harry Griffin, assistant director at the Roslin Institute, which cloned Dolly the sheep, also questioned whether the work should have been published. (scientificamerican.com)
  • Professor Ian Wilmut, whose team cloned Dolly the sheep, is waiting for the HFEA's decision before applying to create hybrid embryos to study motor neurone disease with Professor Chris Shaw at the Institute of Psychiatry in London. (physiciansforlife.org)
  • The last edition of Bio-Tech had to be hastily rewritten to include information about Dolly the sheep, who was cloned from another sheep as the manuscript was being finalized. (sjgames.com)
  • That is how the first cloned sheep, named "Dolly", was created [3]. (who.int)
  • It turns out that somatic cell nuclear transfer - the process used to create Dolly and her cloned peers - is just not that efficient. (bbc.co.uk)
  • Martin Rees, president of the Royal Society, said: 'The HFEA's consultation reveals welcome recognition of the potential of this research, [with] 61% of the general public agreeing with the creation of human-animal embryos, if it may help understand diseases, with only a quarter opposed to this research. (physiciansforlife.org)
  • With recent advances in stem cell and gene editing technologies, an increasing number of researchers are interested in growing human tissues and organs in animals by introducing pluripotent human cells into early animal embryos. (nih.gov)
  • Therefore, as I wrote about last fall, NIH instituted a funding moratorium in September 2015 ( NOT-OD-15-158 ) for research proposing to introduce human pluripotent cells into animal embryos prior to gastrulation stage-the beginning of development of the three germ layers. (nih.gov)
  • A humble Finn Dorset sheep had turned on its head the widely held belief that mammalian cloning from adult cells was a scientific impossibility. (bbc.co.uk)
  • But crack this for one species and you still haven't solved the complexities of cloning - it also turns out that early development in different mammalian species is incredibly varied. (bbc.co.uk)
  • In a true mammalian clone (as in Gurdon's frog clone) the nucleus from a body cell of an animal is inserted into an egg, which then develops into an individual that is genetically identical to the original animal. (infoplease.com)
  • For his doctoral thesis, Dr. Brinster developed the first reliable in vitro culture system for early mammalian embryos. (avma.org)
  • Today, this technique continues to form the foundation for research on mammalian embryos, including technologies such as transgenic engineering, embryonic stem cell therapy, human in vitro fertilization, mammalian cloning, and knockout engineering. (avma.org)
  • Why the apparent haste to clone humans? (bmj.com)
  • Although none of the embryos were allowed to develop for more than a few days-and there was never any intention of implanting them into a womb-the experiments are a milestone on what may prove to be an inevitable journey toward the birth of the first genetically modified humans. (technologyreview.com)
  • Opponents of the research and some religious groups say the work blurs the distinction between humans and animals, and creates embryos that are destined to be destroyed when stem cells are extracted from them. (physiciansforlife.org)
  • In May, the government withdrew its opposition in a draft fertility bill and now seeks to outlaw only embryos created by mixing sperm and eggs from humans and animals. (physiciansforlife.org)
  • We also know that within humans (and other animal species) there are cells called stem cells. (who.int)
  • In 2001 researchers in Massachusetts announced that they were trying to clone humans in an attempt to extract stem cells . (infoplease.com)
  • Similar contractions in the early human embryo may contribute to the frequent mosaicism for different repeat lengths that are seen in humans with FXS. (nih.gov)
  • This is achieved by transplanting the genetic material of the compromised egg cell into a donor egg cell with healthier cytoplasm that has previously had its own genetic material removed. (elifesciences.org)
  • Using this technique, it is possible to generate human egg cells for IVF that have the genetic material from the intended mother without the defects in the cytoplasm that may be responsible for infertility. (elifesciences.org)
  • An egg contains genetic material (RNA) and proteins that were made during the formation of the egg within the ovary and can support development up to the eight-cell stage without any signals from the DNA in the nucleus. (scientificamerican.com)
  • The technique used to test for genetic disorders is embryo screening. (educationquizzes.com)
  • In addition, each Center provides services on a fee-for-service basis to investigators which includes specialties such as colony management and breeding services, assisted reproduction services, embryonic stem cell and microinjection services, genetic analysis, phenotyping, pathology and diagnostics. (nih.gov)
  • The transfer of such cloned embryonic stem cells into a patient would be therefore extremely hazardous: these cells might provoke genetic disorders, or initiate leukemias or other cancers. (lifeissues.net)
  • A clone is an organism that is a genetic copy of an existing one. (who.int)
  • 2. Nuclear transfer is a technique used to duplicate genetic material by creating an embryo through the transfer and fusion of a diploid cell in an enucleated female oocyte.2 Cloning has a broader meaning than nuclear transfer as it also involves gene replication and natural or induced embryo splitting (see Annex 1). (who.int)
  • The technique involves removing the nucleus of one cell from a donor animal and transferring it into an unfertilised egg that has had its own genetic material removed. (bbc.co.uk)
  • Professor Keith Campbell, one of Dolly's creators, now based at Nottingham University, said: "The idea would be to use cloning to introduce beneficial genetic changes into animals or to reproduce superior genetic animals to breed back into the population. (bbc.co.uk)
  • Human cloning is the creation of a human being whose genetic make-up is nearly identical 1 to that of a currently or previously existing individual. (cbhd.org)
  • Moreover, Dr. Brinster first demonstrated that teratocarcinoma cells could combine with blastocyst cells to form adult chimeric mice, establishing the feasibility of this approach to change the genetic character of mice. (avma.org)
  • 10T1/2 cells: an in vitro model for molecular genetic analysis of mesodermal determination and differentiation. (nih.gov)
  • Valuable as these investigations have been, they have not been able to place differentiation into the larger context of development, specifically into the context of the earlier developmental process of cell determination, when embryonic stem cell lineages are formed and the genetic regulatory programs for cell type-specific gene activation and expression are acquired by stem cells. (nih.gov)
  • The clonal mouse embryo cell line, C3H/10T1/2, clone 8 (10T1/2) provides a unique opportunity to examine the molecular genetic regulation of both the developmental determination of vertebrate stem cell lineages and their subsequent differentiation. (nih.gov)
  • The most significant discovery has been that 10T1/2 lineage determination is under simple genetic control and that the regulatory genes that mediate the formation of myogenic cell lineages, and likely the chondrogenic and adipogenic lineages, can be demonstrated and studied by genomic DNA and cDNA transfection approaches. (nih.gov)
  • This paper is a description of the remarkable properties and genetic behaviors of the 10T1/2 cells and a discussion of the insights that future studies of this cell may provide. (nih.gov)
  • 2 Indeed, fertilization is the beginning of the existence of the human being, the human embryo, the human organism, the human individual, and the "embryonic period. (lifeissues.net)
  • The term "human embryo or embryos" includes any organism not protected as a human subject under 45 CFR 46, as of the date of enactment of the governing appropriations act, that is derived by fertilization, parthenogenesis, cloning, or any other means from one or more human gametes or human diploid cells. (nih.gov)
  • Our proof-of-concept experiments show that replacement of the entire cytoplasm of oocytes from a sensitive mouse strain overcomes massive embryo developmental arrest characteristic of non-manipulated oocytes. (elifesciences.org)
  • The cleavage (12.0 to 19.5%), 4-cell (8.0 to 12.0%) and 8-cell (4.0 to 8.0%) formation rates in sei whales did not vary significantly between embryos derived from either grade A or B oocytes and between embryos cultured in either fetal whale serum (FWS)- or bovine serum albumin (BSA)-supplemented medium. (cambridge.org)
  • The cleavage (4.0 to 14.8%), 4-cell (0.0 to 7.5%) and 8-cell (0.0 to 2.6%) formation rates in Bryde's whales did not vary significantly between embryos derived from either grade A or B oocytes and between embryos cultured in either FWS- or BSA-supplemented medium. (cambridge.org)
  • Because the harvesting of embryonic stem cells requires the destruction of a human embryo, the technique has been the subject of ethical concerns and protests from pro-life campaigners. (medscape.com)
  • Above all, it is universally agreed that the use of adult stem cells does not entail any ethical problems. (lifeissues.net)
  • 8 Technical problems aside, the need to extract these cells from living human embryos raises ethical questions of the highest order. (lifeissues.net)
  • First, he identified the three-day-old blastocyst (the tiny embryo from which stem cells are extracted) as the point of ethical controversy. (christianitytoday.com)
  • The director of the lobby group Australians for Ethical Stem Cell Research, David van Gend, criticised the issuing of the licence. (bioedge.org)
  • However, that is not the same for ethical stem cell research. (prolifelouisiana.org)
  • However, uncertainty about the effects of human cells on off-target organs and tissues in the chimeric animals, particularly in the nervous system, raises ethical and animal welfare concerns. (nih.gov)
  • The guidelines would also prohibit federal funding for research in which human ES cells - or reprogrammed human "induced pluripotent" stem cells, which have similar properties - are introduced into pre-implantation primate embryos, or any breeding experiment in which an animal might produce sperm or eggs derived from these human cells. (newscientist.com)
  • These structures are preventing acquisition to and dissemination of the accurate scientific information regarding the full humanity and personhood of the early human embryo. (lifeissues.net)
  • Chris Mason, chair of regenerative medicine bioprocessing at University College London, who was not involved in the work, said its approach was "the most simple, lowest-cost and quickest method" to generate so-called pluripotent cells - able to develop into many different cell types - from mature cells. (medscape.com)
  • Asked what the difference is between an iPS cell that has been reverted back to its pluripotent state and an embryo in its earliest, single-cell stage, Gurdon replied, "Probably none. (lifesitenews.com)
  • The mechanisms underlying the low efficiency of reprogramming somatic cells into induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells are poorly understood," write the authors. (lifesitenews.com)
  • This latest discovery related to induced pluripotent stem cells could prove a set-back in the efforts to use them in regenerative medicine. (lifesitenews.com)
  • 4. [Isolation and culture of human pluripotent embryonic germ cells]. (nih.gov)
  • 6. Analysis of Esg1 expression in pluripotent cells and the germline reveals similarities with Oct4 and Sox2 and differences between human pluripotent cell lines. (nih.gov)
  • 7. Generation and characterization of pluripotent stem cells from cloned bovine embryos. (nih.gov)
  • 11. Derivation and characterization of pluripotent embryonic germ cells in chicken. (nih.gov)
  • 13. Cluster characterization of mouse embryonic stem cell-derived pluripotent embryoid bodies in four distinct developmental stages. (nih.gov)
  • Human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) are inherently sensitive cells. (nih.gov)
  • This inefficiency of cell cloning represents a major obstacle for the standardization and streamlining of gene editing in induced pluripotent stem cells for basic and translational research. (nih.gov)
  • The NIH notes that although the Guidelines pertain primarily to the donation of embryos for the derivation of hESCs, one Section also applies to certain uses of both hESCs and human induced pluripotent stem cells. (nih.gov)
  • Also, the Guidelines discuss applicable regulatory standards when research involving human adult stem cells or induced pluripotent stem cells constitutes human subject research. (nih.gov)
  • The study was performed in several Good Manufacturing Practice laboratories manufacturing diverse cell therapy products (human mesenchymal stromal cells, hematopoietic progenitor cells, leukapheresis products, fibroblasts and induced pluripotent stem cells). (bvsalud.org)
  • To advance regenerative medicine, it is common practice to validate the potency of pluripotent human cells - which can become any tissue in the body - through introducing them into rodents. (nih.gov)
  • Single-cell dissociation and the establishment of clonal cell lines have been long-standing challenges. (nih.gov)
  • This latter type of cloning involves the creation and subsequent destruction of a clonal human embryo for the purposes of scientific or medical research. (cbhd.org)
  • Now Mitalipov is believed to have broken new ground both in the number of embryos experimented upon and by demonstrating that it is possible to safely and efficiently correct defective genes that cause inherited diseases. (technologyreview.com)
  • Cloning in higher species involves somatic cell nuclear transfer, a process in which the nucleus of a somatic (non-germ) cell is taken out and inserted into an enucleated fertilized female germ cell (egg, ovum). (who.int)
  • This cell then has the capacity to divide and grow into an exact replica of the original from whom the somatic cell was taken. (who.int)
  • Cloning is also known as "somatic cell nuclear transfer" (SCNT), the technical process by which cloning is performed. (cbhd.org)
  • This undated microscopic photograph shows established human embryonic stem cells by somatic cell nuclear transfer during the experiment in Seoul. (skewsme.com)
  • If we can work out the mechanisms by which differentiation states are maintained and lost, it could open up a wide range of possibilities for new research and applications using living cells," said Haruko Obokata, who lead the work at RIKEN. (medscape.com)
  • 5. In vitro neuronal differentiation of cultured human embryonic germ cells. (nih.gov)
  • 12. Establishment and in vitro differentiation of a new embryonic stem cell line from human blastocyst. (nih.gov)
  • 16. Cell surface 5T4 antigen is transiently upregulated during early human embryonic stem cell differentiation: effect of 5T4 phenotype on neural lineage formation. (nih.gov)
  • 17. Characterization and multilineage differentiation of embryonic stem cells derived from a buffalo parthenogenetic embryo. (nih.gov)
  • 18. [Establishment and differentiation of murine EG cell lines derived from primordial germ cells]. (nih.gov)
  • Nuclear pore composition regulates neural stem/progenitor cell differentiation in the mouse embryo. (genscript.com)
  • As its name implies, the expression of SSEA-3 is stage-specific and can be used to characterize embryonic cells and monitor their differentiation. (bdbiosciences.com)
  • As human stem cells undergo differentiation, SSEA-3 expression diminishes. (bdbiosciences.com)
  • Surface antigens of human embryonic stem cells: changes upon differentiation in culture. (bdbiosciences.com)
  • Then, these lines are either immediately frozen for later experimentation, or they are experimented on to see how they differentiate into specific cells, at what rate the differentiation is done, and how the differentiation can be controlled. (prolifelouisiana.org)
  • Because in the embryo these cells differentiate into all different types of cells at amazing speed, it is very difficult to control the type and rate of differentiation. (prolifelouisiana.org)
  • This means that when hESC are removed from the embryo, the source that directs and provides a blueprint for differentiation, hESC are unstable and unreliable. (prolifelouisiana.org)
  • Unstable and unreliable cell differentiation can lead to a teratoma, defined as an uncontrollable tumor, where cells differentiate with no central plan leaving a mass of bone, muscle, heart, teeth, and other tissue together. (prolifelouisiana.org)
  • Progress has been made in understanding the molecular mechanisms that regulate cell type-specific gene expression during the terminal differentiation of cells into specialized tissue types. (nih.gov)
  • No expansions were seen in the iPSCs, however, a small expansion was observed upon their initial differentiation into neuronal cells. (nih.gov)
  • The process is termed " germline engineering " because any genetically modified child would then pass the changes on to subsequent generations via their own germ cells-the egg and sperm. (technologyreview.com)
  • Eleven other eggs injected with the nucleus of a skin cell failed to develop. (scientificamerican.com)
  • Cloning entails taking the nucleus - the compartment that contains the DNA - from an adult cell and putting it into an egg from which the original nucleus has been removed. (nih.gov)
  • The egg then "reprograms" the adult nucleus so that the cell behaves like an embryo but has the genes of the adult cell. (nih.gov)
  • Different versions of the same gene found on a pair of chromosomes in the nucleus of a cell are called alleles. (educationquizzes.com)
  • A cloned embryo is created by inserting the nucleus of a human body cell into a denucleated egg, which is then induced to divide until it reaches the embryo stage. (capitalismmagazine.com)
  • When the nucleus of a stem cell is removed and replaced by a nucleus of another cell type, the stem cell will then be reprogrammed to produce the product of the implanted nucleus, when it fully develops. (who.int)
  • It is prohibited by Louisiana Law to experiment on human embryos developed through In Vitro Fertilization. (prolifelouisiana.org)
  • Laboratory experiments in in vitro fertilization of human eggs led in 1993 to the "cloning" of human embryos by dividing such fertilized eggs at a very early stage of development, but this technique actually produces a twin rather than a clone. (infoplease.com)
  • Beginning with mature, adult cells, researchers let them multiply and then subjected them to stress "almost to the point of death", they explained, by exposing them to various events including trauma, low oxygen levels and acidic environments. (medscape.com)
  • These stem cells created by this exposure to stresses - dubbed STAP cells by the researchers - were then able to differentiate and mature into different types of cells and tissue, depending on the environments they were given. (medscape.com)
  • Researchers have demonstrated they can efficiently improve the DNA of human embryos. (technologyreview.com)
  • The first known attempt at creating genetically modified human embryos in the United States has been carried out by a team of researchers in Portland, Oregon, MIT Technology Review has learned. (technologyreview.com)
  • In the experiment, the ACT researchers injected cumulus cells into eggs that had their nuclei removed. (scientificamerican.com)
  • Researchers want to create hybrid embryos by merging human cells with animal eggs, in the hope they will be able to extract valuable embryonic stem cells from them. (physiciansforlife.org)
  • Researchers have achieved a major milestone in embryonic stem cell research: they isolated embryonic stem cells for the first time from a cloned primate embryo. (nih.gov)
  • Before this new study was published, Nature asked another group of researchers to confirm that the stem cells were genetically identical to the donor skin cells. (nih.gov)
  • Dr. Hwang Woo Suk and his colleagues, the only researchers in the world to convince the scientific community that they had cloned human embryos and derived embryonic stem cells (ESCs) from them, are now seen as having perpetrated a massive deception. (thenewatlantis.com)
  • Some cloning advocates claim that this event has no implications beyond the malfeasance of a few Korean researchers. (thenewatlantis.com)
  • As the New York Times has observed, "The technique for cloning human cells, which seemed to have been achieved since March 2004, now turns out not to exist at all, forcing cloning researchers back to square one. (thenewatlantis.com)
  • Although ACT's researchers only managed to bring one cloned embryo to the six-cell stage - and whether they created an embryo at all remains uncertain - they were certainly not able to obtain any stem cells. (thenewatlantis.com)
  • What does it mean when even embryonic stem-cell researchers have some qualms about their work? (christianitytoday.com)
  • But some researchers are disappointed that the NIH has not gone further and opened the door to the future funding of projects involving cells taken from embryos created specifically for research - including those made by cloning. (newscientist.com)
  • The other main concern of researchers is that some of the small number of ES cell lines currently eligible for federal funding may not meet the strict standards for informed consent laid down in the draft guidelines. (newscientist.com)
  • NIH researchers successfully treated adults with severe sickle cell disease using a modified stem cell transplant approach that doesn't require extensive immune-suppressing drugs. (nih.gov)
  • The cloning of two monkeys that was reported in 2017 by researchers at the Chinese Academy of Science, Shanghai, did not use DNA from adult cells but from an aborted macaque fetus. (infoplease.com)
  • South Korean and U.S. researchers said on February 12, 2004 that they had cloned a human embryo and extracted from it sought-after cells called embryonic stem cells. (skewsme.com)
  • Biomedical researchers have created and used animal models containing human cells for decades to gain valuable insights into human biology and disease development. (nih.gov)
  • carrying out cryopreservation of mouse embryos and sperm to preserve valuable mouse lines. (nih.gov)
  • BACKGROUND AIMS: Successful cell cryopreservation and banking remain a major challenge for the manufacture of cell therapy products, particularly in relation to providing a hermetic, sterile cryovial that ensures optimal viability and stability post-thaw while minimizing exposure to toxic cryoprotective agents, typically dimethyl sulfoxide (Me2SO). (bvsalud.org)
  • Laboratories compared Limbo technology (Cellulis S.L.) with their standard cryopreservation procedure, analyzing cell recovery, viability, phenotype and functionality. (bvsalud.org)
  • The answer is that stem cell research requires the destruction of living human beings. (equip.org)
  • Furthermore, government-sanctioned destruction of human embryos isn't just unethical, it violates existing law. (equip.org)
  • Surprised by this declaration, I asked if he anticipated the destruction of any other embryos in his work. (christianitytoday.com)
  • Then he added, "This idea of the destruction of multiple embryos being a problem is complete nonsense. (christianitytoday.com)
  • However, because theses stem cells are a necessary part of the embryos development, isolating the hESC necesitates the destruction of the embryo, which turns what was beautiful into a disgrace. (prolifelouisiana.org)
  • 2 Such embryonic destruction is usually carried out as a means of obtaining the embryo's 'stem cells'--cells which some believe have the potential to revolutionize medicine by restoring the health of persons suffering from a variety of debilitating conditions. (cbhd.org)
  • .'5 Although abortion is currently legal in this country, the majority of U.S. citizens would surely react strongly against and refuse to adhere to a governmental policy that mandated the destruction of human life (or the punishment/ incarceration of women known to have defied the law by giving birth to human clones). (cbhd.org)
  • Stage-specific embryonic antigens (SSEA-3 and -4) are epitopes of a unique globo-series ganglioside isolated from human teratocarcinoma cells. (bdbiosciences.com)
  • Shevinsky LH, Knowles BB, Damjanov I, Solter D. Monoclonal antibody to murine embryos defines a stage-specific embryonic antigen expressed on mouse embryos and human teratocarcinoma cells. (bdbiosciences.com)
  • Except for changes in the hereditary material that come about by mutation , all members of a clone are genetically identical. (infoplease.com)
  • The unexpected plasticity of adult stem cells has made it possible to use this type of undifferentiated, self-renewing cell successfully for the healing of various human tissues and organs, 1 particularly in hearts damaged after myocardial infarction. (lifeissues.net)
  • Some children have been successfully treated with blood stem cell, or bone marrow, transplants. (nih.gov)
  • cloning succeeds 4% or less of the time in the species that have been successfully cloned. (infoplease.com)
  • The effects of COCs grades and protein supplementation in embryo culture medium on development of in vitro fertilized (IVF) embryos were evaluated in sei and Bryde's whales in Experiment 2. (cambridge.org)
  • One of the most urgent yet least discussed medical dilemmas today is access to the correct basic scientific information regarding the human embryo - scientific information which demonstrates empirically that normally every human being begins to exist at fertilization in the woman's fallopian tube as a single-cell embryo, the zygote. (lifeissues.net)
  • The NIH modified the definition to say that human embryonic stem cells "are cells that are derived from the inner cell mass of blastocyst stage human embryos, are capable of dividing without differentiating for a prolonged period in culture, and are known to develop into cells and tissues of the three primary germ layers. (nih.gov)
  • According to some biologists, a cloned embryo would attain its true status as an embryo only when the DNA from the cumulus cell transferred into the egg began transcription (in which its genes begin to issue instructions to make proteins for embryonic development). (scientificamerican.com)
  • This means that every person on the Earth (other than identical twins who came from the same egg cell) has a unique set of genes. (educationquizzes.com)
  • It has been well established that most of the non-human embryos produced through nuclear transfer cloning are abnormal, with a deficiency in several of the genes (imprinted and non imprinted) necessary to the development of the early embryo. (lifeissues.net)
  • applied MST to infertile female mice and found that the technique could permanently correct deficiencies in the cytoplasms of poor quality egg cells, allowing the mice to give birth to healthy offspring. (elifesciences.org)
  • To accomplish these goals, the MMRRC Consortium is responsible for obtaining mice from donating investigators and establishing banks of cryopreserved sperm, embryos, and related materials for distribution to research investigators. (nih.gov)
  • The current collections at the MMRRC Consortium consists of 61,866 unique mutant al eles (submission include live mice, frozen germplasm, or embryonic stem cells). (nih.gov)
  • For example, human tumor cells are routinely grown in mice to study cancer disease processes and to evaluate potential treatment strategies. (nih.gov)
  • human cells are introduced into post-gastrulation non-human mammals (excluding rodents), where there could be either a substantial contribution or a substantial functional modification to the animal brain by the human cells. (nih.gov)
  • He said: "Mouse cloning is much more difficult than creating cow, sheep or pig clones. (bbc.co.uk)
  • Later experiments in cloning resulted in the development of a sheep from a cell of an adult ewe (in Scotland, in 1996), and since then rodents, cattle, swine, and other animals have also been cloned from adult animals. (infoplease.com)
  • and (3) on the incorrect science propagated historically and currently in international bioethics debates on human cloning, human embryonic, and human fetal stem cell research. (lifeissues.net)
  • Concerns about ethics, errors (accidental or intentional) and possible fraud have dogged the stem-cell researcher Woo Suk Hwang, from Seoul National University in South Korea, since his landmark 2004 Science paper on stem cells from a cloned human embryo. (bioedonline.org)
  • I was asked this question by Hans S. Keirstead, an embryonic stem-cell researcher at the Reeve-Irvine Research Center in Southern California. (christianitytoday.com)
  • I am slightly disappointed by the fact that, technically, cloning is only slightly better than it was originally," explained Professor Ian Wilmut, one of Dolly's creators who is now based at Edinburgh University. (bbc.co.uk)
  • And because of the pluripotency of embryonic stem cells and the corresponding supposed hope for medicinal use, researchs have sought to isolate these hESC. (prolifelouisiana.org)
  • In human embryonic stem cell research (hESCR), the beauty of the human blastocyst is destroyed for the sake of using these hESC to treat other diseases. (prolifelouisiana.org)
  • Again, the hESC gathered from the In Vitro embryo are not going to be used to heal that embryo, meaning wherever these hESC are used, there will be the concern that the immune sysem of the patient will reject the stem cells. (prolifelouisiana.org)
  • The stability of the repeat was examined in patient-derived iPSCs and in neural progenitors and neurons derived from these iPSCs and in individual clones isolated from a FXS hESC line. (nih.gov)
  • The Executive Order states that the Secretary of Health and Human Services, through the Director of NIH, may support and conduct responsible, scientifically worthy human stem cell research, including human embryonic stem cell (hESC) research, to the extent permitted by law. (nih.gov)
  • Cumulus cells nurture eggs in the ovary. (scientificamerican.com)
  • Among the eight eggs injected with cumulus cells, two divided until they became four-cell embryos, and one proceeded until it reached six cells. (scientificamerican.com)
  • They did not present in their paper any evidence that the nuclei that they transferred into the eggs were biologically active," notes Brigid Hogan, a developmental biologist at Vanderbilt University and a member of a National Academy of Sciences panel examining the scientific and medical aspects of human cloning. (scientificamerican.com)
  • There is, in our view, no way that individual embryos can be created to provide individual treatment for this number of peopleit would be incredibly costly, and there are simply not enough human eggs available. (scientificamerican.com)
  • Using this method of embryo manipulation, he next worked out many aspects of the metabolism and development of eggs and early embryos. (avma.org)
  • In 2004 the United Nations enacted a treaty outlawing the production of human clones. (sjgames.com)
  • On November 25, 2001, a Massachusetts biotechnology company, Advanced Cell Technology (ACT), reported in an online journal e-biomed: The Journal of Regenerative Medicine that it had cloned the first human embryos. (scientificamerican.com)
  • By Dave Andrusko For years, bioethicist Wesley J. Smith has kept close tabs on the California Institute of Regenerative Medicine, established after voters in 2004 approved a state ballot initiative, Proposition 71, which funded embryonic stem cell/human cloning research using $3 billion in bonds. (nationalrighttolifenews.org)
  • Further experiments studied the offspring and their descendants over several generations and found that they also had higher quality egg cells and normal levels of fertility. (elifesciences.org)
  • These findings open up the possibility of developing new treatments for infertility caused by problems with egg cells, so experiments involving human egg cells are now being performed to evaluate the safety and effectiveness of the technique. (elifesciences.org)
  • Unless these grave hazards are removed, embryonic stem-cell experiments would not have any clinical application. (lifeissues.net)
  • It is unspeakable that we should continue this project of creating living human embryos with the sole purpose of destroying them when the compelling justification for such experiments has gone,' Dr van Gend said. (bioedge.org)
  • He says this is because each species has a different and specific nuclear transfer "recipe", or protocol, required for cloning success. (bbc.co.uk)
  • The effort, led by Shoukhrat Mitalipov of Oregon Health and Science University, involved changing the DNA of a large number of one-cell embryos with the gene-editing technique CRISPR, according to people familiar with the scientific results. (technologyreview.com)
  • Insertion of gene of interest into the cloning vector (how? (slideserve.com)
  • The following Nup107 gene cDNA ORF clone sequences were retrieved from the NCBI Reference Sequence Database (RefSeq). (genscript.com)
  • Furthermore, per the NIH Director's Statement of April 28, 2015, NIH will not fund any use of gene-editing technologies in human embryos. (nih.gov)
  • Stem cell biologists will be able to seek US federal funding for research on dozens - maybe even hundreds - of human stem cell lines that were previously off limits, under draft guidelines issued on Friday by the National Institutes of Health (NIH). (newscientist.com)
  • If these groups succeed, there will be a strong demand from stem cell biologists to study these cells using federal funding - which would not be allowed under the draft guidelines. (newscientist.com)
  • Columnist Armstrong Williams condemns all cloning as "human egotism, or the desire to exert our will over every aspect of our surroundings," and cautions: "We're not God. (capitalismmagazine.com)
  • If adopted in their current form, the guidelines would allow federal funds to be used for research on human embryonic stem (ES) cells isolated from "spare" embryos from fertility clinics. (newscientist.com)
  • As well as restricting funding to research on cells derived from spare fertility-clinic embryos, the draft NIH guidelines include standards to ensure that embryo donors consented to the cells' use in research and that they received no payments or other inducements. (newscientist.com)
  • Picture from Sydney IVF clinic shows a human embryo (left) and the stem cells grown from it (right). (skewsme.com)
  • Human embryonic stem cells: research, ethics and policy. (nih.gov)
  • By Wesley J. Smith The embryonic stem cell and human cloning research debates are not "science" arguments, but rather, disputes over proper ethics in the pursuit of science. (nationalrighttolifenews.org)
  • 2. Human embryonic germ cells isolation from early stages of post-implantation embryos. (nih.gov)
  • 3. Fibroblast-like cells derived from the gonadal ridges and dorsal mesenteries of human embryos as feeder cells for the culture of human embryonic germ cells. (nih.gov)
  • 8. Hematopoietic development of primordial germ cell-derived mouse embryonic germ cells in culture. (nih.gov)
  • 9. Reprogramming primordial germ cells (PGC) to embryonic germ (EG) cells. (nih.gov)
  • 14. Characterization, isolation and culture of primordial germ cells in domestic animals: recent progress and insights from the ovine species. (nih.gov)
  • Multi-cellular organisms and higher species replicate naturally through a reproduction mechanism involving male and female germ cells. (who.int)