OXPHOSGlycolysisSubstrate-level phosphoryAcceptorPathwayNADH and FADH2CellularMitochondrial electMetabolismChainCitric acidFADH2Accept electronsTranportReduced by an electron transportTransport chain'sCarriersMeasured by electron spin resoOxygenProtonsSynthesisStressProteinsCycleReductionGeneratePathwaysPyruvateDonorsToxicityChemiosmoticEnergyMetronidazoleDamageDescribeEffectsStructureProductionCells
OXPHOS6
- NHDFs also use the electron transport chain to generate ATP by oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS), whereas hPSCs do not. (ca.gov)
- Human mitochondria express a genome that encodes thirteen core subunits of the oxidative phosphorylation system (OXPHOS). (nih.gov)
- However, the mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) pathway in tumor cells has also been implicated in lung cancer metabolism. (spandidos-publications.com)
- However, in recent years, there has been increasing evidence that metformin exerts its anticancer effects through the inhibition of oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) of tumor cell mitochondria, and metabolic pathways based on metformin targeting have only recently become the focus of intensive research. (spandidos-publications.com)
- Its sequential oxidation provides reducing equivalents in the form of NADH to the electron transport chain (ETC), driving ATP production by oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS). (elifesciences.org)
- The set of machines, each one irreducibly complex, performs "oxidative phosphorylation" (OxPhos) through an "electron transport chain" (ETC). Electrons from food are transferred by enzymes through Complexes I, II, III, and IV to pump protons into the intermembrane space. (evolutionnews.org)
Glycolysis4
- During the payoff phase of glycolysis, the enzymes phosphoglycerate kinase and pyruvate kinase facilitate the addition of a phosphate group to ADP by way of substrate-level phosphorylation. (wikipedia.org)
- During the initial phases of glycolysis and the TCA cycle, cofactors such as NAD+ donate and accept electrons that aid in the electron transport chain's ability to produce a proton gradient across the inner mitochondrial membrane. (wikipedia.org)
- The electron transport chain (aka ETC) is a process in which the NADH and [FADH2] produced during glycolysis, β-oxidation, and other catabolic processes are oxidized thus releasing energy in the form of ATP. (roadlesstraveledstore.com)
- Electron tranport/oxidative phosphorylation and glycolysis are the the other two stages. (brighthub.com)
Substrate-level phosphory2
- The biosynthesis of ATP is achieved throughout processes such as substrate-level phosphorylation, oxidative phosphorylation, and photophosphorylation, all of which facilitate the addition of a phosphate group to ADP. (wikipedia.org)
- Which process of aerobic respiration does not use substrate-level phosphorylation in order to make ATP? (roadlesstraveledstore.com)
Acceptor3
- Oxygen is the final electron acceptor. (roadlesstraveledstore.com)
- These coenzymes are subsequently oxidized in the electron transport chain, where a series of enzymes transfers the electrons of NADH and FADH2 to oxygen, which is the final electron acceptor of cellular respiration in all eukaryotes. (encyclopedia.com)
- The oxygen we inhale is the final electron acceptor. (evolutionnews.org)
Pathway5
- If you follow the path of electrons (blue) and protons(pink) you might notice that they follow the same basic pathway until the point where ATP is produced. (roadlesstraveledstore.com)
- Biochemical data suggest that SA potentiates the signal pathway for HR by affecting an early phosphorylation-sensitive step preceding the generation of pro-death signals, including those derived from the oxidative burst. (springer.com)
- The NADH generated by the TCA cycle is fed into the oxidative phosphorylation (electron transport) pathway. (conceptdraw.com)
- Oxidative phosphorylation or electron transport-linked phosphorylation is the metabolic pathway in which cells use enzymes to oxidize nutrients, thereby releasing the chemical energy of molecular oxygen, which is used to produce adenosine triphosphate (ATP). (udemy.com)
- green pentose phosphate pathway) - Cytosolic glucose flux into the oxidative branch of the pentose phosphate pathway (PPP). (elifesciences.org)
NADH and FADH21
- A process in which a series of electron carriers operate together to transfer electrons from donors such as NADH and FADH2 to any of several different terminal electron acceptors to generate a transmembrane electrochemical gradient. (cathdb.info)
Cellular4
- Oxidative phosphorylation produces 26 of the 30 equivalents of ATP generated in cellular respiration by transferring electrons from NADH or FADH2 to O2 through electron carriers. (wikipedia.org)
- There are two types of electron carriers that are particularly important in cellular respiration: NAD +start superscript, plus, end superscript (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, shown below) and FAD (flavin adenine dinucleotide). (roadlesstraveledstore.com)
- Cellular respiration (oxidative phosphorylation) occurs in the mitochondria, where a series of enzymes catalyze the transfer of electrons to molecular oxygen and the generation of energy-storing adenosine triphosphate (ATP). (msdmanuals.com)
- Compared with individual exposures, co-exposure aerosols produced greater acellular and cellular oxidants detected by electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy, and in vivo immune-spin trapping (IST), as well as synergistically increased lavage neutrophils, lavage proteins and inflammation related gene/protein expression. (cdc.gov)
Mitochondrial elect2
- Our data shows that the mitochondrial electron transport chain complexes are assembled and functional and show that they are quantitatively equivalent in amount and functional potential to normal human dermal fibroblasts (NHDFs). (ca.gov)
- To maintain viability through support of the mitochondrial membrane potential, hPSCs, unlike NHDFs, hydrolyze glycolytic ATP in the mitochondrial electron transport chain complex V, also called the F1F0 ATP synthase. (ca.gov)
Metabolism2
- Predict the amount of energy (ATP) produced from the complete oxidative metabolism of lipids and carbohydrates. (uaeu.ac.ae)
- These questions will give you basic idea for Examination Preparation and/or interview on Oxidative Phosphorylation and Nitrogen Metabolism. (udemy.com)
Chain24
- It is this energy coupling and phosphorylation of ADP to ATP that gives the electron transport chain the name oxidative phosphorylation. (wikipedia.org)
- What are the 3 main steps in the electron transport chain? (roadlesstraveledstore.com)
- What process does the aerobic electron transport chain perform? (roadlesstraveledstore.com)
- Explanation: The electron transport chain is used to pump protons into the intermembrane space. (roadlesstraveledstore.com)
- What is the mechanism of electron transport chain? (roadlesstraveledstore.com)
- What are the main components of electron transport chain? (roadlesstraveledstore.com)
- The electron transport chain is also called the Cytochrome oxidase system or as the Respiratory chain. (roadlesstraveledstore.com)
- What is the main goal of the electron transport chain? (roadlesstraveledstore.com)
- The main purpose of the electron transport chain is to build up a surplus of hydrogen ions (protons) in the intermembrane space sp that there will be a concentration gradient compared to the matrix of the mitochondria. (roadlesstraveledstore.com)
- What happens during electron transport chain? (roadlesstraveledstore.com)
- In the electron transfer chain, electrons move along a series of proteins to generate an expulsion type force to move hydrogen ions, or protons, across the mitochondrial membrane. (roadlesstraveledstore.com)
- What is the purpose of the electron transport chain? (roadlesstraveledstore.com)
- What is an electron transport chain? (roadlesstraveledstore.com)
- Electron Transport Chain Definition. (roadlesstraveledstore.com)
- The electron transport chain is a cluster of proteins that transfer electrons through a membrane within mitochondria to form a gradient of protons that drives the creation of adenosine triphosphate (ATP). (roadlesstraveledstore.com)
- Electron transport chain and energy production through oxidative phosphorylation. (up.ac.za)
- Oxidative phosphorylation is the coupling of the electron transport chain and the ATP biosynthetic pathways. (mcw.edu)
- The electron transfer chain generates an electrochemical gradient that drives the phosphorylation of ADP. (mcw.edu)
- Electron transport chain (ETC) and its mechanism. (amrita.edu)
- Next, the mitochondrial inner membrane contains proteins that are the components of the respiratory chain providing the transfer of electron and protons from NADH to oxygen resulting in the formation of H 2 O. Finally, electron transport chain localized in the mitochondrial inner membrane provides the formation of ATP associated with the activity of the ATP-synthetase complex. (assignmentexpert.com)
- The two hydrogenatoms removed from the pyruvate molecule yield NADH, which subsequently gives up its electrons to the electron transport chain to form ATP and water. (encyclopedia.com)
- This key function of mitochondria is executed via oxidative phosphorylation, which is composed of four complexes (I through IV) of the electron transport chain that couple with complex V to produce energy as ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate). (fda.gov)
- In the Krebs cycle or the electron transport chain , it reduces the power needed to produce ATP from glucose breakdown or oxidative phosphorylation. (celebrity-exchange.com)
- This condition seems to be in part related to dysfunctional mitochondria that cause an increased electron "leakage" from the respiratory chain during oxidative phosphorylation with a consequent generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). (medscape.com)
Citric acid1
- contains the enzyme systems required for the citric acid cycle, fatty acid oxidation, electron transfer, and oxidative phosphorylation. (flashcardmachine.com)
FADH21
- The energy released when electrons are passed from higher-energy NADH or FADH2 to the lower-energy O2 is required to phosphorylate ADP and once again generate ATP. (wikipedia.org)
Accept electrons1
- An electron-deficient group with a strong tendency to accept electrons from an electron-rich group (nucleophile). (flashcardmachine.com)
Tranport1
- The rate of electron tranport (analagous to air flow in the balloon example) varies as energy is drained from the system at different rates. (rice.edu)
Reduced by an electron transport1
- Metronidazole is heterocyclic nitro derivative in which the nitro group of metronidazole is reduced by an electron transport protein such as NADPH in an anaerobic micro-organism [6,7,12,13]. (who.int)
Transport chain's1
- While the electron transport chain's main function is to produce ATP, another important byproduct is water. (roadlesstraveledstore.com)
Carriers3
- What are the electron carriers in aerobic respiration? (roadlesstraveledstore.com)
- Electron transport is driven by the free energy that is available from the energy carriers, in turn obtained from substrates such as glutamate or Krebs intermediates. (rice.edu)
- Electron transport is driven by the increasing affinities of successive carriers for electrons, and by the availability of substrates to provide electrons and free energy. (rice.edu)
Measured by electron spin reso1
- CuO also generated ROS when incubated with the cells as measured by electron spin resonance (ESR). (cdc.gov)
Oxygen3
- This connection is of general importance because CoQ redox state integrates three bioenergetic parameters: mitochondrial electron supply, oxygen tension and ATP demand. (nature.com)
- Though oxygen is peremptory for life, imbalances between antioxidant defense mechanisms, overproduction of ROS, or incorporation of free radicals from the environment to living systems lead to oxidative stress. (hindawi.com)
- Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of oxidative stress, a state often resulting from exposure to high levels of reactive oxygen species, e.g. superoxide anions, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), and hydroxyl radicals. (cathdb.info)
Protons1
- When the amount of energy required to push protons reaches 69.5 kJ/mole, electron transport has to stop. (rice.edu)
Synthesis4
- the aerobic synthesis, coupled to electron transport, of ATP from phosphate and ADP. (dictionary.com)
- These differentially expressed genes are primarily involved in electron transport, the TCA cycle, and ATP synthesis. (usda.gov)
- One of the unique features of mitochondria is that they contain their own small, circular DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) and independent machinery of ribosomal and transfer RNAs (ribonucleic acid) and ribosomes for synthesis of 13 proteins encoded by the mitochondrial DNA essential for oxidative phosphorylation. (fda.gov)
- Supplementation with either NADH or NAD can help boost ATP synthesis by providing additional electrons required for redox reaction. (celebrity-exchange.com)
Stress6
- Extensive investigation aims to elucidate the beneficial effects of ROS and NO, providing novel insights into the current medical treatment of oxidative stress-related diseases of high epidemiological impact. (hindawi.com)
- This review focuses on emerging topics encompassing the functional involvement of aquaporin channel proteins (AQPs) and membrane transport systems, also allowing permeation of NO and hydrogen peroxide, a major ROS, in oxidative stress physiology and pathophysiology. (hindawi.com)
- This review focuses on an emerging topic, the functional involvement of AQPs in ROS membrane transport, with specific regard to the movement of hydrogen peroxide and NO into and out of cells, in both health and oxidative stress-induced diseases. (hindawi.com)
- Finally, co-incubation of the cells with free radical scavenger N-acetylcysteine or PVPNO decreased AP-1 activation and phosphorylation of MAPKs, thus suggesting that oxidative stress is involved in WC-Co-induced toxicity and AP-1-MAPKs activation. (cdc.gov)
- However, the exposure of these cells to excessive levels of oxidative stress by too high levels of ROS or too low levels of antioxidative protection will render these cells dysfunctional thereby failing the fertilization process and causing couples to be infertile. (hindawi.com)
- RESULTS: Fertiwell had a pronounced therapeutic effect on testicular tissues and spermatozoa, restored testosterone levels to normal values, and, in addition, was more effective protector against oxidative stress in the reproductive system compared to L-carnitine and acetyl-L-carnitine, which are widely used in male infertility. (bvsalud.org)
Proteins1
- The nicotinamide ring is responsible for the coenzyme's ability to bind to proteins, while the pyridine ring is responsible for the coenzyme's electron-transferring capabilities. (celebrity-exchange.com)
Cycle2
- ADP and phosphate are needed as precursors to synthesize ATP in the payoff reactions of the TCA cycle and oxidative phosphorylation mechanism. (wikipedia.org)
- Electrons removed from intermediate metabolic products during the Krebs cycle are used to reduce coenzyme molecules nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide [NAD + ] and flavin mononucleotide [FAD]) to NADH and FADH 2 , respectively. (encyclopedia.com)
Reduction4
- The buried organic matter (e.g., weathered plant biomass) in these deposits has likely served as a long-lived electron donor fueling sulfate reduction and, directly or indirectly, Fe(III) and U(VI) reduction, thus contributing to the formation of iron sulfide minerals and deposits of poorly soluble U(IV) (e.g. (frontiersin.org)
- Following the formation of isocitrate there are four oxidation-reduction reactions, the first of which, the oxidative decarboxylation of isocitrate, is catalyzed by isocitrate dehydrogenase. (encyclopedia.com)
- The efficiency of electron transport can be represented by the standard reduction potential difference , namely the voltage generated by a redox reaction under standard biochemical conditions. (rice.edu)
- The standard reduction potential of NADH is -0.315V, while that of coenzyme Q is 0.045V (difference of 0.345 V). Therefore there is a strong 'pull' by Coenzyme Q on electrons through the components of Complex I. (rice.edu)
Generate1
- Metronidazole, being electron-affinic, can accept an electron from neutral free radical centres to generate a reactive cation that binds to an anion such as hydroxyl (OH-), causing a permanent lesion. (who.int)
Pathways1
- The most overrepresented pathways included ribosomal protein, protein translation, oxidative phosphorylation and cytochrome-C oxidase activity. (usda.gov)
Pyruvate1
- Increase in the lactate:pyruvate ratio distinguishes oxidative phosphorylation defects from other genetic causes of lactic acidosis. (msdmanuals.com)
Donors1
- We conducted a 20-day microcosm experiment in which NRZ sediments, which were enriched in buried woody plant material, served as the sole source of electron donors and microorganisms. (frontiersin.org)
Toxicity1
- It is worth mentioning that many of the electron-affinic radiosensitizers of hypoxic cells also have the property of preferential or selective toxicity directed against hypoxic cells even in the absence of radiation [1,2]. (who.int)
Chemiosmotic1
- It is restricted by the chemiosmotic gradient - electron transport can only go as fast as energy is lost from the gradient. (rice.edu)
Energy8
- Loss of electrons to release energy. (flashcardmachine.com)
- Gain of electrons to store energy. (flashcardmachine.com)
- If there was no way of draining energy from the system, electron transport could not continue despite the presence of adequate substrate. (rice.edu)
- However, a mitochondrion is always in a steady state of respiration, in which the energy lost by processes that dissipate the gradient is constantly replaced by electron transport. (rice.edu)
- The only way electron transport can proceed is to the extent that the energy in the gradient is dissipated. (rice.edu)
- That is, electron transport keeps up with the utilization of the energy stored in the gradient. (rice.edu)
- Anything that increases turnover of energy from the gradient increases the rate of electron transport proportionally. (rice.edu)
- Tissues with a high energy demand (eg, brain, nerves, retina, skeletal and cardiac muscle) are particularly vulnerable to defects in oxidative phosphorylation. (msdmanuals.com)
Metronidazole1
- The radiosensitizing property of metronidazole may be related to its electron affinity or oxidizing power [2,5,9,12,13]. (who.int)
Damage1
- While ROS-dependent modifications are fundamental in transducing intracellular signals controlling pleiotropic functions, imbalanced ROS can cause oxidative damage, eventually leading to many chronic diseases. (hindawi.com)
Describe1
- In this lesson, we will learn how to describe the process of oxidative phosphorylation and recall the products formed. (nagwa.com)
Effects1
- What are possible effects of electron transport inhibitors? (quizlet.com)
Structure1
- The electron transport system is just a structure, complex as it is. (rice.edu)
Production1
- The intermediate product in this oxidative decarboxylation reaction is oxalosuccinate, whose formation is coupled with the production of NADH + H + . While still bound to the enzyme, oxalosuccinate loses CO2 to produce alpha-ketoglutarate. (encyclopedia.com)
Cells1
- It is the in vivo situation where blood cells are worth mentioning that many of the electron- suspended in their original medium. (who.int)