Electron alpha particles. Medical search. Frequent questions

Alpha particles, also called alpha rays or alpha radiation, consist of two protons and two neutrons bound together into a particle identical to a helium-4 nucleus. (wikipedia.org)
An atom consists of one nucleus, made of protons and neutrons, and many smaller particles called electrons. (cdc.gov)
Electrons combine with protons and (usually) neutrons to make atoms . (windows2universe.org)
Electrons are much smaller than neutrons and protons. (windows2universe.org)
A neutral atom has equal numbers of electrons and protons. (windows2universe.org)
The electrons in an atom swarm in a cloud around the small, dense nucleus, which is made up of neutrons and protons. (windows2universe.org)
The negatively charged electrons are pulled towards the nucleus by the positively charged protons. (windows2universe.org)
Electrons orbiting the nucleus have a negative charge to balance the positive charge of the protons and a mass equal to 1/1,840 of the mass of a proton. (usgs.gov)
Alpha particle ( ionizing radiation ) - two neutrons and two protons bound as a single particle (a helium nucleus) that is emitted from the nucleus of certain radioactive isotopes in the process of disintegration. (cdc.gov)
First the electrons struck a 'target' of liquid hydrogen, which cokntains only protons in the atomic nuclei. (newscientist.com)
Many of the electrons would shoot straight through the target, but some would be scattered, knocked from their paths by protons, as in a game of subatomic billiards. (newscientist.com)
At such energies the electrons, which behave like points in space, could pierce the heart of protons. (newscientist.com)
The scattering patterns suggested that the electrons were much more readily deviated through large angles inside the protons than anyone had expected - or almost anyone. (newscientist.com)
Over the last century, physicists have used light quanta electrons, alpha particles, X-rays, gamma-rays, protons, neutrons and exotic sub-nuclear particles for this purpose. (nobelprize.org)
In response to this hypothesis, the two scientists constructed a machine that could accelerate hydrogen ions (protons) to energies of 700,000 electron volts. (madehow.com)
When these protons were used to bombard a lithium target, Walton and Cockroftfound that large numbers of alpha particles were emitted. (madehow.com)
Alpha particles consist of two protons and two neutrons and carry a positive charge. (troxlerlabs.com)
onous lizard?protons and two electrons in close association. (newspaperarchive.com)
it, has a nucleus consisting ofone proton around which one electron revolves, ST'*Until last year, it, was supposed that the nuclei of all atoms heavierthan hydrogen were made up ofcombinations of protons and electrons.Combination Is NeutralNow. (newspaperarchive.com)
Topics covered in the lesson are Introduction, Rutherford's scattering experiment, Discovery of neutrons, Dalton's Atomic theory, Bohr's model of an atom, Discovery of electrons and protons, Some important definitions, Thomson's model of an atom. (successcds.net)
According to Dalton, an atom was indivisible but later on, it was proved that atom can be subdivided into sub atomic particles called electrons, protons & neutrons. (successcds.net)
As these particles possess positive charge so they were named as protons. (successcds.net)
Protons and alpha particles with energies >1.3 MeV/nucleon, and electrons >0.3 MeV were measured within interplanetary space over the range from 0.3 to 1.0 AU. (nasa.gov)
It measured protons and alpha particles in six channels (1.3-3.3, 3.3-13, 13-27, 27-37, 37-45, and >45 MeV/nucleon) and electrons in five energy channels (0.3-0.8, 0.8-2, 2-3, 3-4, and >4 MeV). (nasa.gov)
Specific types of radiation discussed from an occupational hazard point of view include ionizing radiation (alpha particles, beta particles, protons, gamma rays and x-rays, and neutrons), ultraviolet radiation, visible radiation, infrared radiation, microwave and radiofrequency radiation, and laser exposure. (cdc.gov)

Hint ] Applications that worry about cross-sections for scattering through one angle, or another, include astrophysical studies of gravitational lensing, and a wide range of diffraction and imaging experiments with electrons, neutrons, ions, and light. (umsl.edu)
Neutrons are elementary particles which are emitted during certain types of nuclear reactions. (troxlerlabs.com)
Equivalent dose - The biological effects of an absorbed dose of a given magnitude are dependent on the type of radiation delivering the energy (i.e., whether the radiation is from x rays, gamma rays, electrons (beta rays), alpha particles, neutrons, or other particulate radiation) and the amount of radiation absorbed. (fda.gov)

Electrons in different atoms have different energies associated with their energy level transitions. (windows2universe.org)
Electrons are often torn loose from their parent atoms. (windows2universe.org)
Atoms and the tiny particles from which they are made strongly influence the world around us. (windows2universe.org)
Many of the intermediate nuclei emit alpha particles, which are nuclei of helium atoms. (icr.org)
Then they gather two electrons apiece from the surrounding crystal and become helium atoms. (icr.org)
The number of lead atoms in a zircon crystal (plus knowing its size relative to the range of alpha particles) tells us how many helium atoms the nuclear decay originally formed in the crystal. (icr.org)
Such 'scattering experiments' had a great historical precedent, for it was by studying the way atoms scatter alpha particles that Ernest Rutherford first found evidence for the atomic nucleus in 1911. (newscientist.com)
Did you know that for 100 years scientists believed that atoms were the smallest particles that existed? (visionlearning.com)
It took many scientists and numerous experiments to show that atoms were made up of smaller particles with very different properties. (visionlearning.com)
Atoms are not dense spheres but consist of smaller particles including the negatively charged electron. (visionlearning.com)
By the late 1800's, John Dalton's view of atoms as the smallest particles that made up all matter had held sway for about 100 years, but that idea was about to be challenged. (visionlearning.com)
Several scientists working on atomic models found that atoms were not the smallest possible particles that made up matter, and that different parts of the atom had very distinct characteristics. (visionlearning.com)
E very student of physics learns that the nucleus was discovered by firing alpha particles at atoms. (cerncourier.com)
Beta particles are electrons emitted from nucleus of atoms at nearly the speed of light. (troxlerlabs.com)
they were knocked out of the nuclei of the atoms of a block of lead in the apparatus which lie was using.Many Particles Unknown jScientists have reason today to suspect that there are a number of particles in the atom which are yet unknown. (newspaperarchive.com)
This matter is made up of small particles called atoms. (successcds.net)
Alpha and beta particles are small, fast-moving bits of over time until all of the radioactive atoms have decayed. (cdc.gov)
These radiation particles and rays carry behaves like other substances, getting into the air, water, soil, enough energy to knock out electrons from atoms and mol- plants, and animals, while also giving off radiation. (cdc.gov)
The efficiency sential y uniform after whole-body izing (i.e. removing electrons from) in causing damage and subsequent exposure to being highly heteroge- atoms or molecules of the medium biological effects is related not only neous in the case of non-uniform to the amount of energy transferred being traversed. (who.int)

They are a highly ionizing form of particle radiation, and (when resulting from radioactive alpha decay) usually have low penetration depth (stopped by a few centimetres of air, or by the skin). (wikipedia.org)
Of the different types and sources of ionizing radiation, this profile will discuss the three main types: alpha, beta, and gamma radiation. (cdc.gov)
Ionizing radiation is energy that is carried by several types of particles and rays given off by radioactive material, x ray machines, and fuel elements in nuclear reactors. (cdc.gov)
Such energetic free electrons are a form of particle radiation . (windows2universe.org)
One main type of radiation, particle radiation, is the result of subatomic particles hurtling at tremendous speeds. (windows2universe.org)
Radiation from the nucleus consists of alpha particles, positive and negative beta particles, and gamma photons or rays. (usgs.gov)
Beta particle ( ionizing radiation ) - a charged particle emitted from the nucleus of certain unstable atomic nuclei (radioactive isotopes), having the charge and mass of an electron. (cdc.gov)
Electron beam radiation therapy has little tissue penetration and is best for skin or superficial cancers. (merckmanuals.com)
Radiation that has sufficient energy to remove electrons from substances that it passes through, forming ions. (nti.org)
There are four basic types of ionizing radiation: alpha, beta, gamma and neutron. (troxlerlabs.com)
Is the process by which an unstable atomic nucleus loses energy by emitting radiation, such as an alpha, beta or gamma ray. (euronuclear.org)
Alpha and beta radiation are particles whereas gamma rays are electromagnetic waves. (euronuclear.org)
Alpha (α) radiation consists of a fast-moving helium nucleus and can be stopped by a sheet of paper. (euronuclear.org)
Beta (β) radiation consisting of electrons, and can be halted by an aluminium plate. (euronuclear.org)
Ionizing radiation may come from high-energy photons that can be the product of natural decay of radioactive material, such as gamma rays, or the product of artificial bombardment of electrons onto Tungsten, such as x-rays. (medscape.com)
Radiation can also be produced by high energy particles that are a product of radioactive decay. (medscape.com)
Radiation is considered as energy which is emitted, transmitted, or absorbed in wave or energetic particle form. (cdc.gov)
Ionizing radiation is any one of several types of particles and change them into radioactive material (such as tritium and and rays given off by radioactive material, high-voltage equip- carbon 14). (cdc.gov)
Exposure to low levels of ionizing radiation from the en- dren are treated with a chemical that has some amount of ra- vironment has not been shown to affect human health. (cdc.gov)
The effects of radiation are radiation have concentrated on low- -particle with an energy of 2 MeV directly related to the dose received has an LET of about 180 keV/m. dose exposures, typical y of 0.1 Gy by individual cel s or organs, and All types of ionizing radiation in- (= 0.1 J/kg) and below. (who.int)

An electron is one of the most important types of subatomic particles. (windows2universe.org)
Electrons are a type of lepton, a class of subatomic particles which also includes muons and tauons. (windows2universe.org)
The principles essential to the interpretation of gamma, gamma-spectrometry, gamma-gamma, and various types of neutron logs include the nature of subatomic particles and the particles and photons emitted by unstable isotopes. (usgs.gov)
The evidence on which these two theorists based their arguments dealt with symmetries between different subatomic particles, mainly short-lived particles created only in high-energy experiments. (newscientist.com)
Over a 75-year period beginning in the first part of the 19th century, two subatomic particles were discovered: the electron and the nucleus. (visionlearning.com)

To a lesser extent, this is also true of very high-energy helium nuclei produced by particle accelerators. (wikipedia.org)
It plays a pivotal role in some of society's most important scientific and medical applications, from MRI machines to superconductivity to particle accelerators to the creation of the strongest magnetic fields on Earth. (forbes.com)
Perhaps most importantly, at atmospheric pressure but at low temperatures, it liquefies but never solidifies, making it the ultimate coolant for particle accelerators, MRI machines, and superconductors. (forbes.com)
According to R. Scott Kemp in his article "Nuclear Proliferation with Particle Accelerators," conventional cyclotrons with energy below 25 MeV do not have the ability to penetrate uranium nuclei and are not capable of low-yield spallation, which produces the neutron beams necessary for a nuclear chain reaction. (nti.org)
Walton's interest in particle accelerators went back to the late 1920s. (madehow.com)
The telescope was calibrated prior to launch using radioactive sources, particle accelerators, and ground-level muons. (nasa.gov)

However, so-called long range alpha particles from ternary fission are three times as energetic, and penetrate three times as far. (wikipedia.org)
Especially energetic alpha particles deriving from a nuclear process are produced in the relatively rare (one in a few hundred) nuclear fission process of ternary fission. (wikipedia.org)
Energetic beta particles penetrate the dead skin layer. (cdc.gov)
Very energetic beta particles can penetrate 1/2 inch of wood. (troxlerlabs.com)
A team of fusion researchers succeeded in proving that energetic ions with energy in mega electron volt (MeV) range are superiorly confined in a plasma for the first time in helical systems. (lifeboat.com)

Because they are identical to helium nuclei, they are also sometimes written as He2+ or 4 2He2+ indicating a helium ion with a +2 charge (missing its two electrons). (wikipedia.org)
Some science authors use doubly ionized helium nuclei (He2+ ) and alpha particles as interchangeable terms. (wikipedia.org)
The nomenclature is not well defined, and thus not all high-velocity helium nuclei are considered by all authors to be alpha particles. (wikipedia.org)
Thus, alpha particles may be loosely used as a term when referring to stellar helium nuclei reactions (for example the alpha processes), and even when they occur as components of cosmic rays. (wikipedia.org)
Alpha particles are commonly emitted by all of the larger radioactive nuclei such as uranium, thorium, actinium, and radium, as well as the transuranic elements. (wikipedia.org)
The smallest nuclei that have to date been found to be capable of alpha emission are beryllium-8 and antimony-104, not counting beta-delayed alpha emission of some lighter elements. (wikipedia.org)
Likemany other scientists, he recognized the inherent limitations of using particles from naturally-occurring radioactive materials to induce changes in atomic nuclei. (madehow.com)
Alpha particles are helium nuclei emitted by various elements, including radium. (medscape.com)
At the time being, information on the nuclear structure of SHE nuclei has been derived mainly via studying the alpha-particles emitted as the SHE nuclei decay. (lu.se)
For even mass nuclei such decays involve almost exclusively alpha decays from ground state (mother) to ground state (daughter). (lu.se)
This means that instead of identifying the superheavy nuclei indirectly via their subsequent decay (alpha particles) the nuclei will now be directly identified via the emitted X-rays. (lu.se)

It proved that at these conditions, some rays were emitted through cathode and were travelling towards anode called cathode rays consisting of negatively charged particles. (successcds.net)

and IS☉IS to characterize particle energies. (aps.org)
Such "free electron" can be accelerated, because of the electron's charge, to very high speeds and energies by electrical and magnetic fields. (windows2universe.org)
The SLAC-MIT team aimed to measure the energies and angles at which the scattered electrons emerged from the target. (newscientist.com)
When the SLAC-MIT group embarked on its experiments in 1967 it had SLAC's new accelerator at its disposal, which provided electrons with energies up to 20 gigaelectronvolts. (newscientist.com)
In 1967, James 'BJ' Bjorken, a theorist at Stanford, had been looking at how the expressions describing electron-proton scattering would evolve at high energies. (newscientist.com)
Seeing electrons from space pass through thick layers of earth would require ridiculous energies (hence (E) is out). (grephysics.net)
Different energies of electrons are used based on the desired depth of penetration and type of tumor. (merckmanuals.com)

In principle, a nonneutral plasma (positrons or electrons or antiprotons or ions) confined in a "perfect" Penning-Malmberg trap would be confined indefinitely because the angular momentum is a conserved quantity due to the cylindrical symmetry of the trap. (cern.ch)

is it true that the electrons travel in the tunnel diode with a velocity comparable with the velocity of light?during tunneling why does the electron wave function penetrate the boundary? (edaboard.com)
Alpha particles penetrate poorly but can be taken up in local tissues. (medscape.com)

radon in Volume nism mediated by free electrons. (who.int)

They are generally produced in the process of alpha decay, but may also be produced in other ways. (wikipedia.org)
Due to the mechanism of their production in standard alpha radioactive decay, alpha particles generally have a kinetic energy of about 5 MeV, and a velocity in the vicinity of 4% of the speed of light. (wikipedia.org)
See discussion below for the limits of these figures in alpha decay. (wikipedia.org)
A higher energy version of alphas than produced in alpha decay is a common product of an uncommon nuclear fission result called ternary fission. (wikipedia.org)
When an atom emits an alpha particle in alpha decay, the atom's mass number decreases by four due to the loss of the four nucleons in the alpha particle. (wikipedia.org)
Examples of this sort of nuclear transmutation by alpha decay are the decay of uranium to thorium, and that of radium to radon. (wikipedia.org)
Unlike other types of decay, alpha decay as a process must have a minimum-size atomic nucleus that can support it. (wikipedia.org)
In contrast to beta decay, the fundamental interactions responsible for alpha decay are a balance between the electromagnetic force and nuclear force. (wikipedia.org)
Alpha decay results from the Coulomb repulsion between the alpha particle and the rest of the nucleus, which both have a positive electric charge, but which is kept in check by the nuclear force. (wikipedia.org)
241Am and 243Am decay by alpha emission forming neptunium (atomic number 93), 237Np (t½=2.14x106 years) and 239Np (t½=2.355 days) as the respective products. (cdc.gov)
The concept of tunelling is better explained with alpha particles / alpha decay. (edaboard.com)

Physicists knew from earlier scattering experiments that the electric charge of the proton was spread over a measurable area about 10 15 metres across and many believed that the high-energy electrons would suffer only minor deflections from this smeared out charge. (newscientist.com)

Neutrino detectors are generally located underground because as cosmic rays go through the Earth, most of the particles other than neutrinos (pions, muons, antiprotons, etc.) will interact with "stuff" and not reach the detector. (grephysics.net)
You can also eliminate E with the knowledge that electrons have a relatively short interaction length, while muons travel much farther before interacting. (grephysics.net)

In classical physics, alpha particles do not have enough energy to escape the potential well from the strong force inside the nucleus (this well involves escaping the strong force to go up one side of the well, which is followed by the electromagnetic force causing a repulsive push-off down the other side). (wikipedia.org)

As with beta and gamma particles/rays, the name used for the particle carries some mild connotations about its production process and energy, but these are not rigorously applied. (wikipedia.org)
X-rays are derived from shell transitions by the orbital electrons. (usgs.gov)
J.J. Thomson's observations of cathode rays provide the basis for the discovery of the electron. (visionlearning.com)
Indeed, in the 1960s, many people regarded quarks simply as a useful book-keeping device to classify the many new "elementary" particles that had been discovered in cosmic rays and bubble-chamber experiments. (cerncourier.com)
X-rays are the same as gamma rays, except they originate outside the nucleus from processes involving electrons. (troxlerlabs.com)
Gamma rays are much more penetrating than alpha or beta particles. (troxlerlabs.com)
These particles formed canal rays and started moving towards the cathode. (successcds.net)
These particles are called canal rays as they are not produced by anode. (successcds.net)
3. High detection efficiency of the K and L X-rays emitted in coincidence with the alpha particles and associated conversion electrons. (lu.se)
It includes particles and rays given off by radioactive material, stars, and high-voltage equipment. (cdc.gov)

Once the ion gains electrons from its environment, the alpha particle becomes a normal (electrically neutral) helium atom 4 2He. (wikipedia.org)
In this atom, the electrons are yellow. (windows2universe.org)
Sometimes electrons can be knocked loose from an atom, taking along their negative charge and leaving behind an ion with a net positive charge. (windows2universe.org)
Electrons can dwell at various energy levels within an atom. (windows2universe.org)
A particle with a positive electric charge located in the nucleus of an atom. (nti.org)
While working at the Cavendish Laboratory in Cambridge in 1929, Walton and Cockroft heard about speculations by G. Gamow, E. U. Condon, and R. W. Gurney that high energy particles have a small, but significant, probability of overcoming the electrical repulsion of an atom and entering its nucleus. (madehow.com)
Ionization occurs when electrons are dislodged from a neutral atom. (troxlerlabs.com)
Every atom consists of a nucleus with which is associated one or more electrons.Next, there is the proton. (newspaperarchive.com)

When electrons move from one energy level to another, they either absorb or emit a photon . (windows2universe.org)
Ionizing radia- distribution of internal radionuclides per unit mass (the absorbed dose, tions are usual y classified as either that emit short-range -particles or expressed in units of gray, where electro magnetic or particulate. (who.int)

Rutherford had been successful in producing the first nuclear transformations using alpha particles from naturally-radioactive isotopes. (madehow.com)

Suppose that I want to compare the Kinetic Energy of an electron to the Kinetic Energy of an alpha particle if they both have the same radius of curvature in a magnetic field. (physicsforums.com)

Each proton and electron has an electrical charge. (windows2universe.org)
Moreover, the quarks had bizarre properties, carrying fractions of the charges on the proton and electron. (newscientist.com)

The beta particle is not stopped in matter as quickly as an alpha particle. (cdc.gov)

That is, they took electrons of gas along, leaving behind positively charged particles of the gas. (successcds.net)

In addition, by means of a clever experiment the negative charge of a single electron was calculated. (visionlearning.com)
Millikan's oil drop experiment determines the fundamental charge on the electron as 1.60 x 10 -19 coulombs. (visionlearning.com)
In an experiment bombarding a gold foil with 5 MeV alpha particles, where would the cross-section for scattering that doubly-charged ion backwards (>90 degrees) plot on the graph above? (umsl.edu)
The objective of the experiment (E6) was to study high-energy, charged, cosmic-ray particles of solar, planetary, and galactic origin in interplanetary space. (nasa.gov)

Electron microscopy shows alpha and beta glycogen particles. (medscape.com)
Cryo-electron microscopy reconstructions of cpn-α and cpn-β revealed the interwoven densities of their non-conserved flexible N/C-termini around the equatorial planes. (rcsb.org)

However, the quantum tunnelling effect allows alphas to escape even though they do not have enough energy to overcome the nuclear force. (wikipedia.org)
If an electron has enough energy to overcome the barrier, there is a likelyhood of it overcoming / crossing the barrier. (edaboard.com)
Even though the particle does not have enough energy to overcome the barrier, the wave function (under conditions) is finite beyond the barrier, this in other words implies a finite probability (may be small) of finding that particle beyond the barrier. (edaboard.com)
Thus in tunnelling a particle (or an electron for that matter) may cross the barrier even when its energy is less than the height of the barrier. (edaboard.com)
Since 1967, SLAc has been home to the longest electron accelerator in the world, a 3 kilometre long pipe in which electrons race from one end to the other, gaining energy from electric fields as they speed along. (newscientist.com)
These dots might be replaced with curves parameterized according to electron energy in the days ahead. (umsl.edu)
You might already imagine that as electron energy increases beyond 70 eV, the cross-section for inelastic scattering goes down. (umsl.edu)
This could prove important, for example, in deciding what electron energy to use if your specimen is beam-sensitive. (umsl.edu)
But alpha particles from such sources are too few in number and have too little energy to be used for most of the transformations that scientists want to study. (madehow.com)
This promises the alpha particle (helium ion) confinement required for realizing fusion energy in a helical reactor. (lifeboat.com)
The energy delivered to the tissues is measured in electron volts. (medscape.com)

This is allowed by the wave nature of matter, which allows the alpha particle to spend some of its time in a region so far from the nucleus that the potential from the repulsive electromagnetic force has fully compensated for the attraction of the nuclear force. (wikipedia.org)

Plutonium-239 emits alpha particles. (cdc.gov)

The prize was awarded for Cockroft and Walton's development of a particle accelerating device that now carries their names. (madehow.com)

The mass of a single neutron or proton is more than 1,800 times greater than the mass of an electron. (windows2universe.org)

Both positrons and electrons have the same mass. (grephysics.net)
it's worth noting as well that Positrons are antimatter particles which tend to have a short lifespan in any place with matter. (grephysics.net)
Cyclotron cooling is typically sufficient for keeping electrons and positrons cold when the Rotating Wall is applied. (cern.ch)

Aerodynamic diameter, AD - the physical diameter of a particle of unit density (1 gram per cubic centimeter) that has the same gravitational settling velocity as the particle of interest. (cdc.gov)

In 'inelastic' scattering, where the proton is hit hard enough to change its state and produce new particles (mainly pions), the results were surprising. (newscientist.com)

The Rotating Wall is a technique used in the ALPHA apparatus that allows us to confine a nonneutral plasma for an arbitrary amount of time and to control the radius , density and rotation frequency of the plasma column. (cern.ch)

At the end of the accelerator, where the electrons emerge, lies a large hall, known as End Station A. It was in this hall in 1967 that Friedman, Kendall and Taylor installed their detectors, and prepared to catch the electrons. (newscientist.com)
The instrument, a particle telescope with a 55-deg field of view, consisted of five semiconductor detectors, one sapphire Cerenkov counter, and one scintillation counter, all enclosed by an anticoincidence cylinder. (nasa.gov)
In an extended focal plane, TASISpec places pixelized silicon detectors for particles and high-resolution germanium gamma-ray detectors around it in an extremely compact way. (lu.se)

A couple sheets of paper are sufficient to stop most alpha particles. (troxlerlabs.com)

Elements are organised into blocks by the orbital type in which the outer electrons are found. (rsc.org)
Z is usually the same as the number of orbital electrons and determines the chemical characteristics of the elements. (usgs.gov)

Experiments found that alpha particles could sometimes almost be turned round in their tracks when they struck a thin sheet of gold foil. (newscientist.com)
Decades later, similar experiments with electrons revealed point-like scattering centres inside the proton itself. (cerncourier.com)
Few people were aware of the inelastic-scattering experiments at SLAC with 20 GeV electrons, which were beginning to reveal a much richer picture of the proton. (cerncourier.com)

Lab Safety for Particle Experimentalists SLAC Course 110 - Car batteries can deliver 400 Amps without blinking. (powershow.com)
The prize comes at the Rigfht time to boost morale at SLAC, where a scheme to convert its famous electron accelerator into a collider has run into financial difficulties. (newscientist.com)

Electrons have a negative electrical charge, with a magnitude which is sometimes called the elementary charge or fundamental charge. (windows2universe.org)

An electron has a mass of 9.11 x 10 -28 grams. (windows2universe.org)
A system consisting entirely of electrons and alpha particles has a net charge of 1.84*10^-15C and a net mass of 4.56*10^-23 kg. (expertsmind.com)

Let us review the knownparticles and see why the existence of others is plausible.First of nil, there is the electron, electrically negative. (newspaperarchive.com)

Members of a group typically have similar properties and electron configurations in their outer shell. (rsc.org)

Air filters are least efficient for particle sizes of about 0.3 microns and collect smaller and larger particles more efficiently. (cdc.gov)

The 1951 Nobel Prize recognized both the development of the particle accelerator and the discoveries of nuclear reactions Walton and Cockroft made with it. (madehow.com)

The electrons should be smaller and much, much further away. (windows2universe.org)
A lthough light's wavelength is too large to examine objects much smaller than a biological cell, one method to explore structures on the atomic scale (and smaller) is to toss particles with even smaller wavelengths at those structures, and see what happens if and when they collide. (umsl.edu)
It is 1.850 times as heavy as the electron and about as many times smaller. (newspaperarchive.com)
Spherical agglomerated particles of smaller nominal tube dimension were linked to granulomatous inflammation while a mixture of smaller and larger dimensional CNT/F resulted in more severe alveolar injury. (cdc.gov)

Anatomy2

Chemicals and Drugs9

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment8

Phenomena and Processes8

Technology, Industry, Agriculture1

Health Care2

Protons25

Neutrons3

Atoms19

Radiation20

Subatomic particles5

Accelerators6

Energetic5

Nuclei11

Negatively charged1

Energies7

Ions1

Penetrate2

Free electrons1

Decay11

Physicists1

Muons2

Physics1

Rays10

Atom8

Emit2

Isotopes1

Kinetic Energy1

Proton and electron2

Beta particle1

Positively charged1

Experiment4

Microscopy2

Energy11

Electromagnetic1

Emits1

Carries1

Neutron1

Positrons3

Velocity1

Pions1

Apparatus1

Detectors3

Sufficient1

Orbital2

Experiments3

SLAc2

Elementary1

Mass2

Electrically1

Outer1

Collect1

Accelerator1

Smaller4