Embryonic stem cellOrganismBlastocystSpermVitro fertilizationSomaticBiologyTherapeuticEggsFetusAssisted reproductionDolly1997TissuesGenesGovernance of humanPreimplantationDevelopmentsGeneImplantationFail to implantBeingsSurrogateStem cellExogenousProhibitProcessesAsexual reproductionOvineExperimentationSheepSustaining technologyUterusOrganismsMammalsEthicalParkinson'sCellsNaturallyCellMolecularPetriInefficientGenomeTissueFertilitySuccessfullySpareBioethicistsResearchDevelopmentSubstancesArtificialResearchersTechnologiesMoralProceduresOccurMiceAdultInfertility
Embryonic stem cell2
- Researchers reported in Nature on November 22, 2007, that they successfully isolated 2 embryonic stem cell lines from cloned embryos made using cells from the skin of an adult rhesus macaque. (nih.gov)
- Stem cell technologies have been dogged by controversy because of objections over the morality of sacrificing human embryos to produce the first human embryonic stem cell lines. (schlich.co.uk)
Organism7
- … "embryo" means a human organism during the first 56 days of its development following fertilization or creation, excluding any time during which its development has been suspended, and includes any cell derived from such an organism that is used for the purpose of creating a human being. (hinxtongroup.org)
- The related concept of Longevity Determination , however, is the result of a species-specific genomic expression during early development that positions the somatic tissues of an organism to survive long after its reproductive period has been completed. (agemed.org)
- Stem cell research is, in part, a quest to understand cellular differentiation, the process by which a human being develops from one fertilized cell into a multicellular organism composed of over 200 different cell types - for example muscle, nerve, blood cell, or kidney. (jcpa.org)
- This is the most known form of cloning and involves creating a genetically identical replica of a whole organism. (geminigenetics.com)
- The process of reproductive cloning involves the nucleus of a somatic (body) cell from a donor organism to be cloned being transferred into an egg cell whose nucleus (genetic material) has been removed. (geminigenetics.com)
- A clone is an organism that is a genetic copy of an existing one. (who.int)
- The National Institutes of Health defines a human embryo as "the developing organism from the time of fertilization until the end of the eighth week of gestation. (archstl.org)
Blastocyst5
- A blastocyst (cloned or not), because it lacks any trace of a nervous system, has no capacity for suffering or conscious experience in any form - the special properties that, in our view, spell the difference between biological tissue and a human life worthy of respect and rights. (wikiquote.org)
- Additional biological facts suggest that a blastocyst should not be identified with a unique individual person, even if the argument that it lacks sentience is set aside. (wikiquote.org)
- The stem cells derived from the inner mass of a blastocyst lack the ability to form a fetus when implanted into a woman, but are self-renewing and can be maintained for long periods of time in the laboratory as undifferentiated stem cells. (jcpa.org)
- Therapeutic cloning involves the creation of an early-stage embryo (blastocyst) and the removal of stem cells from the developing embryo. (geminigenetics.com)
- In the first 4 - 5 days after fertilization, the early-stage embryo (or blastocyst) is comprised of about 150 cells, within which there is a region called the Inner Cell Mass containing the stem cells. (jewishvaluesonline.org)
Sperm6
- Moreover, most early-stage embryos that are produced naturally (that is, through the union of egg and sperm resulting from sexual intercourse) fail to implant and are therefore wasted or destroyed. (wikiquote.org)
- The cells were then used to create eggs, which were fertilised with the sperm of a different male mouse and implanted into the uteruses of surrogate female mice . (iol.co.za)
- Advances in the biotechnology industry have increased scientists' understanding of the human genome and enhanced their ability to genetically modify eggs, sperm, and human embryos. (nyu.edu)
- Concerning reproductive tissues, several reports have described RHAMM-mediated promotion of cell growth and movement, sperm motility (8), angiogenesis (3) and embryonic development (9). (jri.ir)
- banning of commercialized child bearing (i.e. partial and full surrogacy) as well as the crucial sale of ova, embryos or foetal parts and sperm. (wcc2013.info)
- And the distinction is between that and germline gene editing, which is using CRISPR and other gene-editing tools on sperm or eggs or early embryos in a way that would make changes that would be throughout every cell in that person's body and also pass onto future generations. (findinggeniuspodcast.com)
Vitro fertilization4
- This paper gives an Islamic perspective on some of these advances, including abortion, in vitro fertilization, genetic engineering, cloning and stem cell research. (who.int)
- The biomedical accomplishment of human in vitro fertilization and embryo transfer (IVF-ET) took years to become the successful technique that presently enables infertile couples to have their own children. (asu.edu)
- In vitro fertilization (IVF) is a common and effective alternative reproductive technology which assists women become pregnant. (thno.org)
- For example, pre-implantation genetic diagnosis ("PGD") has grown to be a common service at fertility clinics, allowing couples undergoing in vitro fertilization to test multiple embryos for genetic disorders before deciding which one to implant. (nyu.edu)
Somatic3
- It is also our view that there are no sound reasons for treating the early-stage human embryo or cloned human embryo as anything special, or as having moral status greater than human somatic cells in tissue culture. (wikiquote.org)
- Indeed, if passed, Hatch/Feinstein/Kerry would explicitly legalize doing in humans the very cloning procedure -- somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) -- that was used to make Dolly the sheep . (lifeissues.net)
- It became a hot topic in 1996 when Dolly the sheep was cloned via a process called somatic cell nuclear transfer. (archstl.org)
Biology6
- In biology , cloning is the process of producing similar populations of genetically identical individuals that occurs in nature when organisms such as bacteria , insects or plants reproduce asexually . (wikiquote.org)
- Nonetheless, the research marks "a milestone in reproductive biology", they commented in Nature. (iol.co.za)
- It is quite possible that the advances in human biology in the remainder of the twentieth century will be remembered as the most significant scientific achievement of the animal species known as Homo sapiens . (lifeissues.net)
- A new field of research in reproductive biology was heralded by the discovery of melatonin in 1958. (veterinarskiglasnik.rs)
- Therefore, Xenopus embryos have become significant and unique resources for the research of early embryo development and cell biology. (rwdstco.com)
- 1974. Biological handbooks: Biology data book. (cdc.gov)
Therapeutic9
- Researchers have been hoping to harness the therapeutic potential of cloning ever since the cloning of Dolly the sheep in 1997. (nih.gov)
- In another strategy, called therapeutic cloning, the embryo can instead be used to create stem cells that are genetically identical to a patient. (nih.gov)
- Therapeutic cloning has garnered a great deal of attention over the past few years, but until now it had only been achieved in the mouse. (nih.gov)
- Their report, published in the same issue of the journal, confirms that therapeutic cloning has now been accomplished in primates for the first time. (nih.gov)
- Although this study proves that the therapeutic cloning of primates is possible, there are still many hurdles to be overcome. (nih.gov)
- Therapeutic cloning refers to the production of embryonic stem cells for medicinal reasons, for example regenerative medicine and tissue replacement. (geminigenetics.com)
- 5. In 2001, France and Germany requested the United Nations General Assembly to develop international conventions on human reproductive cloning, therapeutic cloning and research on stem cells. (who.int)
- Therapeutic Cloning - Use of a donor cell to create pluripotent stem cells suitable for growing tissues for implantation into the donor or other patient. (schlich.co.uk)
- If biotech scientists have the ability to manipulate the genes of an embryo or gamete cell for non-therapeutic purposes, it could be argued that these genetically modified cells are in fact patentable "inventions," given that the material was not, in that particular sequence, naturally occurring. (nyu.edu)
Eggs3
- Claims that you could clone individual treatments of human beings to treat common diseases like diabetes, suggests you need a huge supply of human eggs. (wikiquote.org)
- Even if you don't have a religious view of the sanctity of life, you have to ask is there going to be a massive trade in human eggs from poor women to rich countries. (wikiquote.org)
- In July 2005, for example, scientists announced that they had engineered adult mouse stem cells into usable mouse eggs, a technique that might one day allow for the creation of human eggs from ordinary human cells. (eppc.org)
Fetus3
- … "human clone" means an embryo that, as a result of the manipulation of human reproductive material or an in vitro embryo, contains a diploid set of chromosomes obtained from a single - living or deceased - human being, fetus, or embryo. (hinxtongroup.org)
- Similarly, when the fertilized egg divides from two cells into four cells, each of these four cells has the potential to individually form a human fetus. (jcpa.org)
- Most of the current technologies that closely resemble actual genetic selection focus on testing the embryo or fetus to screen for several undesirable physiological genetic characteristics. (nyu.edu)
Assisted reproduction1
- It is true that the Catholic position on assisted reproduction is clear and well-documented, but in my years of struggling with infertility I found few options or resources for discussing the church's teachings with a real human being or for sharing my pain with others in the same situation. (americamagazine.org)
Dolly4
- Comment: Indeed, if passed, "total cloning bans" H.R. 534, H.R. 234, H.R. 916, and S. 245 would not ban anything either - not even the SCNT cloning technique that was used to make Dolly the sheep. (lifeissues.net)
- When an embryo like this is implanted into a uterus, as with Dolly, the process is called reproductive cloning. (nih.gov)
- The cloning of 'Dolly The Sheep' in 1996 by the Rosalind Institute in Scotland, UK, is the most recognised example of reproductive cloning. (geminigenetics.com)
- is a British developmental biologist who was the first to use nuclear transfer of differentiated adult cells to generate a mammalian clone, a Finn Dorset sheep named Dolly, born in 1996. (mathisfunforum.com)
19971
- WHA50.37 of 1997 argues that human cloning is ethically unacceptable and contrary to human integrity and morality. (who.int)
Tissues5
- In embryos, cells derived from a fertilised egg divide repeatedly to produce tissues for the developing foetus. (biotopics.co.uk)
- Numerous biological components, including genes, cells, tissues, and even complete creatures like sheep, have been cloned by researchers, and now cat, dog and equine cloning is widely and reliably available via international companies such as our partner, ViaGen Pets & Equine. (geminigenetics.com)
- However, the mice were grossly normal when dab2 deletion was restricted to the embryo proper and the gene was retained in extraembryonic tissues using Meox2-Cre and Sox2-Cre. (biomedcentral.com)
- In the normal course of gestation, these cells will divide and split off from one another to become every cell in the human body, forming the various organs and tissues. (jewishvaluesonline.org)
- To characterize biological antioxidant function of selenoneine in fish, the accumulation of selenoneine and other selenium compounds, i. e., sodium selenite and selenomethionine, in the muscle and other tissues of red seabream. (bvsalud.org)
Genes3
- The egg then "reprograms" the adult nucleus so that the cell behaves like an embryo but has the genes of the adult cell. (nih.gov)
- One of our most powerful tools to fight biological obliteration is CRISPR, a burgeoning gene-editing technology that acts like a molecular blade , slicing DNA apart and allowing us to add and subtract genes at will. (cnet.com)
- Moreover, in Myriad Genetics , the Supreme Court found that an identical provision was inapplicable in a discussion on real and synthetic human genes, noting that the "Act does not even mention genes, much less isolated DNA. (nyu.edu)
Governance of human3
- increased public sensitivity and awareness together with the development of national regulations of governance of human cloning and embryo research in general. (lifeissues.net)
- 3. National regulations of governance of human cloning and embryo research in general adopted so far confirm the convergence of views of the refusal to adopt legislation or guidelines permitting reproductive cloning , while they still show variations on the legitimacy of human cloning carried out as part of research agendas. (lifeissues.net)
- And what we're focused on is trying to encourage responsible uses and effective governance of human genetic and assisted reproductive technologies. (findinggeniuspodcast.com)
Preimplantation1
- showed, for the first time, that RHAMM is differentially expressed during all stages of preimplantation human embryos and human embryonic stem cells (hESC), and indicated that RHAMM knockdown results in down-regulation of several pluripotency markers in hESCs, induction of early extraembryonic lineage, loss of cell viability, and changes in hESC cycle (2). (jri.ir)
Developments4
- Developments in biotechnology have raised new concerns about animal welfare, as farm animals now have their genomes modified (genetically engineered) or copied (cloned) to propagate certain traits useful to agribusiness, such as meat yield or feed conversion. (wikiquote.org)
- An in-depth analysis aiming at re-defining this terminology according to the new developments in human embryo research would be highly beneficial . (lifeissues.net)
- A ABSTRACT Modern advances in human genetic and reproductive technologies are among the recent developments disturbing the balance between the spiritual and the material components of life. (who.int)
- g) Encourages its member churches and other groups to keep themselves informed on how new developments in reproductive technology affect families, and especially women, and develop a pastoral ministry to counsel people facing these issues, including those who choose, or are pressurized into, utilizing such reproductive techniques. (wcc2013.info)
Gene16
- Attempts to improve the quality of the human gene pool, or "positive eugenics," have generally been viewed with disfavor, especially after the policies in Nazi Germany promoting racial hygiene (Proctor 1988). (encyclopedia.com)
- On e of the wardens protecting these animals in Chillingham Cattle Park, Denene Crossley, states how "being isolated, they've managed to essentially purify their gene pool, to the point where they're natural clones of each other. (geminigenetics.com)
- Molecular cloning refers to the production of multiple copies of a DNA fragment or gene. (geminigenetics.com)
- Gene cloning refers to the identification and duplication of a single gene or a DNA segment, for the intention of investigating its function or creating a particular protein. (geminigenetics.com)
- 2. Nuclear transfer is a technique used to duplicate genetic material by creating an embryo through the transfer and fusion of a diploid cell in an enucleated female oocyte.2 Cloning has a broader meaning than nuclear transfer as it also involves gene replication and natural or induced embryo splitting (see Annex 1). (who.int)
- An expanded five-member GH gene cluster spans approximately 48 kb on chromosome 17 of the human genome, whereas the sole human PRL gene is present on chromosome 6 [ 2 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
- Applications such as the construction of genetically modified and cloned animals, and the studies on gene and cell development are becoming more prevalent. (rwdstco.com)
- Every gene in the human body is encoded as deoxyribonucleic acid ("DNA"), and Myriad Genetics confronted the issue of whether a naturally occurring segment of DNA was eligible for patent. (nyu.edu)
- [10] While one can consequently interpret Myriad in a way that limits the scope of the Act, it leaves open the question of the patentability of modified human gametes and embryos and the altered or synthetic gene sequencing which could potentially be encompassed within those gametes and embryos. (nyu.edu)
- In this podcast, Katie Hasson, PhD, Program Director, Center for Genetics and Society, delivers an interesting overview of the current state of gene editing, and the ethical and legislative issues that pertain to human biotechnologies. (findinggeniuspodcast.com)
- She discusses where the current discourse is, regarding human gene editing, touching on groundbreaking advances such as CRISPR (clustered regular interspaced short palindromic repeats). (findinggeniuspodcast.com)
- My main focus is in our work around human gene editing and really focused on how we can bring more perspectives and more voices into the really urgent conversations that we need to be having and the society about how we want to use powerful biotechnology like human gene editing. (findinggeniuspodcast.com)
- So, there's been conversations about how we should use human gene editing that has gone on for a long time, right? (findinggeniuspodcast.com)
- The early two thousand back when the conversation was more around human cloning but in the past few years with the emergence of CRISPR and the different ways of using CRISPR gene editing, these conversations have really gotten much more prevalent and much more important. (findinggeniuspodcast.com)
- And there is a range of ways that a CRISPR and other forms of gene editing can be used on humans. (findinggeniuspodcast.com)
- A fragment of the Dab2 human cDNA was also isolated based on its frequent loss of expression in ovarian cancer, and was termed DOC-2 (Differentially expressed in ovarian carcinoma gene 2) [ 2 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Implantation4
- Endometrial receptivity, also called the 'window' of implantation, refers to the state of the endometrium when the endometrial epithelium is structurally and functionally ready to accept the embryo for implantation [ 2 - 4 ]. (thno.org)
- The uterus undergoes extensive remodeling during estrous cycle and embryo implantation (10). (jri.ir)
- It is known that RHAMM plays an important role in several cellular events, but the role of RHAMM during estrous cycle and embryo implantation has not been investigated much. (jri.ir)
- If implantation of the embryo is not contemplated, embryonic human life is static. (jewishvaluesonline.org)
Fail to implant1
- However, more than half cases still fail to implant due to the inadequate endometrial receptivity, even the transferred embryos are apparently normal [ 1 ]. (thno.org)
Beings10
- This means that critical medical treatments can be refused patients or removed from them without their consent, live organs can be removed, or, as bioethicist Dr. Richard Frye (Senior Scholar, The Hastings Center) publishes, we have a strong moral obligation to use such non-person human beings ("possible people") in purely experimental destructive research for the greater good of society IN PLACE OF THE HIGHER PRIMATES WHO ARE PERSONS. (lifeissues.net)
- human beings have developed innovative technologies to treat and cure disease, to enhance human living conditions, and to protect or improve the environment. (jcpa.org)
- After seeing little feminist reaction to the Hayes and Isasi memorandum, I'm forced to acknowledge a dangerous vacuum in Transhumanist [one who believes human beings can be improved by science and technology] and progressive bioethicist circles: there are very few vocal feminists fighting for women's rights to control the genetic makeup of their offspring. (sentientdevelopments.com)
- The use of the technique of nuclear transfer for reproduction of human beings is surrounded by strong ethical concerns and controversies and is considered a threat to human dignity. (who.int)
- 2. Over the years, the international community has tried without success to build a consensus on an international convention against the reproductive cloning of human beings. (who.int)
- 3. Creating awareness among ministries of health in the African Region will provide them with critical and relevant information on the reproductive cloning of human beings and its implications to the health status of the general population. (who.int)
- 7. The WHO Regional Committee for Africa is invited to review this document for information and guidance concerning reproductive cloning of human beings. (who.int)
- 3. Media reports on nuclear transfer are usually about one form, reproductive nuclear transfer, also known as reproductive cloning of human beings . (who.int)
- The absolute reality is that human beings have complete dominion over life on this planet. (cnet.com)
- Even if successful, human beings would have no way to cope with the social and emotional needs a sapient chimpanzee, bonobo, or parrot would have. (blogspot.com)
Surrogate4
- A domestic cow also served as the surrogate for the developing gaur clone. (asu.edu)
- The resulting embryo is then implanted into a surrogate mother, resulting in the birth of an animal genetically identical to the body cell donor. (geminigenetics.com)
- The embryo is then allowed to mature in the laboratory for a few days before being transferred to a surrogate mum. (geminigenetics.com)
- The surrogate mum carries the cloned pet for the gestation period and once ready, gives birth to the clone who will be an identical genetic twin to the original pet whose skin sample was used to make the nucleus of the donor egg cell. (geminigenetics.com)
Stem cell18
- It's given name is the "Human Cloning Ban and Stem Cell Research Protection Act of 2003," the stated purpose of which, supposedly, is to "prohibit human cloning and to protect important areas of medical research, including stem cell research. (lifeissues.net)
- Jonathan Bayerl and Diana Laird, stem cell and reproductive experts at the University of California, San Francisco, said it was not known if the process would even work with human stem cells. (iol.co.za)
- In order to better appreciate the role of stem cell research in reproductive medicine, there is a need to understand the critical biological principles of stem cell research and its potential applications to medicine. (jcpa.org)
- While there is a great deal published on the potential medical applications of stem cell research to treat or cure diseases such as diabetes, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, cancer, and heart disease, much less has been published on the future impact of stem cell research in reproductive medicine. (jcpa.org)
- In addition, specific proteins or biological substances can be added to these stem cell cultures to transform them in the laboratory into a large variety of specialized cell types, such as nerve, liver, muscle, bone, and blood cells. (jcpa.org)
- Advanced Cell Technology (ACT), a stem cell biotechnology company in Worcester, Massachusetts, showed the potential for cloning to contribute to conservation efforts. (asu.edu)
- Research advocates attack President Bush for "banning stem cell research," while pro-life advocates lament a Republican administration and Congress that have banned nothing-not embryo destruction, not human cloning, not fetal farming, not genetic engineering. (eppc.org)
- But if we are to make wise policy the stem cell/cloning arena, we need to step back, sort out the various scientific alternatives and moral issues, and search for a way forward that all citizens can embrace. (eppc.org)
- To this end, we offer a detailed analysis of the stem cell/cloning question-where is the science, what are the political alternatives, and what moral obligations should guide us? (eppc.org)
- That's why Father Pacholczyk, director of education at the National Catholic Bioethics Center in Philadelphia, said that the efforts to help people understand the immorality of embryo reserch, including human cloning, must focus on humanizing the issue and appreciating our own embryonic origins, not just on the desired results of embryonic or other types of stem-cell research. (archstl.org)
- A decade later, cloning came to the forefront in Missouri with the narrow passage of Amendment 2, a ballot initiative in 2006 that constitutionally protects embryonic stem-cell research and human cloning. (archstl.org)
- The Catholic Church has always held that stem-cell research and therapies are morally acceptable, as long as they don't involve the creation and destruction of human embryos. (archstl.org)
- The greater legal certainty provided by recent court cases means that patent rights, and the investment they attract, can be secured for human embryonic stem-cell based technologies. (schlich.co.uk)
- A few years ago, in an article in the The Times of London newspaper, the author, Michael Gove, made the following statement: "Embryonic stem-cell experimentation involves not just the destruction of human life but the creation of life with the specific intent to destroy it. (jewishvaluesonline.org)
- First, while stem-cell experimentation could involve the creation of embryos with the express purpose of destroying them, this is not the only means available for obtaining embryos. (jewishvaluesonline.org)
- Thus, there is broad halakhic (Jewish legal) agreement that stem cell research is permitted on "excess" embryos. (jewishvaluesonline.org)
- Most (but not all) authorities would forbid the creation of embryos with the express purpose of killing them in the pursuit of stem cell research. (jewishvaluesonline.org)
- The controversy over stem cell research is focused specifically on the use of stem cells taken from embryos. (jewishvaluesonline.org)
Exogenous1
- With a microinjection system, the super small and thin microinjection glass capillary needle (also known as glass electrode) is used for implanting exogenous materials (DNA or RNA or cell) into the cells, leading to the occurrence of chimerism between exogenous materials and genomes in order to integrate the exogenous materials into the genome. (rwdstco.com)
Prohibit1
- General Assembly the adoption of a declaration on human cloning by which Member States were called upon to prohibit all forms of human cloning inasmuch as they are incompatible with human dignity and the protection of human life. (who.int)
Processes8
- Cloning in biotechnology refers to processes used to create copies of DNA fragments ( molecular cloning ), cells (cell cloning), or organisms . (wikiquote.org)
- As far as I'm concerned, this is another affront to women's entitlements to control their body's reproductive processes. (sentientdevelopments.com)
- In the manifesto, Haraway proposed that women use technology to further liberate themselves from limited and constraining biological processes. (sentientdevelopments.com)
- Contemporary feminism has been quite hostile and suspicious of futurists in general, preferring to celebrate naturalistic womanhood and female biological processes. (sentientdevelopments.com)
- The authors present the importance of the melatonin protein hormone by focusing on the reproductive processes in domestic sheep. (veterinarskiglasnik.rs)
- 1. Cloning is an umbrella term traditionally used to describe different processes for duplicating biological material. (who.int)
- Prolactin (PRL) and growth hormone (GH) are hormones/cytokines responsible for the coordination of a wide range of biological processes in vertebrates. (biomedcentral.com)
- Theoretical representations that simulate the behavior or activity of biological processes or diseases. (lookformedical.com)
Asexual reproduction3
- Originally the term clone was used to cover plant material simply derived from asexual reproduction or vegetative reproduction - tubers, plantlets, offsets etc. and cuttings, grafts etc. (biotopics.co.uk)
- Amoeba reproduces solely by asexual reproduction to produce genetically identical offspring, and some animals alternate between sexual and asexual stages which result in clones being formed. (biotopics.co.uk)
- Asexual reproduction is a natural method used by certain plants, bacteria, and single-celled creatures to create genetically identical offspring, i.e. clones. (geminigenetics.com)
Ovine4
- The effect of melatonin on the secretion of progesterone in sheep and on the development of ovine embryos in vitro. (veterinarskiglasnik.rs)
- Cloning and functional analysis of a polymorphic variant of the ovine Mel 1a melatonin receptor. (veterinarskiglasnik.rs)
- In this minireview we examine the structure, expression patterns, and biological actions of the PRL and GH families from rodents (primarily rat and mouse), ruminants (primarily ovine and bovine), and primates (primarily human). (biomedcentral.com)
- Lists of PRL and GH family members from the mouse and rat, bovine and ovine, and human and rhesus monkey are provided in Tables 1 , 2 and 3 . (biomedcentral.com)
Experimentation5
- The principles of cloning have been applied to some more fundamental experimentation in plants and animals. (biotopics.co.uk)
- Supporters of women's health and reproductive rights have particularly pressing reasons for concern over human cloning and inheritable genetic modification (IGM).1 Human cloning and IGM could not be developed without unethical experimentation on women and children," it notes. (sentientdevelopments.com)
- Such experimentation would be morally wrong, with the potential for intelligent animals suffering physical abnormalities and early death due to human meddling. (blogspot.com)
- The majority of Jewish authorities agree that such embryos, created in hope, may be used for experimentation in order to provide anticipated cures, rather than allowing them to be dispensed with or to deteriorate. (jewishvaluesonline.org)
- Second, Michael Gove holds that embryonic experimentation represents the destruction of human life. (jewishvaluesonline.org)
Sheep1
- Role of melatonin on embryo viability in sheep. (veterinarskiglasnik.rs)
Sustaining technology1
- New technology can be a catalyst for our thinking about issues of life, and we can think of the examples like assisted reproductive technologies, life sustaining technology, organ transplantation, and genetics, which have been stimuli for research into bioethics in the last few decades. (eubios.info)
Uterus2
- As the fertilized egg divides from one cell into two, physicians can separate these two cells and implant each one of them into a woman's uterus to generate two genetically identical children. (jcpa.org)
- the embryo which is then transferred to the woman's uterus. (americamagazine.org)
Organisms1
- Recognizing this trend, Congress passed section 33 of the America Invents Act ("AIA") [8] in 2011, resulting in, among other things, a prohibition on patents for inventions "directed to or encompassing a human organisms. (nyu.edu)
Mammals3
- However, with the advent of techniques including nutritional and temperature conditioning of cells taken from the body of higher animals, it has proved possible to clone mammals, e.g. (biotopics.co.uk)
- Although some of the practical difficulties of cloning whole mammals have been overcome, there is little likelihood of applying this cloning technique to humans. (biotopics.co.uk)
- Humans and other mammals may produce natural clones, commonly referred to as identical twins. (geminigenetics.com)
Ethical11
- Modern genetics and technological aids to human reproduction, like other advances in science and technology, have created ethical problems heretofore unencountered. (encyclopedia.com)
- This entry addresses these philosophical concerns as well as the more widely discussed ethical implications of contemporary genetics and reproductive technologies. (encyclopedia.com)
- Are efforts to improve human intelligence, appearance, or other attributes by genetic means essentially different from the traditional methods of education, physical or mental training, or behavior modification (President's Commission for the Study of Ethical Problems 1982)? (encyclopedia.com)
- File photo: The technique pioneered in the proof-of-concept experiment is a long way from potentially being used in humans, with obstacles including a low success rate, adaptation concerns and wide-ranging ethical considerations. (iol.co.za)
- On November 1, 2002, the World Congress of Bioethics will conduct a special session in Brazil entitled "Towards an International Ethical, Social and Political Accord on Human Cloning and Human Species-Alteration. (sentientdevelopments.com)
- The holy grail of regenerative medicine-whatever one's ethical beliefs about destroying embryos-is to "reprogram" regular cells from one's own body so that individuals can be the source of their own rejection-proof therapies. (eppc.org)
- But we can only wonder about the ethical propriety of producing the first human child with this technique, knowing that the hoped-for newborn would be a reproductive experiment, one that may end initially in numerous fetal failures. (eppc.org)
- This technique is surrounded by strong ethical concerns and is considered a threat to human dignity. (who.int)
- Bioethics tends to be dominated by discourses concerned with the ethical dimension of medical practice, the organization of medical care, and the integrity of biomedical research involving human subjects and animal testing. (erudit.org)
- Accounting for the work of Jacques Derrida, and with reference to Michel Foucault's deliberations about biopower, Cary Wolfe has rightly questioned the entrenched discursive features of bioethics as a discipline according to which the boundary between the human and the non-human remains "an ethical (non)issue" (Wolfe, 2009). (erudit.org)
- The Center for Genetics and Society is a nonprofit social justice organization that seeks to steer society toward a future in which human genetic and reproductive technologies will collectively benefit everyone in an ethical and safe manner. (findinggeniuspodcast.com)
Parkinson's1
- I often say to people the day is coming when you're going to open the New York Times, and above the fold, it's going to say, 'Embryos cure Parkinson's,' or 'Embryos cure diabetes,'" he said. (archstl.org)
Cells22
- Given that we have an efficiency of 1% cloning for livestock species and if only one in a thousand cells are viable then around 100,000 cells would need to be transferred. (wikiquote.org)
- The mass of undifferentiated tissue can be divided into individual cells without damage, and then left to grow into more masses of tissue, similar to an embryo inside a seed. (biotopics.co.uk)
- In an embryo, some dividing cells are becoming differentiated according to their function, but there are also unspecialised stem cells which may be persuaded to divide into different types of cells, depending on the body's requirements. (biotopics.co.uk)
- In the laboratory, cells have been taken from human embryos (normally obtained via an abortion) or from foetal blood cells in umbilical cord. (biotopics.co.uk)
- Since embryonic stem cells have the ability to form virtually any cell type in the body, those taken from a cloned embryo could potentially be used to treat many diseases. (nih.gov)
- In particular, the efficiency of the process will have to be improved before the technique could be applied in the clinic using human cells. (nih.gov)
- This process gets rid of unneeded cells and is particularly important for "sculpting" tissue and organ structure during development of the embryo (or larval metamorphosis in insects), but may occur at any time even in adult cells when a tissue needs to be remodeled. (agemed.org)
- For humans, we know there are 46 chromosomes in body cells existing as 23 pairs. (learner.org)
- But what is not getting such wide reporting is the use of pluripotent stem cells (as well as many other types of cells and genetic engineering techniques) for reproductive purposes . (lifeissues.net)
- The predominant bioethical concern arising from this technology is that the blastocyt-stage embryo must be destroyed in the process of isolating and separating the embryonic stem cells from the inner mass region of the pre-embryo. (jcpa.org)
- The destruction of the pre-embryo has been the critical issue in the U.S. behind imposing limits on federal government-sponsored research in embryonic stem cells. (jcpa.org)
- Contrary to popular belief, stem cells are present in the human body throughout life and are found in many adult organs. (jcpa.org)
- The researchers used cryopreserved gaur skin cells combined with an embryo of a domestic cow (Bos taurus). (asu.edu)
- Over the past few years, the debate over stem cells and cloning has grown both more complex and more profound. (eppc.org)
- Citizens disagree about whether we should destroy human embryos for their stem cells-and if so, which embryos, with whose money, under what regulatory guidelines. (eppc.org)
- Long before the controversy emerged over human embryonic stem cells, scientists and doctors began using first-generation stem cells from adult bone marrow. (eppc.org)
- In addition, the possibility of reprogramming adult stem cells back to a "pluripotent" (or embryonic-like) state raises the biological prospect of going back too far. (eppc.org)
- That is to say, we risk turning developed cells into developing embryos, and thus risk engaging in the very activities of embryo destruction and human cloning that we seek to avoid. (eppc.org)
- Far more controversial-and for good reason-are stem cells derived from destroyed human embryos. (eppc.org)
- Before leaving office, President Clinton sought to get around the existing law without actually changing it, by funding research on embryonic stem cells so long as the actual embryo destruction was paid for with private dollars. (eppc.org)
- Because the early stem cells have the ability to become any one of the hundreds of different kinds of human cells, scientists are working on research using these cells with the aim of creating therapies to treat a variety of diseases. (jewishvaluesonline.org)
- The controversy arises for some people because, in the course of harvesting these cells, the embryo is destroyed. (jewishvaluesonline.org)
Naturally2
- There are also naturally occurring clones among animal populations. (geminigenetics.com)
- As well as their distinctive white markings and long curved horns, these cattle are special because they are now considered a herd of naturally occurring clones. (geminigenetics.com)
Cell5
- There has been much controversy over these procedures, partly based on the origin of the biological material in the first place and partly due to misgivings over the implications of continuing cell division. (biotopics.co.uk)
- Cloning entails taking the nucleus - the compartment that contains the DNA - from an adult cell and putting it into an egg from which the original nucleus has been removed. (nih.gov)
- An electrical impulse is then applied to the egg cell to stimulate it to become an embryo. (geminigenetics.com)
- Reproductive Cloning - Use of a donor cell to create a new human genetically identical to the donor. (schlich.co.uk)
- Xenopus embryos are commonly used in researches such as studying the effects of the nervous system on cell level and investigating how the nerve development forms the correct links. (rwdstco.com)
Molecular1
- It can help us to study the mechanism of action from the molecular and cellular level to system biological level in regard to the corresponding life cycle. (rwdstco.com)
Petri1
Inefficient2
- Reproductive cloning is expensive and highly inefficient. (wikiquote.org)
- But Gonen warned that the process was "extremely inefficient", with 99% of the embryos not surviving. (iol.co.za)
Genome5
- The Human Genome Initiative, a "big science" project launched by the U.S. government to map and sequence the entire human genome, has heightened concerns about the privacy and confidentiality of genetic information, the uses to which such information might be put, and the possibility of stigmatizing individuals or groups because of their genetic constitution. (encyclopedia.com)
- The knowledge the Human Genome Project can yield is massive in contrast to previous efforts to acquire information about human genetics. (encyclopedia.com)
- Hayashi, who first presented the findings at the Third International Summit on Human Genome Editing in London last week, warned that many obstacles remained before the technology could be used for humans. (iol.co.za)
- The human genome, for example, consists of 46 chromosomes arranged in 23 pairs. (learner.org)
- The biggest single contribution to the sequencing of the human genome (the Wellcome Trust). (consumerchoicecenter.org)
Tissue1
- A year or so ago, the Human Tissue Bill was introduced. (parliament.uk)
Fertility3
- said Sean Tipton, a spokesman for the American Society for Reproductive Medicine, which represents fertility doctors and lobbied the council hard. (lifeissues.net)
- Sean and his wife Carolyn, who consider themselves to be faithful Catholics, made headlines when the fertility clinic they were working with accidentally implanted her with another couple's embryo. (catholiclane.com)
- Prompted by the challenges in Pope Paul VI's 1968 letter Humanae Vitae , Dr. Thomas Hilgers, a devout Catholic, began scientific research in the applications of natural fertility regulation and opened the Pope Paul VI Institute for the Study of Human Reproduction in 1985 to answer the call for reproductive health care that fully respects life. (catholiclane.com)
Successfully2
- The limit to these studies had been the amount of time an embryo could be successfully cultivated ex vivo. (asu.edu)
- Then there is the question of how to ensure that a successfully uplifted embryo would be gestated. (blogspot.com)
Spare1
- A more hopeful source is the use of 'spare' early embryos fertilised in a dish by IVF ( in vitro fertilisation) techniques. (biotopics.co.uk)
Bioethicists1
- Many politicians, religious leaders, and bioethicists believe that any destruction of the pre-implanted embryo or fertilized egg is akin to murder. (jcpa.org)
Research7
- Their work was supported by NIH's National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS), National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD) and National Center for Research Resources (NCRR). (nih.gov)
- If "possible people" like "embryos" means that they can be mutilated and destroyed in destructive experimental research for "the greater good of society", then what's wrong with using adult "possible people" for such purposes too? (lifeissues.net)
- In vitro Experiments on the Effects of Mouse Sarcomas 180 and 37 on the Spinal and Sympathetic Ganglia of the Chick Embryo" were experiments conducted by Rita Levi-Montalcini in conjunction with Viktor Hamburger and Hertha Meyer and published in Cancer Research in 1954. (asu.edu)
- Since 1995, Congress has annually reauthorized a law-called the "Dickey Amendment"-prohibiting federal funding for research "in which" embryos are destroyed while leaving embryo destruction in the private sector entirely unregulated. (eppc.org)
- In 1966, his final year at Nottingham, he received a scholarship to conduct research for a summer under English biologist Ernest John Christopher Polge in the Unit of Reproductive Physiology and Biochemistry, then a division of the Agricultural Research Council at the University of Cambridge. (mathisfunforum.com)
- Being important models for the research of embryo development, they have other advantages such as high tolerance to different types of surgical intervention and external breeding. (rwdstco.com)
- These "excess" embryos may either be stored indefinitely, donated, discarded, or used for research. (jewishvaluesonline.org)
Development10
- Through the extension and development of reproductive technologies, women will have more control over their bodies, not less. (sentientdevelopments.com)
- Recording and contextualizing the science of embryos, development, and reproduction. (asu.edu)
- Conrad Hal Waddington's "Experiments on the Development of Chick and Duck Embryos, Cultivated in vitro," published in 1932 in Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, Series B, compares the differences in the development of birds and amphibians. (asu.edu)
- His two-year work on the development of the central nervous system (CNS) in chick embryos was crystallized in his 1934 paper, "The Effects of Wing Bud Extirpation on the Development of the Central Nervous System in Chick Embryos," published in The Journal of Experimental Zoology. (asu.edu)
- Contributions to the Development of the Embryo. (asu.edu)
- An embryo in its first days of development is no bigger than a period at the end of a sentence, Father Pacholczyk often points out. (archstl.org)
- The study of the new dab2 mutant allele in embryos and embryoid bodies confirms a role for Dab2 in extraembryonic endoderm development and epithelial organization. (biomedcentral.com)
- The development of the human blood-CSF-brain barrier. (cdc.gov)
- Influence of organochlorine pesticides on development of mouse embryos in vitro . (cdc.gov)
- This lack of potential for development puts embryonic human life in a separate category. (jewishvaluesonline.org)
Substances3
- Substances such as DNA and RNA are introduced into the developing embryo through microinjection techniques, providing researchers with the fastest and most reliable means to the preparation of genetically modified or mutated zebrafish species. (rwdstco.com)
- 1992. Threshold limit values for chemical substances and physical agents and biological exposure indices for 1991 to 1992. (cdc.gov)
- 1999. Threshold limit values for chemical substances and physical agents and biological exposure indices. (cdc.gov)
Artificial2
- First contact with aliens Artificial intelligence Machine rule/Cybernetic revolt/AI takeover Extraterrestrials in fiction End of humanity: Apocalyptic and post-apocalyptic fiction The future Apocalyptic and post-apocalyptic fiction: Apocalypses or worldwide disasters and new societies that develop after the event History Alternate history Scientific prediction of the future (e.g. psychohistory) Human fears: List of science fiction horror films Language Alien languages (e.g. (wikipedia.org)
- Though pet cloning may be considered a relatively new technology, the process of cloning as defined above is first documented in 1885, where Hans Adolf Eduard Driesch demonstrated artificial embryo twinning on a sea-urchin. (geminigenetics.com)
Researchers2
- In 2000 ACT researchers in the United States cloned a gaur (Bos gaurus), an Asian ox with a then declining wild population. (asu.edu)
- She's a Ph.D. She writes, speaks, researchers and teachers about the social and political aspects of human genetic and reproductive technologies. (findinggeniuspodcast.com)
Technologies3
- A recent UNESCO draft document, although rather vague and deficient in itself, probably does the best job of at least initially identifying and describing some of these new reproductive technologies in relatively simple form, with a few generalized helpful sketches online. (lifeissues.net)
- These technologies would diminish women's control over their reproductive decisions, and subject them to pressures to produce the 'perfect baby,'" it goes on. (sentientdevelopments.com)
- In many ways it is our fault-and not the fault of the feminists-that the use of future reproductive technologies has not become a feminist issue. (sentientdevelopments.com)
Moral3
- Considered contrary to the moral law, since (it is in) opposition to the dignity both of human procreation and of the conjugal union. (wikiquote.org)
- Human embryos do not possess "human status": "In fact, the only result we can see of a law commanding doctors to treat the microscopic embryo as a 'patient' is a not-so-subtle conferring of 'human status' on embryos, which the Council has allegedly disavowed because of disagreement over the moral status of embryos. (lifeissues.net)
- The human monopoly on sentient thought gives us an unfair and unjust advantage over our animal neighbors, and if the means exist to allow non-humans like apes, dolphins, and elephants to achieve the cognitive means of political participation, it is our moral duty to extend it to them. (blogspot.com)
Procedures3
- More than 100 nuclear transfer procedures could be required to produce one viable clone. (wikiquote.org)
- They forbid procedures that substitute medical techniques for human intercourse. (americamagazine.org)
- The word "cloning" refers to a variety of procedures that may be used to create biological copies that are genetically identical to the original. (geminigenetics.com)
Occur1
- Cloning can in fact occur as a natural phenomenon. (geminigenetics.com)
Mice5
- Just like humans, male mice have both an X and Y chromosome, while females have two X chromosomes. (iol.co.za)
- And while pregnancy takes only three weeks in mice, it lasts nine months in humans, creating much more time for something to go wrong, she added. (iol.co.za)
- As the technique continued to grow and develop, there had been 5 groundbreaking projects related to microinjection that were awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, including the embryonic induction theory in 1935, the patch clamp technique in 1991, the knockout mice experiment in 2007, IVF in 2010, the genetically modified and cloned animals in 2012. (rwdstco.com)
- Twenty-five other male mice received sham implants, while mice at three separate sites received neither treatment. (vetscite.org)
- He probes the male mouse's reaction to chemical signals from female mice to advance understanding of pattern recognition and learning in the much more complex human brain. (vetscite.org)
Adult1
- It leaves one breathless to see how far our culture has come to caving in to political correctness -- without the least consideration as to the destructive and lethal consequences not only to these "embryos" but to adult members of our society at large. (lifeissues.net)
Infertility1
- In fact, because she so desperately wants to support those who suffer from infertility, the Catholic Church has helped develop very effective reproductive medicine that also respects the rights of every human being. (catholiclane.com)