FADH2MitochondriaOxidativeMitochondrialOxidationNADPHFADHDehydrogenaseAcceptorDiscussed the electron transEnzymeMoleculesReductaseHydrogenNicotinamideRespiratoryPyruvateOxidaseChain and chemiosmosisGlycolysisKrebsSeries of electron carriersAerobicDonorsSuccinateUbiquinone oxidoreductaseGlucoseCarriersProtonsReactionsRedoxCellularMetabolicCitricSubstrateByproductAcetylCoenzymesCarbonTerminalElectronegativeTransferMechanismMetabolismCoenzymeReactionComplexVitamins
FADH27
- The electron transport chain (aka ETC) is a process in which the NADH and [FADH2] produced during glycolysis, β-oxidation, and other catabolic processes are oxidized thus releasing energy in the form of ATP. (roadlesstraveledstore.com)
- These coenzymes are subsequently oxidized in the electron transport chain, where a series of enzymes transfers the electrons of NADH and FADH2 to oxygen, which is the final electron acceptor of cellular respiration in all eukaryotes. (encyclopedia.com)
- In one round of the citric acid cycle, each acetyl-CoA molecule produces 3 molecules of NADH and 1 molecule of FADH2. (proprofs.com)
- The energy needed to push protons out of the matrix and into the intermembrane space comes from the oxidation of either reduced NAD (NADH) or reduced FAD (FADH2). (rice.edu)
- A process in which a series of electron carriers operate together to transfer electrons from donors such as NADH and FADH2 to any of several different terminal electron acceptors to generate a transmembrane electrochemical gradient. (cathdb.info)
- It involves oxidizing acetyl-CoA into carbon dioxide and water, and generating ATP, NADH, and FADH2. (stemcelldaily.com)
- It involves transferring electrons from NADH and FADH2 to oxygen through a series of protein complexes called the electron transport chain. (stemcelldaily.com)
Mitochondria14
- This gene encodes an accessory subunit of the mitochondrial membrane respiratory chain NADH dehydrogenase (Complex I) which is the first enzyme in the electron transport chain of mitochondria. (nih.gov)
- The main purpose of the electron transport chain is to build up a surplus of hydrogen ions (protons) in the intermembrane space sp that there will be a concentration gradient compared to the matrix of the mitochondria. (roadlesstraveledstore.com)
- The electron transport chain is a cluster of proteins that transfer electrons through a membrane within mitochondria to form a gradient of protons that drives the creation of adenosine triphosphate (ATP). (roadlesstraveledstore.com)
- Mitochondria are said to exercise respiratory control as long as they can restrict electron transport by means of the gradient. (rice.edu)
- Following its conversion from glucose during glycolysis, pyruvate is transported into the mitochondria via the mitochondrial pyruvate carrier (MPC) and enters the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle. (elifesciences.org)
- Pyruvate may be reduced to lactate in the cytoplasm or may be transported into the mitochondria for anabolic reactions, such as gluconeogenesis and lipogenesis, or for oxidation to acetyl CoA by the pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH) complex (PDC). (bmj.com)
- After this cycle is completed, high-energy electrons are present in the mitochondria. (sciencequery.com)
- Generation of superoxide-radical by the NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase of heart mitochondria. (scienceopen.com)
- Loss of PINK1 also produced specific, directionally balanced defects in mitochondrial transport, without altering the balance between stationary and moving mitochondria. (sdbonline.org)
- Complex I (NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase) is one of the main contributors to superoxide production by mitochondria, and knowledge of its mechanism of O 2 reduction is required for the formulation of causative connections between complex I defects and pathological effects. (portlandpress.com)
- There is evidence for two distinct (but not mutually exclusive) sites of O 2 reduction by complex I. Studies of the isolated enzyme largely support the participation of the reduced flavin mononucleotide in the active site for NADH oxidation, and this mechanism is supported in mitochondria by correlations between the NAD(P) + potential and O 2 reduction. (portlandpress.com)
- In addition, studies of intact mitochondria or submitochondrial particles have suggested a mechanism involving the quinone-binding site, supported by observations during reverse electron transport and the use of 'Q-site' inhibitors. (portlandpress.com)
- We investigated the effects of Cd on the individual complexes of the electron transfer chain (ETC) and on stimulation of reactive oxidative species production in mitochondria. (cdc.gov)
- The semiubiquinones are not stable and are prone to transfer one electron to molecular oxygen to form superoxide, providing a possible mechanism for Cd-induced generation of ROS in mitochondria. (cdc.gov)
Oxidative6
- Other names in common use include reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (quinone) dehydrogenase, NADH-quinone oxidoreductase, NADH ubiquinone oxidoreductase, DPNH-menadione reductase, D-diaphorase, and NADH2 dehydrogenase (quinone), and mitochondrial (mt) complex I. This enzyme participates in oxidative phosphorylation. (wikipedia.org)
- NADH dehydrogenase is involved in the first step of the electron transport chain of oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS). (wikipedia.org)
- The NADH generated by the TCA cycle is fed into the oxidative phosphorylation (electron transport) pathway. (conceptdraw.com)
- The intermediate product in this oxidative decarboxylation reaction is oxalosuccinate, whose formation is coupled with the production of NADH + H + . While still bound to the enzyme, oxalosuccinate loses CO2 to produce alpha-ketoglutarate. (encyclopedia.com)
- In the Krebs cycle or the electron transport chain , it reduces the power needed to produce ATP from glucose breakdown or oxidative phosphorylation. (celebrity-exchange.com)
- Its sequential oxidation provides reducing equivalents in the form of NADH to the electron transport chain (ETC), driving ATP production by oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS). (elifesciences.org)
Mitochondrial9
- Students use simple, everyday objects as hydrogen ions and electrons and play the roles of the various proteins embedded in the inner mitochondrial membrane to show how this specific process in cellular respiration produces ATP. (bioone.org)
- This gene encodes an nuclear-encoded accessory subunit of the mitochondrial membrane respiratory chain NADH dehydrogenase (complex I, or NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase). (nih.gov)
- In the electron transfer chain, electrons move along a series of proteins to generate an expulsion type force to move hydrogen ions, or protons, across the mitochondrial membrane. (roadlesstraveledstore.com)
- The significant benefit of supplementing with both NAD and NADH lies in their ability to help increase cellular energy production, improve mitochondrial function, support anti-aging pathways, promote healthy brain activity, and enhance overall health and well-being. (celebrity-exchange.com)
- No, the mitochondrial matrix never runs out of protons because they (protons) are pulled into the inter-membrane space by the energy of the electrons going through the electron transport chain.The protons return to the mitochondrial matrix through the protein ATP synthase. (assignmentexpert.com)
- Acetyl-CoA generated by the beta-oxidation pathway enters the mitochondrial TCA cycle, where it is further oxidized to generate NADH and FADH 2 . (assignmentexpert.com)
- The NADH and FADH 2 produced by both beta oxidation and the TCA cycle are used by the mitochondrial electron transport chain to produce ATP. (assignmentexpert.com)
- Cyanide blocks the cellular electron transport mechanism and cellular respiration by inhibiting the mitochondrial ferricytochrome oxidase system and other enzymes. (scienceoxygen.com)
- 1. The electron transport chain is a series of electron carriers in the inner mitochondrial membrane of eukaryotic cells, through which the electrons obtained from the glycolysis and Krebs cycle are released. (sciencequery.com)
Oxidation4
- The oxidation of isocitrate is coupled with the reduction of NAD þ to NADH and the production of CO2. (encyclopedia.com)
- The electron transport chain is a process of oxidation-reduction reactions. (sciencequery.com)
- The major part of one-electron oxygen reduction during succinate oxidation (approximately 80%) proceeds via Complex I at the expense of its Deltamu(H(+))-dependent reduction (reverse electron transfer). (scienceopen.com)
- One site (F) serves as an entry for the NADH oxidation and the other one (R) serves as an exit during either the succinate-supported NAD+ reduction or superoxide generation or NADH-ferricyanide reductase reaction. (scienceopen.com)
NADPH13
- It belongs to the family of oxidoreductases, specifically those acting on NADH or NADPH with other acceptors. (wikipedia.org)
- Nach einer Übersicht über das Wesen der NADH- und NADPH-Tetrazoliumreduktase, die früher auch als Diaphorasen bezeichnet wurden, wird über das Vorkommen dieser Enzyme und ihre Histotopie in normaler menschlicher Haut berichtet. (springer.com)
- Dem Reaktionsausfall nach zeigt die NADH-Tetrazoliumreduktase in der Regel eine größere Aktivität als die NADPH-Tetrazoliumreduktase. (springer.com)
- Alle lebenden epithelialen Strukturen der Haut sind durch eine histochemisch faßbare NADH- und NADPH-Tetrazoliumreduktaseaktivität ausgezeichnet. (springer.com)
- In der Gesamtheit lassen die Untersuchungsergebnisse vermuten, daß - vielleicht mit Ausnahme des infraseboglandulären Haarfollikels -alle übrigen epithelialen Zellen durch eine so intensive NADH- und NADPH-Tetrazoliumreduktaseaktivität charakterisiert sind, daß diese wahrscheinlich für den Nachweis von Dehydrogenasen, soweit er unter Verwendung von Tetrazoliumsalzen geführt wird, einen reaktionsbegrenzenden Faktor nicht darstellen. (springer.com)
- Pathways of glucose catabolism regulating cellular NADPH/NADH. (elifesciences.org)
- G ) Quantification of τ bound during development shows a shift from NADPH to NADH producing pathways. (elifesciences.org)
- Proposed gradient in cellular NADPH/NADH and thus glucose flux along the developing BP. (elifesciences.org)
- Two electrons are needed to convert each molecule of NADP+ to NADPH, so 24 electrons must pass through the electron transport chain to generate sufficient NADPH to synthesize one molecule of glucose. (ottovonschirach.com)
- These are complex I- NADH/NADPH: CoQ reductase, complex II- Succinate: CoQ reductase, complex III- Reduced CoQ (CoQH₂): cytochrome c reductase, complex IV- Cytochrome c oxidase, complex V- ATPase (ATP synthesizing system). (sciencequery.com)
- The production of superoxide anion in response to NADH as a substrate was markedly increased in the vascular homogenates, but NADPH, arachidonic acid, xanthine, and succinate produced only small increases in chemiluminescence. (diabetesjournals.org)
- One of the most central nodes of plant function is the distribution of energy and redox via the molecules NADPH and NADH, because this connects both to growth and to the many systems that protect plants. (lu.se)
- Also, NADPH and NADH are central components in the cytosolic metabolic pathways, which connect the two largest biochemical processes on earth, photosynthesis and respiration in plants. (lu.se)
FADH4
- These two cycles create an additional two ATP molecules, as well as six NADH and two FADH molecules, all which are used later. (livestrong.com)
- In this phase, the NADH and FADH donate their electrons to make large amounts of ATP. (livestrong.com)
- Electrons removed from intermediate metabolic products during the Krebs cycle are used to reduce coenzyme molecules nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide [NAD + ] and flavin mononucleotide [FAD]) to NADH and FADH 2 , respectively. (encyclopedia.com)
- Reducing equivalents (NADH, FADH 2 ) are generated by reactions catalysed by the PDC and the tricarboxylic acid cycle and donate electrons (e - ) that enter the respiratory chain at NADH ubiquinone oxidoreductase (complex I) or at succinate ubiquinone oxidoreductase (complex II). (bmj.com)
Dehydrogenase2
- Just for the sake of understanding the principles, let Complex I (NADH dehydrogenase complex), embedded in an intact inner membrane, be the only component of an experimental electron transport system. (rice.edu)
- Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) acts to maintain the pool of NAD + necessary for glycolysis to take place by oxidising NADH upon the reduction of pyruvate to lactate. (elifesciences.org)
Acceptor4
- This enzyme catalyses the following chemical reaction: NADH + H+ + a quinone ⇌ {\displaystyle \rightleftharpoons } NAD+ + a quinol The 3 substrates of this enzyme are NADH, H+, and a quinone (electron acceptor), whereas its two products are NAD+ and a quinol (reduced acceptor). (wikipedia.org)
- The systematic name of this enzyme class is NADH:(quinone-acceptor) oxidoreductase. (wikipedia.org)
- Complex I removes electrons from NADH and passes them to the electron acceptor ubiquinone. (nih.gov)
- Oxygen is the final electron acceptor. (roadlesstraveledstore.com)
Discussed the electron trans1
- The activity works best as a supplement after you have already discussed the electron transport chain in lecture but can be used prior to instruction to help students visualize the processes that occur. (bioone.org)
Enzyme4
- An important example of this reaction is: NADH + H+ + ubiquinone ⇌ {\displaystyle \rightleftharpoons } NAD+ + ubiquinol This enzyme is a flavoprotein (FAD). (wikipedia.org)
- We show that compartmentalization of these NAD + dependent reactions together with a dedicated NADH/NAD + recycling enzyme supports optimal growth when an increased demand for anabolic reactions taxes cellular redox balance. (biorxiv.org)
- In line with these results, studies using various enzyme inhibitors, such as DPI, allopurinol, rotenone, N G -monomethyl- l -arginine, and indomethacin, suggest that the predominant source of superoxide anion in vascular particulate fraction is NADH-dependent membrane-bound oxidase. (diabetesjournals.org)
- The pathway responsible for reducing most methemoglobin (95%-99%) back to hemoglobin is the NADH-dependant methemoglobin reductase system, in which the enzyme cytochrome-b5 reductase5plays a crucial role in a transfer of electrons from NADH to methemoglobin. (medscape.com)
Molecules11
- During glycolysis, which means breakdown of glucose, glucose is separated into two ATP and two NADH molecules, which are used later in the process of aerobic respiration. (livestrong.com)
- NAD and NADH are two important molecules involved in metabolism, and understanding their roles and advantages can provide insight into how the body works. (celebrity-exchange.com)
- NADH and NAD are critical molecules that play a key role in the body's metabolic processes. (celebrity-exchange.com)
- Since each pyruvate molecule produces 3 molecules of NADH, and there are 15 pyruvate molecules, the total number of NADH molecules produced is 15 x 3 = 45. (proprofs.com)
- During the electron transport chain, each NADH molecule produces 3 molecules of ATP, so the total number of ATP molecules produced is 45 x 3 = 135. (proprofs.com)
- The coenzymes oxidize themselves with the help of some electron carriers and produce high-energy ATP molecules through the electron transport chain (3) & (6) . (sciencequery.com)
- 6. A pair of electrons are transported at each stage of this chain and in each case cytochrome molecules are reduced. (sciencequery.com)
- Three molecules of ATP are produced when NADH + H⁺ is oxidized and two molecules of ATP are produced when FADH₂ is oxidized (2) & (5) . (sciencequery.com)
- The electron transport chain is a process or system of molecules that accept or reduce electrons easily. (sciencequery.com)
- It involves breaking down a glucose molecule into two molecules of pyruvate, two molecules of NADH, and two molecules of ATP. (stemcelldaily.com)
- A number of endogenous systems, such as the aerobic metabolism and electron transport chains, generate highly reactive molecules with important biological functions known as reactive oxygen species (ROS), including superoxide and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). (bvsalud.org)
Reductase2
- V. Extraction of a soluble DPNH-cytochrom-c-reductase from the electron transport particle. (springer.com)
- Deactivation of Complex I results in almost complete loss of its NADH-ubiquinone reductase activity and in increase in NADH-dependent superoxide generation. (scienceopen.com)
Hydrogen5
- In the electron transport chain NADH is mainly used to create a concentration gradient of hydrogen in order to make ATP. (wikipedia.org)
- Since After NADH is oxidized a hydrogen is pumped out and NAD+ will be a product. (wikipedia.org)
- The structures of NAD and NADH are similar, with the most notable difference being the addition of a hydrogen atom to NAD. (celebrity-exchange.com)
- The structure of NADH is similar to that of NAD, with the addition of a hydrogen atom to the nicotinamide ring. (celebrity-exchange.com)
- When hydrogen ions are moved through the protein and go down the electron transport chain, ATP is formed. (sciencequery.com)
Nicotinamide4
- There are two types of electron carriers that are particularly important in cellular respiration: NAD +start superscript, plus, end superscript (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, shown below) and FAD (flavin adenine dinucleotide). (roadlesstraveledstore.com)
- NAD is an oxidized form of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, while NADH is its reduced version. (celebrity-exchange.com)
- The nicotinamide ring is responsible for the coenzyme's ability to bind to proteins, while the pyridine ring is responsible for the coenzyme's electron-transferring capabilities. (celebrity-exchange.com)
- In this process, the stored energy is released by reducing the coenzyme, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) into NADH . (biologyonline.com)
Respiratory5
- The electron transport chain is also called the Cytochrome oxidase system or as the Respiratory chain. (roadlesstraveledstore.com)
- It has the ability to catalyze several different enzymatic reactions in electron transport, and is known to be one of the respiratory chain components most sensitive to ischaemia. (karger.com)
- The limitation placed on electron transport by the chemisosmotic gradient is termed respiratory control . (rice.edu)
- If the gradient is destroyed by damaging the membranes, respiratory control is abolished and electron transport can run freely. (rice.edu)
- Finally, the reduced flavoprotein is oxidised by NAD and transfers reducing equivalents to the respiratory chain via NADH. (bmj.com)
Pyruvate2
- The two hydrogenatoms removed from the pyruvate molecule yield NADH, which subsequently gives up its electrons to the electron transport chain to form ATP and water. (encyclopedia.com)
- During glycolysis, glucose is converted into pyruvate, producing a small amount of ATP and NADH. (proprofs.com)
Oxidase4
- Cyanide combines with cytochrome oxidase and prevents the transfer of electrons to oxygen. (scienceoxygen.com)
- In contrast to NADH oxidase, the rate-substrate concentration dependence for the superoxide production shows a maximum at low (approximately 50 microM) concentrations of NADH. (scienceopen.com)
- These findings suggest that upregulated expression of p22phox mRNA and enhanced NADH oxidase activity contribute to the impaired endothelium-dependent vasodilation in OLETF rats. (diabetesjournals.org)
- The complexes studied are Complex I (NADH:Ubiquinone oxidoreductase), Complex II (Succinate:ubiquinone oxidoreductase), Complex III (Ubiquinol:cytochrome c oxidoreductase), and Complex IV (Cytochrome c oxidase). (cdc.gov)
Chain and chemiosmosis1
- This activity provides students an interactive demonstration of the electron transport chain and chemiosmosis during aerobic respiration. (bioone.org)
Glycolysis3
- Aerobic respiration has four stages: Glycolysis, formation of acetyl coenzyme A, the citric acid cycle, and the electron transport chain. (livestrong.com)
- There are three stages to cellular respiration: glycolysis, the Krebs cycle, and the electron transport chain. (khanacademy.org)
- The next step in the glycolysis and Krebs cycle is the electron transport chain. (sciencequery.com)
Krebs1
- Electron transport is driven by the free energy that is available from the energy carriers, in turn obtained from substrates such as glutamate or Krebs intermediates. (rice.edu)
Series of electron carriers1
- The electron emitted from NADH + H⁺ or FADH₂ reaches oxygen through a series of electron carriers called the electron transport chain. (sciencequery.com)
Aerobic3
- What are the electron carriers in aerobic respiration? (roadlesstraveledstore.com)
- What process does the aerobic electron transport chain perform? (roadlesstraveledstore.com)
- The final step in aerobic respiration is the electron transport chain. (livestrong.com)
Donors2
- We conducted a 20-day microcosm experiment in which NRZ sediments, which were enriched in buried woody plant material, served as the sole source of electron donors and microorganisms. (frontiersin.org)
- The effect of various electron donors (NADH, succinate and 2,3-dimethoxy-5-methyl-6-decyl- 1,4-benzoquinol ) on ROS production was tested separately in the presence or absence of Cd. (cdc.gov)
Succinate1
- NAD+ and NADH inhibit the succinate-supported superoxide generation. (scienceopen.com)
Ubiquinone oxidoreductase2
Glucose1
- Short lifetimes (orange) indicate NADH production and therefore glucose flux through the main glycolytic pathway. (elifesciences.org)
Carriers5
- These electron carriers are then used in the electron transport chain to produce ATP. (proprofs.com)
- That is, NADH is much less electronegative than Coenzyme Q, while the iron-sulfur protein carriers in between are intermediate in electronegativity. (rice.edu)
- Electron transport is driven by the increasing affinities of successive carriers for electrons, and by the availability of substrates to provide electrons and free energy. (rice.edu)
- There are five components or carriers that participate in the electron transport chain. (sciencequery.com)
- All electrons are transferred by these carriers. (sciencequery.com)
Protons3
- Explanation: The electron transport chain is used to pump protons into the intermembrane space. (roadlesstraveledstore.com)
- If you follow the path of electrons (blue) and protons(pink) you might notice that they follow the same basic pathway until the point where ATP is produced. (roadlesstraveledstore.com)
- When the amount of energy required to push protons reaches 69.5 kJ/mole, electron transport has to stop. (rice.edu)
Reactions2
- In addition, the cycle provides precursors of certain amino acids as well as the reducing agent NADH that is used in numerous other biochemical reactions. (conceptdraw.com)
- This addition allows NADH to act as a proton shuttle in cellular reactions. (celebrity-exchange.com)
Redox3
- Supplementation with either NADH or NAD can help boost ATP synthesis by providing additional electrons required for redox reaction. (celebrity-exchange.com)
- The efficiency of electron transport can be represented by the standard reduction potential difference , namely the voltage generated by a redox reaction under standard biochemical conditions. (rice.edu)
- 5. In the electron transport system, cytochromes are arranged according to their redox potential. (sciencequery.com)
Cellular3
- This prevents the electron transport chain (the last part of cellular respiration) from working, meaning that the cell can no longer produce ATP for energy. (scienceoxygen.com)
- The electron transport chain is one of the processes in cellular respiration. (sciencequery.com)
- The transport electron chain is the third stage of cellular respiration. (sciencequery.com)
Metabolic1
- In this blog, we'll explore the metabolic benefits of NAD and NADH and their different bodily functions. (celebrity-exchange.com)
Citric1
- Finally, the acetyl group of the CoA is oxidized to water and carbon dioxide in the citric acid cycle and electron transport chain . (biologyonline.com)
Substrate1
- If there was no way of draining energy from the system, electron transport could not continue despite the presence of adequate substrate. (rice.edu)
Byproduct2
- While the electron transport chain's main function is to produce ATP, another important byproduct is water. (roadlesstraveledstore.com)
- In addition, the cycle consumes acetate (in the form of acetyl-CoA) and water, reduces NAD+ to NADH, and produces carbon dioxide as a waste byproduct. (conceptdraw.com)
Acetyl1
- Increases in the intramitochondrial ratios of NADH/NAD and acetyl CoA/CoA also stimulate kinase mediated phosphorylation of PDC. (bmj.com)
Coenzymes2
- As a result, the coenzymes are oxidized by themselves and converted into NADH + H⁺ or FADH₂. (sciencequery.com)
- The creation of the electron transport chain occurs by some coenzymes. (sciencequery.com)
Carbon1
- It also produces carbon dioxide and NADH. (stemcelldaily.com)
Terminal1
- Studies on the terminal electron transport system. (springer.com)
Electronegative2
- When electrons move closer to a more electronegative atom, what happens? (proprofs.com)
- When electrons move closer to a more electronegative atom, the atom gains electrons and is reduced. (proprofs.com)
Transfer1
- Cyanide binds to the electron transport chain and prevents the transfer of electrons to oxygen, so it would stop NADH from being turned into NAD+. (scienceoxygen.com)
Mechanism1
- What is the mechanism of electron transport chain? (roadlesstraveledstore.com)
Metabolism1
- By the end of this blog, you'll have a better understanding of the roles of NAD and NADH in metabolism and how they can be used to support health. (celebrity-exchange.com)
Coenzyme3
- The standard reduction potential of NADH is -0.315V, while that of coenzyme Q is 0.045V (difference of 0.345 V). Therefore there is a strong 'pull' by Coenzyme Q on electrons through the components of Complex I. (rice.edu)
- We'll simply take the electrons from Coenzyme Q when they reach it, so the system can keep going. (rice.edu)
- NADH, or coenzyme A. (biologyonline.com)
Reaction1
- In reduction reaction the amount of positive charge of the atom is reduced when adding negatively charged electron. (proprofs.com)
Complex4
- The electron transport system is just a structure, complex as it is. (rice.edu)
- Cyanide is a gas that inhibits complex IV of the electron transport chain. (scienceoxygen.com)
- Antimycin is a fungal antibiotic that inhibits complex III of the electron transport chain. (scienceoxygen.com)
- Results from kinetic studies and electron turnover experiments suggest that Cd may bind between semiubiquinoe and cytochrome b566 of the Qo site of cytochrome b of complex III. (cdc.gov)
Vitamins1
- On the other hand, NADH works closely with various B vitamins, including thiamin (B1), riboflavin (B2), niacin (B3), pantothenic acid (B5), etc., which are essential players in energy production pathways. (celebrity-exchange.com)