• A process in which a series of electron carriers operate together to transfer electrons from donors such as NADH and FADH2 to any of several different terminal electron acceptors to generate a transmembrane electrochemical gradient. (cathdb.info)
  • Oxidative phosphorylation produces 26 of the 30 equivalents of ATP generated in cellular respiration by transferring electrons from NADH or FADH2 to O2 through electron carriers. (wikipedia.org)
  • There are two types of electron carriers that are particularly important in cellular respiration: NAD +start superscript, plus, end superscript (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, shown below) and FAD (flavin adenine dinucleotide). (roadlesstraveledstore.com)
  • Cellular respiration (oxidative phosphorylation) occurs in the mitochondria, where a series of enzymes catalyze the transfer of electrons to molecular oxygen and the generation of energy-storing adenosine triphosphate (ATP). (msdmanuals.com)
  • Compared with individual exposures, co-exposure aerosols produced greater acellular and cellular oxidants detected by electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy, and in vivo immune-spin trapping (IST), as well as synergistically increased lavage neutrophils, lavage proteins and inflammation related gene/protein expression. (cdc.gov)
  • Our data shows that the mitochondrial electron transport chain complexes are assembled and functional and show that they are quantitatively equivalent in amount and functional potential to normal human dermal fibroblasts (NHDFs). (ca.gov)
  • To maintain viability through support of the mitochondrial membrane potential, hPSCs, unlike NHDFs, hydrolyze glycolytic ATP in the mitochondrial electron transport chain complex V, also called the F1F0 ATP synthase. (ca.gov)
  • Predict the amount of energy (ATP) produced from the complete oxidative metabolism of lipids and carbohydrates. (uaeu.ac.ae)
  • These questions will give you basic idea for Examination Preparation and/or interview on Oxidative Phosphorylation and Nitrogen Metabolism. (udemy.com)
  • The energy released when electrons are passed from higher-energy NADH or FADH2 to the lower-energy O2 is required to phosphorylate ADP and once again generate ATP. (wikipedia.org)
  • The rate of electron tranport (analagous to air flow in the balloon example) varies as energy is drained from the system at different rates. (rice.edu)
  • Metronidazole is heterocyclic nitro derivative in which the nitro group of metronidazole is reduced by an electron transport protein such as NADPH in an anaerobic micro-organism [6,7,12,13]. (who.int)
  • What are the electron carriers in aerobic respiration? (roadlesstraveledstore.com)
  • Electron transport is driven by the free energy that is available from the energy carriers, in turn obtained from substrates such as glutamate or Krebs intermediates. (rice.edu)
  • Electron transport is driven by the increasing affinities of successive carriers for electrons, and by the availability of substrates to provide electrons and free energy. (rice.edu)
  • CuO also generated ROS when incubated with the cells as measured by electron spin resonance (ESR). (cdc.gov)
  • This connection is of general importance because CoQ redox state integrates three bioenergetic parameters: mitochondrial electron supply, oxygen tension and ATP demand. (nature.com)
  • Though oxygen is peremptory for life, imbalances between antioxidant defense mechanisms, overproduction of ROS, or incorporation of free radicals from the environment to living systems lead to oxidative stress. (hindawi.com)
  • Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of oxidative stress, a state often resulting from exposure to high levels of reactive oxygen species, e.g. superoxide anions, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), and hydroxyl radicals. (cathdb.info)
  • Extensive investigation aims to elucidate the beneficial effects of ROS and NO, providing novel insights into the current medical treatment of oxidative stress-related diseases of high epidemiological impact. (hindawi.com)
  • This review focuses on emerging topics encompassing the functional involvement of aquaporin channel proteins (AQPs) and membrane transport systems, also allowing permeation of NO and hydrogen peroxide, a major ROS, in oxidative stress physiology and pathophysiology. (hindawi.com)
  • This review focuses on an emerging topic, the functional involvement of AQPs in ROS membrane transport, with specific regard to the movement of hydrogen peroxide and NO into and out of cells, in both health and oxidative stress-induced diseases. (hindawi.com)
  • Finally, co-incubation of the cells with free radical scavenger N-acetylcysteine or PVPNO decreased AP-1 activation and phosphorylation of MAPKs, thus suggesting that oxidative stress is involved in WC-Co-induced toxicity and AP-1-MAPKs activation. (cdc.gov)
  • However, the exposure of these cells to excessive levels of oxidative stress by too high levels of ROS or too low levels of antioxidative protection will render these cells dysfunctional thereby failing the fertilization process and causing couples to be infertile. (hindawi.com)
  • RESULTS: Fertiwell had a pronounced therapeutic effect on testicular tissues and spermatozoa, restored testosterone levels to normal values, and, in addition, was more effective protector against oxidative stress in the reproductive system compared to L-carnitine and acetyl-L-carnitine, which are widely used in male infertility. (bvsalud.org)
  • The nicotinamide ring is responsible for the coenzyme's ability to bind to proteins, while the pyridine ring is responsible for the coenzyme's electron-transferring capabilities. (celebrity-exchange.com)
  • ADP and phosphate are needed as precursors to synthesize ATP in the payoff reactions of the TCA cycle and oxidative phosphorylation mechanism. (wikipedia.org)
  • Electrons removed from intermediate metabolic products during the Krebs cycle are used to reduce coenzyme molecules nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide [NAD + ] and flavin mononucleotide [FAD]) to NADH and FADH 2 , respectively. (encyclopedia.com)
  • The buried organic matter (e.g., weathered plant biomass) in these deposits has likely served as a long-lived electron donor fueling sulfate reduction and, directly or indirectly, Fe(III) and U(VI) reduction, thus contributing to the formation of iron sulfide minerals and deposits of poorly soluble U(IV) (e.g. (frontiersin.org)
  • Following the formation of isocitrate there are four oxidation-reduction reactions, the first of which, the oxidative decarboxylation of isocitrate, is catalyzed by isocitrate dehydrogenase. (encyclopedia.com)
  • The efficiency of electron transport can be represented by the standard reduction potential difference , namely the voltage generated by a redox reaction under standard biochemical conditions. (rice.edu)
  • The standard reduction potential of NADH is -0.315V, while that of coenzyme Q is 0.045V (difference of 0.345 V). Therefore there is a strong 'pull' by Coenzyme Q on electrons through the components of Complex I. (rice.edu)
  • Metronidazole, being electron-affinic, can accept an electron from neutral free radical centres to generate a reactive cation that binds to an anion such as hydroxyl (OH-), causing a permanent lesion. (who.int)
  • We conducted a 20-day microcosm experiment in which NRZ sediments, which were enriched in buried woody plant material, served as the sole source of electron donors and microorganisms. (frontiersin.org)
  • It is worth mentioning that many of the electron-affinic radiosensitizers of hypoxic cells also have the property of preferential or selective toxicity directed against hypoxic cells even in the absence of radiation [1,2]. (who.int)
  • It is restricted by the chemiosmotic gradient - electron transport can only go as fast as energy is lost from the gradient. (rice.edu)
  • The radiosensitizing property of metronidazole may be related to its electron affinity or oxidizing power [2,5,9,12,13]. (who.int)
  • While ROS-dependent modifications are fundamental in transducing intracellular signals controlling pleiotropic functions, imbalanced ROS can cause oxidative damage, eventually leading to many chronic diseases. (hindawi.com)
  • The intermediate product in this oxidative decarboxylation reaction is oxalosuccinate, whose formation is coupled with the production of NADH + H + . While still bound to the enzyme, oxalosuccinate loses CO2 to produce alpha-ketoglutarate. (encyclopedia.com)
  • It is the in vivo situation where blood cells are worth mentioning that many of the electron- suspended in their original medium. (who.int)