Electron transport chain complex proteins. Medical search. Frequent questions

Rather, it derives from a process that begins with passing electrons through a series of chemical reactions to a final electron acceptor, oxygen. (opentextbooks.org.hk)
Electron transport is a series of chemical reactions that resembles a bucket brigade in that electrons are passed rapidly from one component to the next, to the endpoint of the chain where oxygen is the final electron acceptor and water is produced. (opentextbooks.org.hk)
In the fourth protein complex, the electrons are accepted by oxygen, the terminal acceptor. (opentextbooks.org.hk)
In aerobic respiration, oxygen serves as the final electron acceptor, enabling the efficient production of ATP. (microbiologynote.com)
The oxygen serves as the last electron acceptor molecule during the oxidative phosphorylation process. (lambdageeks.com)
An electron transport chain works because each acceptor, the next in the chain, is more electronegative than the donor. (ishinobu.com)
For an electron transport chain to function - allowing electrons to pass through - an exogenous electron acceptor must be present at the end of the chain. (ishinobu.com)
Dr Matt Johnson, reader in Biochemistry at the University of Sheffield and one of the supervisors of the study added: "Cytochrome b6f is the beating heart of photosynthesis which plays a … Afterward, the electron acceptor of PSI may redirect electrons to ferredoxin-thioredoxin reductase (FTR) to form reduced thioredoxin, to ferredoxin-NADPH reductase (FNR) to generate NADPH, or to molecular oxygen to form hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). (rehabsociety.org.hk)
A glycolysis and fermentation only B glycolysis and the citric acid cycle only C glycolysis, pyruvate oxidation, and the citric acid cycle D oxidative phosphorylation only E glycolysis, pyruvate oxidation, the citric acid cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation, using an electron acceptor other than oxygen An organism is discovered that thrives both in the presence and absence of oxygen in the air. (vumc.org)
It is widely accepted that in conditions leading to over-reduction, pseudo-cyclic electron transfer enables electrons to flow from water to PSI, with molecular oxygen as alternative electron acceptor 5 . (nature.com)

A complex of enzymes and PROTON PUMPS located on the inner membrane of the MITOCHONDRIA and in bacterial membranes. (bvsalud.org)
This protein localizes to the inner membrane of the mitochondrion as a single-pass membrane protein. (nih.gov)
These reactions take place in specialized protein complexes located in the inner membrane of the mitochondria of eukaryotic organisms and on the inner part of the cell membrane of prokaryotic organisms. (opentextbooks.org.hk)
Hydrogen ions diffuse through the inner membrane through an integral membrane protein called ATP synthase ( Figure 4.15 b). (opentextbooks.org.hk)
These electron transfers generate a flow of protons across the inner membrane into the intermembrane space, creating an electrochemical gradient. (24insight.com)
The electron transport chain is a series of proteins and organic molecules found in the inner membrane of the mitochondria. (vumc.org)
The inner membrane houses the mitochondrial respiratory chain . (histocutup.co.uk)
Four protein complexes in the inner membrane make up the electron transport chain (ETC, also known as the electron transport system), which converts the redox energy stored as NADH and FADH 2 into chemical energy in the form of ATP. (biomedcentral.com)

Full length native protein (purified) corresponding to Cow Cytochrome C. Bovine heart Cytochrome C. (abcam.com)
Cyanide inhibits cytochrome c oxidase, a component of the electron transport chain. (opentextbooks.org.hk)
Complex III or coenzyme Q : cytochrome c - oxidoreductase, sometimes also called the cytochrome bc 1 complex is a complex of the electron transfer pathway . (mitophysiology.org)
The cytochrome b6f complex occupies a central position in the sequence of photosynthetic electron transport carriers, oxidizing plastoquinol (PQH 2) and providing the electron transfer connection between the two reaction center complexes, PS II and PS I, to which H + transfer is coupled, thus contributing to the trans-membrane. (rehabsociety.org.hk)
The structure of the cytochrome b6f complex was determined by isomorphous replacement, and the cytochrome b6f complex transfers 2H+ to the lumen (Kurisu et al. (rehabsociety.org.hk)
Sheffield University doctor and biochemist Matt Johnson, one of the study supervisors, adds that "the Cytochrome b6f it is the heart of photosynthesis, which plays a crucial role in the regulation of photosynthetic efficiency, and that in previous studies have shown that by manipulating the levels of this complex we can grow larger and better plants. (rehabsociety.org.hk)
The electron transport chain is also called the Cytochrome oxidase system or as the Respiratory chain. (vumc.org)
It is a cytochrome protein that contains IRON and MOLYBDENUM. (lookformedical.com)
The 30-kDa membrane-bound c-type cytochrome protein of mitochondria that functions as an electron donor to CYTOCHROME C GROUP in the mitochondrial and bacterial RESPIRATORY CHAIN. (lookformedical.com)
A bacterial protein from Pseudomonas, Bordetella, or Alcaligenes which operates as an electron transfer unit associated with the cytochrome chain. (lookformedical.com)
Cytochrome bc1, a dimeric multi-subunit electron-transport protein embedded in the inner mitochondrial membrane, is a major drug target for the treatment and prevention of malaria and toxoplasmosis. (liverpool.ac.uk)
However, owing to the limited amount of cytochrome bc1 that may be available from parasites, all efforts have been focused on homologous cytochrome bc1 complexes from mammalian species, which has resulted in the failure of some drug candidates owing to toxicity in the host. (liverpool.ac.uk)
Here, it is demonstrated that cytochrome bc1 is highly amenable to single-particle cryo-EM (which uses significantly less protein) by solving the apo and two inhibitor-bound structures to ∼4.1 Å resolution, revealing clear inhibitor density at the binding site. (liverpool.ac.uk)
Fd acts simultaneously as a bottleneck and as a hub which distributes high-energy electrons to a multitude of enzymes, which include nitrite reductase, sulphite reductase, fatty acid desaturase, glutamine-2-oxoglutarate amino transferase (GOGAT), redox complexes such as cytochrome b 6 /f for cyclic electron transport (CET) and thioredoxins 2 . (nature.com)

Electrons from NADH and FADH2 are passed to protein complexes in the electron transport chain. (opentextbooks.org.hk)
The resulting acetyl-CoA molecules enter the Krebs cycle, generating additional carbon dioxide, ATP, and electron carriers (such as NADH and FADH2). (microbiologynote.com)
It involves transferring electrons from NADH and FADH2 to oxygen through a series of protein complexes called the electron transport chain. (stemcelldaily.com)

Magnesium is a modulator of oxidative phosphorylation, during which electrons are transferred from electron donors to electron acceptors (such as oxygen in redox reactions), using magnesium as a cofactor. (hippocrates.com.au)
We conducted a 20-day microcosm experiment in which NRZ sediments, which were enriched in buried woody plant material, served as the sole source of electron donors and microorganisms. (frontiersin.org)
An electron transport chain comprises electron transfer between a series of electron donors and acceptors. (ishinobu.com)
The electron transport chain ETC is a series of protein complexes that transfer electrons from electron donors to electron acceptors via redox reactions both reduction and oxidation occurring simultaneously and couples this electron transfer with the transfer of protons. (vumc.org)

The electron transport chain ( Figure 4.15 a) is the last component of aerobic respiration and is the only part of metabolism that uses atmospheric oxygen. (opentextbooks.org.hk)
The oxygen with its extra electrons then combines with two hydrogen ions, further enhancing the electrochemical gradient, to form water. (opentextbooks.org.hk)
If there were no oxygen present in the mitochondrion, the electrons could not be removed from the system, and the entire electron transport chain would back up and stop. (opentextbooks.org.hk)
Oxygen is essential for the electron transport chain, which occurs in the mitochondria of eukaryotic cells. (microbiologynote.com)
The mitochondria break down glucose using oxygen and then turn it into energy using protein complexes called the mitochondrial electron transport chain. (recharge.health)
Within the mitochondria, CoQ10 is a vital component of the electron transport chain, a series of protein complexes that produce ATP by transferring electrons from food molecules to oxygen. (opanutrition.com)
D all respiring cells, both prokaryotic and eukaryotic, using either oxygen or other electron acceptors. (vumc.org)
The absence of mitochondria and other organelles in red blood cells leaves room for the millions of hemoglobin molecules needed in order to transport oxygen throughout the body. (nir1000.com)
Over-reduction of PET chain can damage protein complexes and result in production of the excess amounts of reactive oxygen species (ROS) 6 . (nature.com)
As a result, more oxygen is transported to the muscle cells to produce energy and other metabolic waste by-products are removed from the working muscles more rapidly. (bigskymultisportcoaching.com)
CO readily crosses capillary membranes in the lungs and binds the heme moiety on the erythrocyte hemoglobin complex with an affinity 200-300 times greater than that of oxygen. (medscape.com)
This binding drastically reduces the number of binding spots available for oxygen transport. (medscape.com)

During the electron transport chain, each NADH molecule produces 3 molecules of ATP, so the total number of ATP molecules produced is 45 x 3 = 135. (proprofs.com)
Major histocompatibility complex class I (MHC I) molecules present antigenic peptides to cytotoxic T cells to eliminate infected or cancerous cells. (researchgate.net)
a) The electron transport chain is a set of molecules that supports a series of oxidation-reduction reactions. (opentextbooks.org.hk)
These processes require energy to synthesize complex molecules necessary for cellular growth, maintenance, and functioning. (microbiologynote.com)
Enzymes and other proteins use ATP to power reactions, maintain ion gradients across membranes, contract muscle fibers, and transport molecules across cellular membranes. (microbiologynote.com)
Nutrients and other molecules are imported into the cell, metabolized (broken down) and possibly synthesized into new molecules, modified if needed, transported around the cell, and possibly distributed to the entire organism. (libretexts.org)
For example, the large proteins that make up muscles are built from smaller molecules imported from dietary amino acids. (libretexts.org)
Just as energy is required to both build and demolish a building, energy is required for the synthesis and breakdown of molecules as well as the transport of molecules into and out of cells. (libretexts.org)
mtDNA encodes for 13 of the respiratory chain enzymes, along with 24 RNA molecules used in intramitrochondrial protein synthesis. (medscape.com)
The electron transport chain is a series of molecules that accept or donate electrons easily. (vumc.org)
Coenzymes are non-protein molecules while cofactors are composed of amino acids. (vumc.org)
Proteins synthesized from mtDNA also encode for the production of the RNA molecules transfer RNA and ribosomal RNA. (nir1000.com)
Within the inner mitochondrial membrane are a series of protein complexes and electron carrier molecules, which form the electron transport chain (ETC). The ETC represents the third stage of aerobic cellular respiration and the stage where the vast majority of ATP molecules are generated. (nir1000.com)

By targeting electron transport chain complex 1 and independently of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) or NF-κB, metformin blocked LPS-induced and ATP-dependent mitochondrial (mt) DNA synthesis and generation of oxidized mtDNA, an NLRP3 ligand. (lu.se)
Cells require a constant supply of energy to perform vital functions, including nutrient uptake, protein synthesis, DNA replication, and active transport across cell membranes. (microbiologynote.com)
Similarly, PGC1α increases the transcription of enzymes necessary for substrate oxidation, electron transport, and ATP synthesis. (diabetesjournals.org)
Mitochondrial translation, essential for synthesis of the electron transport chain complexes in the mitochondria, is governed by nuclear encoded genes. (prolekarniky.cz)
Amino acids can be employed in energy generation but as their main function is to form the building blocks of proteins catabolising them in energy production disrupts protein synthesis and therefore tends to be used only as a last resort. (histocutup.co.uk)

New technologies for purifying membrane-bound protein complexes in combination with cryo-electron microscopy (EM) have recently allowed the exploration of such complexes under near-native conditions. (researchgate.net)

Oxidative stress can denature lipids and proteins [ 10 , 12 - 14 ], as well as induce DNA and RNA fragmentation [ 15 - 17 ], leading to cell dysfunction, injury, and death. (hindawi.com)

Some protein complexes use electron transport chains to transfer H + ions (protons) across a membrane. (ishinobu.com)
The NADH and NADPH derived from various metabolic reactions in the mitochondrial matrix interact with the proteins of the mitochondrial respiratory chain and result in hydrogen ions (protons) being pumped out of the matrix into the space between the inner and outer mitochondrial membranes. (histocutup.co.uk)
These include cytochromes, which are haem-containing proteins that use iron to carry electrons and coenzyme Q, which can transport both electrons and protons. (histocutup.co.uk)
As electrons are shuttled through the complexes I, III and IV by electron carriers, protons (H + ) are moved from the mitochondrial matrix into the intermembrane space. (biomedcentral.com)
The preferred route for protons in the intermembrane space to re-enter the matrix, in an attempt to flow down the gradient and re-establish equilibrium, is to enter through the ATP synthase enzyme complex. (biomedcentral.com)

Each step is a complex multistep enzymatic reaction process that involves different substrates, intermediates, products, enzymes, and coenzymes. (stemcelldaily.com)

In vascular plants, photosynthetic electron transport (PET) chain produces reductive power that is utilised by diverse acceptors involved in both chloroplast and cellular metabolism 1 . (nature.com)

Loss of Pink1 modulates synaptic mitochondrial bioenergetics in the rat striatum prior to motor symptoms: concomitant complex I respiratory defects and increased complex II-mediated respiration. (ouhsc.edu)
In cellular respiration process basically the nutrient or food molecule like carbohydrate, proteins participates in respiration process to produce energy. (lambdageeks.com)
These muscles each offer unique advantages across a host of methodologies including measuring isometric force production, susceptibility to muscle injury, mitochondrial respiration, protein content, and histology. (biomedcentral.com)
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) encodes for proteins that are involved in electron transport and oxidative phosphorylation, which occur in cellular respiration. (nir1000.com)
Cardiac function, utilizing the Vevo 2100 Imaging System, electron transport chain complex activities, and mitochondrial respiration assessed cardiac and mitochondrial function. (cdc.gov)
In knockout animals, complex I, III, and IV activities (approximately 2- to 6-fold) and fatty acid respiration (approximately 5-fold) were significantly increased. (cdc.gov)

The protein plastocyanin (Pc) is responsible for shuttling electrons between two of these protein complexes in the photosynthetic electron transport chain. (icrea.cat)

During oxidative phosphorylation, electrons are transferred through a series of protein complexes, known as the electron transport chain, located within the inner mitochondrial membrane. (24insight.com)
The mitochondrial respiratory chain (also known as the electron transport chain) is composed of four complexes. (histocutup.co.uk)

These feature various proteins and coenzymes. (histocutup.co.uk)
In mammalian cells, most of the redox potential used for generating ATP arrives at the mitochondrion in the form of the nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH) and flavin adenine dinucleotide (FADH 2 ), reduced coenzymes generated by the acceptance of electrons derived from the breakdown of organic substances in the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle. (biomedcentral.com)
It is a component of flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) and flavin mononucleotide (FMN), coenzymes that participate in the electron transport chain-a series of reactions occurring in the mitochondria that generate ATP, the energy currency of the cell. (ushealthcrisis.com)

Gnaiger E (2023) Complex II ambiguities ― FADH 2 in the electron transfer system. (bioblast.at)

Single molecule force spectroscopy setup to evaluate interactions between partners photosynthetic complex I (PSI) and plastocyanin (Pc) under illumination and redox control (oxidized, reduced). (icrea.cat)
Reduction is a gain of electrons, or a decrease in oxidation state by a molecule, atom, or ion. (ishinobu.com)
A chemical reaction in which an electron is transferred from one molecule to another. (lookformedical.com)
the electron-accepting molecule is the oxidizing agent or oxidant. (lookformedical.com)
Riboflavin (B2) participates in the electron transport chain, a critical process within the mitochondria responsible for generating the bulk of ATP-the molecule that powers cellular activities. (ushealthcrisis.com)

These electron carriers are then used in the electron transport chain to produce ATP. (proprofs.com)
There are four complexes composed of proteins, labeled I through IV in Figure 4.15 c, and the aggregation of these four complexes, together with associated mobile, accessory electron carriers, is called the electron transport chain . (opentextbooks.org.hk)
The electron carriers then enter the electron transport chain, located in the inner mitochondrial membrane, where oxidative phosphorylation takes place. (microbiologynote.com)
This allows the recycling of the electron carriers (NADH) back into their oxidized forms (NAD+), enabling glycolysis to continue. (microbiologynote.com)
B the thermodynamically favorable flow of electrons from NADH to the mitochondrial electron transport carriers. (vumc.org)

These redox reactions, called electron transport chains, form a series of protein complexes within the cell's mitochondria that release energy or ATP. (hippocrates.com.au)
Electron transport chains are formed by protein complexes embedded in a membrane that act concertedly during a sequence of redox reactions. (ishinobu.com)
Electrons are passed from one member of the transport chain to another in a series of redox reactions. (vumc.org)

In photosynthesis, final electron transfer from ferredoxin to NADP + is accomplished by the flavo enzyme ferredoxin:NADP + oxidoreductase (FNR). (nature.com)

Vercellino I, Sazanov LA (2022) The assembly, regulation and function of the mitochondrial respiratory chain. (mitophysiology.org)
Ganguly U, Bir A, Chakrabarti S (2022) Cytotoxicity of mitochondrial Complex I inhibitor rotenone: a complex interplay of cell death pathways. (mitophysiology.org)
Banerjee R, Purhonen J, Kallijärvi J (2022) The mitochondrial coenzyme Q junction and Complex III: biochemistry and pathophysiology. (mitophysiology.org)
Maklashina E, Iverson TM, Cecchini G (2022) How an assembly factor enhances covalent FAD attachment to the flavoprotein subunit of complex II. (bioblast.at)

We have employed electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy to study free radical formation and electron partitioning in TROL-depleted chloroplasts. (nature.com)
Compared with individual exposures, co-exposure aerosols produced greater acellular and cellular oxidants detected by electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy, and in vivo immune-spin trapping (IST), as well as synergistically increased lavage neutrophils, lavage proteins and inflammation related gene/protein expression. (cdc.gov)

In the electron transport chain, the free energy from the series of reactions just described is used to pump hydrogen ions across the membrane. (opentextbooks.org.hk)
The result of the reactions is the production of ATP from the energy of the electrons removed from hydrogen atoms. (opentextbooks.org.hk)
Hydrogen (H), with an oxidation state of +1, is the strongest reductant, as it freely gives its sole electron for chemical reactions. (ishinobu.com)
Electron transfer is the elemental transaction in chemical reactions. (ishinobu.com)
Niacin (B3) facilitates reactions that extract energy from fats, carbohydrates, and proteins. (ushealthcrisis.com)

Photosynthesis is a fundamental process that uses light to synthesize molecular fuel, driven by large protein complexes at internal membranes of vegetal cells. (icrea.cat)

Thus, we measured mitochondrial respiratory chain complexes and creatine kinase activities in rat brain and kidney after administration of contrast media. (nih.gov)
The present findings suggest that the inhibition of mitochondrial respiratory chain complexes and creatine kinase caused by the acute renal failure induced by contrast media administration may be involved in the neurological complications reported in patients and might play a role in the pathogenesis of the encephalopathy caused by acute renal failure. (nih.gov)
Activities of respiratory chain complexes and citrate synthase influenced by pharmacologically different antidepressants and mood stabilizers. (nel.edu)

cDNA of eight nuclear encoded subunits of NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase: human complex I cDNA characterization completed. (nih.gov)
Kumar R, Landry AP, Guha A, Vitvitsky V, Lee HJ, Seike K, Reddy P, Lyssiotis CA, Banerjee R (2021) A redox cycle with complex II prioritizes sulfide quinone oxidoreductase dependent H 2 S oxidation. (bioblast.at)

Ethidium Bromide treated cells are depleted of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) and mtDNA encoded proteins. (cellsignal.com)

Pyridoxine (B6) influences the metabolism of amino acids, the building blocks of proteins, thereby indirectly impacting energy production. (ushealthcrisis.com)

Activity and protein expression of Na+/K+ ATPase are reduced in microvillous syncytiotrophoblast plasma membranes isolated from pregnancies complicated by intrauterine growth restriction. (ucdenver.edu)
Activity and protein expression of the Na+/H+ exchanger is reduced in syncytiotrophoblast microvillous plasma membranes isolated from preterm intrauterine growth restriction pregnancies. (ucdenver.edu)
Each of these membranes is a phospholipid bilayer with embedded proteins. (nir1000.com)
FNR is recruited to thylakoid membranes via integral membrane thylakoid rhodanase-like protein TROL. (nature.com)

The buried organic matter (e.g., weathered plant biomass) in these deposits has likely served as a long-lived electron donor fueling sulfate reduction and, directly or indirectly, Fe(III) and U(VI) reduction, thus contributing to the formation of iron sulfide minerals and deposits of poorly soluble U(IV) (e.g. (frontiersin.org)

We propose that the dynamic binding and release of FNR from TROL can control the flow of photosynthetic electrons prior to activation of the pseudo-cyclic electron transfer pathway. (nature.com)

This is known as the linear electron transfer (LET) pathway 1 . (nature.com)

Some bacterial pathogens have been shown to substantially modify their surface components in response to the host immune system and modify their energy metabolism and transport pathways to allow efficient growth within the host. (cdc.gov)

As shown in Figure 1 , in the absence of oxidative stress, Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 (Keap1) keeps Nrf2 sequestered in the cytosol, where it mediates proteasomal degradation of Nrf2 [ 25 - 27 ]. (hindawi.com)

In reduction reaction the amount of positive charge of the atom is reduced when adding negatively charged electron. (proprofs.com)
This is because electrons have a negative charge, and when they are added to an atom, they neutralize some of the positive charge, resulting in a reduction of the overall positive charge of the atom. (proprofs.com)
Reduction potential is the tendency of a chemical species to acquire electrons, and thereby be reduced. (ishinobu.com)
To summarize, redox is a change during a reaction that involves loss or gain of electrons, with reduction a gain and oxidation a loss. (ishinobu.com)
very positive reduction potentials because of their unique coordination That is just like the FeS cluster in complex III. (rehabsociety.org.hk)
NAD+ is able to receive and transport electrons and is therefore important in many oxidation-reduction processes. (histocutup.co.uk)

The electron transport chain is present in multiple copies in the inner mitochondrial membrane of eukaryotes and in the plasma membrane of prokaryotes. (opentextbooks.org.hk)

In prokaryotes the respiratory electron transport chain is located. (vumc.org)
Where is the electron transport chain found within prokaryotes? (vumc.org)

Metabolism is sometimes defined more expansively, for an organism rather than at the cellular level, thus including digestion and the transport of substances between cells. (ishinobu.com)

This pyruvate is then transported into the mitochondria, the cellular powerhouses, to undergo further oxidation. (ushealthcrisis.com)

Hydroxyacyl-CoA Dehydrogenase (HADHA) and Long Chain Acyl-CoA Dehydrogenase (LCAD) catalyze the oxidation of long chain fatty acids, whereas pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH) catalyzes glucose oxidation in the heart. (wvu.edu)

Mitochondria are cellular organelles that harvest energy in the form of ATP through a process termed oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS), which occurs via the protein complexes of the electron transport chain (ETC). In recent years it has become unequivocally clear that mitochondrial complexes of. (sagepub.com)
Where does respiratory electron transport chain occurs? (vumc.org)

Overall, these results highlight the complex nature of organic matter transformation in NRZs and the microbial metabolic pathways that interact to mediate redox status and elemental cycling. (frontiersin.org)

This gene encodes an accessory subunit of the mitochondrial membrane respiratory chain NADH dehydrogenase (Complex I) which is the first enzyme in the electron transport chain of mitochondria. (nih.gov)
Mutations in this gene contribute to mitochondrial complex 1 deficiency. (nih.gov)
A second group of methods, which includes DNA microarrays and proteomics, have advantages that overcome the limitations implicit in signature-tagged mutagenesis and in vivo expression technology, namely, the ability to directly measure expression (gene or protein) levels on a true genome-wide scale, but their application to analysis of bacterial pathogens during real infections is still in its infancy. (cdc.gov)

Skeletal muscle MnSOD, mitochondrial complex II, and SIRT3 enzyme activities are decreased in maternal obesity during human pregnancy and gestational diabetes mellitus. (ouhsc.edu)
Formally, this redox change involves a single-electron, reversible equilibrium between the Fe(II) and Fe(III) states of the central iron atom (From Enzyme Nomenclature, 1992, p539). (lookformedical.com)
Complex II of the chain is the succinate dehydrogenase enzyme complex. (histocutup.co.uk)
This enzyme is also part of the citric acid cycle and uses the electron carrier flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD/FADH). (histocutup.co.uk)
F 1 F 0 -ATP synthase is a large enzyme complex made up of over 22 subunits. (biomedcentral.com)

In each transfer of an electron through the electron transport chain, the electron loses energy, but with some transfers, the energy is stored as potential energy by using it to pump hydrogen ions across the inner mitochondria membrane into the intermembrane space, creating an electrochemical gradient. (opentextbooks.org.hk)
As they are passed from one complex to another (there are a total of four), the electrons lose energy, and some of that energy is used to pump hydrogen ions from the mitochondrial matrix into the intermembrane space. (opentextbooks.org.hk)
This complex protein acts as a tiny generator, turned by the force of the hydrogen ions diffusing through it, down their electrochemical gradient from the intermembrane space, where there are many mutually repelling hydrogen ions to the matrix, where there are few. (opentextbooks.org.hk)

Unlike other low molecular weight messengers that bind to and activate target cellular receptors, NO signaling is mediated by a coordinating complex between NO and transition metals or target cellular proteins, often via S-nitrosylation of cysteine residues. (wikipedia.org)
protein Proteins are large biomolecules and macromolecules that comprise one or more long chains of amino acid residues. (theinfolist.com)

The primary function of the mitochondria is the aerobic production of ATP, a process that is reliant on a series of protein complexes that comprise the electron transport chain. (prolekarniky.cz)

Reduced placental amino acid transport in response to maternal nutrient restriction in the baboon. (ucdenver.edu)
Effect of high altitude on human placental amino acid transport. (ucdenver.edu)

Proteins make up the mitochondrial transport chain, and some fatty acids also play a crucial role. (recharge.health)
Fatty acids, which are often found in chains as CoA-esters, are first transported across the outer mitochondrial membrane by palmitoyl transferase I, resulting in translocation to the intermembrane space and transformation into an acyl-carnitine form. (biomedcentral.com)

The frequency of PSI-Pc interaction is higher when at least one of the partners is in a state ready for electron transfer, and it is lower once the electron is transferred. (icrea.cat)
In the last steps of this process transfer of energy-conserving electrons beyond photosystem I (PSI) is performed by a small iron-sulphur protein ferredoxin (Fd). (nature.com)

A flavoprotein oxidase complex that contains iron-sulfur centers. (ouhsc.edu)
An IRON-containing protein that uses siroheme and 4Fe-4S iron-sulfur centers as prosthetic groups. (lookformedical.com)

Anatomy3

Diseases1

Chemicals and Drugs21

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment1

Phenomena and Processes14

Information Science2

Acceptor10

Inner membrane8

Cytochrome14

NADH and FADH23

Donors4

Oxygen12

Molecules13

Synthesis5

Cryo-electron m1

Lipids1

Protons5

Enzymes1

Acceptors1

Respiration6

Photosynthetic electron transport1

Known as the electron2

Coenzymes3

20231

Molecule5

Carriers5

Redox reactions3

Final electron1

20224

Paramagnetic resonance2

Reactions5

Photosynthesis1

Respiratory chain complexes3

Oxidoreductase2

MtDNA1

Blocks of proteins1

Membranes4

Donor1

Cyclic1

Pathway1

Energy Metabolism1

Oxidative Stress1

Reduction6

Plasma membrane of prokaryotes1

Prokaryotes2

Substances1

Cellular Powerhouses1

Pyruvate1

Occurs2

Metabolic1

Gene3

Enzyme5

Hydrogen ions3

Residues2

Comprise1

Amino acid2

Fatty acids2

Transfer2

Iron-sulfur centers2