• Uilenberg G . Heartwater ( Cowdria ruminantium infection): current status. (cdc.gov)
  • Walker JB , Olwage A . The tick vectors of Cowdria ruminantium (Ixodoidea, Ixodidae, genus Amblyomma ) and their distribution. (cdc.gov)
  • Isolation and transmission of Cowdria ruminantium (causal agent of heartwater disease) in Blue Nile Province, Sudan. (cdc.gov)
  • Peter TF , Deem SL , Barbet AF , Norval RAI , Simbi BH , Kelly PJ , Development and evaluation of PCR assay for detection of low levels of Cowdria ruminantium infection in Amblyomma ticks not detected by DNA probe. (cdc.gov)
  • Sequence heterogeneity of the major antigenic protein 1 genes from Cowdria ruminantium isolates from different geographical areas. (cdc.gov)
  • Detection of the agent of heartwater, Cowdria ruminantium , in Amblyomma ticks by PCR: validation and application of the assay to field ticks. (cdc.gov)
  • It is caused by Ehrlichia ruminantium (formerly Cowdria ruminantium) - an intracellular Gram-negative coccal bacterium (also referred to as Rickettsia ruminantium). (wikipedia.org)
  • Cowdria polymorphic gene 1 (cpg1, Erum2510, ERUM_RS01380) has been shown to induce 30% and 100% protection in sheep immunised by deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) prime combined with DNA boost and DNA prime combined with protein boost, respectively, against heartwater infection via needle challenge. (bvsalud.org)
  • This tick species is a known vector for Rickettsial organisms, Rickettsia parkeri, and Ehrlichia ruminantium, formerly Cowdria ruminantium. (health.mil)
  • International movement of animals infected with the tick-transmitted blood parasites Theileria , Babesia , and Anaplasma spp and Ehrlichia ruminantium hard ticks is widely restricted. (merckvetmanual.com)
  • Of comparative medical interest, cats, dogs, humans, as well as other domestic and wild animal species, can all be infected with the same Anaplasma or Ehrlichia sp. (vin.com)
  • Co-infection with multiple Ehrlichia species or Ehrlichia and Anaplasma spp. (vin.com)
  • Forty samples with Amblyomma hebraeum ticks were assessed for Ehrlichia ruminantium infection with Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) and Reverse Line Blot hybridization (RLB). (uu.nl)
  • The prevalence of infection detected by the PCR-RLB in adult ticks was 13% (3/23) and for the pooled nymphs 11,8% (2/17). (uu.nl)
  • In areas endemic for heartwater, the use of dips against other ticks of domestic animals, such as Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) and Hyalomma species is likely, and this will usually contribute to control of vectors of E. ruminantium. (wikipedia.org)
  • In addition, ticks can harm their hosts directly by inducing toxicosis (eg, sweating sickness, tick paralysis Tick Paralysis ) caused by salivary fluids containing toxins), skin wounds susceptible to secondary bacterial infections and screwworm infestations, and anemia and death. (merckvetmanual.com)
  • To delineate the molecular mechanism of midgut response to E. ruminantium infection, we performed comparative analyses of midgut transcriptomes of E. ruminantium infected engorged A. hebraeum nymphs, and infected adult male and female ticks with their corresponding matched uninfected controls, before and during feeding. (bvsalud.org)
  • Annotation of DEGs revealed an increase in metabolic and cellular processes among E. ruminantium infected ticks. (bvsalud.org)
  • 4) Develop collaboration with scientists at CIRAD and CaribVET housed in Guadeloupe in support of determining the risk of regional spread of E. ruminantium and A. variegatum ticks. (usda.gov)
  • For Objective 1, Amblyomma maculatum ticks will be infected with E. ruminantium via inoculation or acquisition feeding to determine infection rates and levels. (usda.gov)
  • Mechanisms by which E. chaffeensis establishes intracellular infection, and avoids host defenses are not well understood, but involve functionally relevant host-pathogen interactions associated with tandem and ankyrin repeat effector proteins. (frontiersin.org)
  • Amblyomma maculatum would be the likely tick vector for E. ruminantium, should this pathogen be introduced into the U.S. The capacity of A. maculatum to transmit E. ruminantium is well demonstrated. (usda.gov)
  • The student will be broadly trained in research involving bacterial cell culture, animal infection studies, molecular biology, host response assessment, field studies involving tick collections, tick rearing and manipulations, and tick-host-pathogen interactions. (usda.gov)
  • Ehrlichia chaffeensis is a small, gram negative, obligately intracellular bacterium that preferentially infects mononuclear phagocytes. (frontiersin.org)
  • In this review, we discuss the recent advances in our understanding of the molecular and cellular mechanisms that underlie Ehrlichia host cellular reprogramming strategies that enable intracellular survival. (frontiersin.org)
  • Despite its small genome and limited number of effector proteins, Ehrlichia efficiently establishes an intracellular infection and avoids immune defenses in vertebrate and invertebrate hosts through complex molecular and cellular reprogramming strategies. (frontiersin.org)
  • Major knowledge gaps slow progress developing interventions against heartwater, which is caused by the obligate intracellular bacteria, Ehrlichia ruminantium. (usda.gov)
  • The substantial numbers of Amblyomma hebraeum and the relative high prevalence of Ehrlichia ruminantium in this area will make the import of high- producing animals difficult. (uu.nl)
  • 1-3 SFR infections are caused by bacterial species of the genus Rickettsia. (health.mil)
  • There are reports of zoonotic infections of humans by E. ruminantium, similar to other Ehrlichia species, such as those that cause human ehrlichiosis. (wikipedia.org)
  • One of the most important new developments related to ehrlichiosis is the realization that a given mammalian species can be infected simultaneously or sequentially by several Ehrlichia species. (vin.com)
  • In many respects, the immunopathogenic consequences of tick-borne infections, such as anaplasmosis and ehrlichiosis, are nearly identical among infected animal species and human patients. (vin.com)
  • Although the clinicopathologic course of disease will vary depending upon the infecting Ehrlichia species, illness is typically characterized by an acute reduction in cellular blood elements, most often thrombocytopenia. (vin.com)
  • Sequencing of 16S rDNA, sodB, and groEL genes indicated that the bacterium is most likely a novel Ehrlichia species. (cdc.gov)
  • Recognized species include E. canis, E. chaffeensis, E. ewingii, E. muris, and E. ruminantium ( 1 ). (cdc.gov)
  • Two recently identified new species are Ehrlichia sp. (cdc.gov)
  • Organisms of this species are opportunistic pathogens that can attack immunocompromised patients and causes gastroenteritis (inflammation of mucous membranes of stomach and intestine), wound infections, and primary septicemia (spread of the organism through the blood). (up.ac.za)
  • The distribution of E. canis infection is related to the geographic distribution of the vector tick, Rhipicephalus sanguineous , the brown dog tick, which spends all 3 life stages on dogs. (vin.com)
  • The tick vector and the potential for canine and human infection remain unknown. (cdc.gov)
  • E. chaffeensis, E. ewingii , and EMLA are considered human zoonotic pathogens, but E. canis infections in humans have been reported in South America. (frontiersin.org)
  • Canine ehrlichiosis is an infectious rickettsial disease of dogs, caused by E. canis, E. chaffeensis, and E. ewingii and potentially E. ruminantium . (vin.com)
  • Allsopp MTEP , Dorfling CM , Maillard JC , Bensaid A , Haydon DT , van Heerden H , Ehrlichia ruminantium major antigenic protein gene ( map1 ) variants are not geographically constrained and show no evidence of having evolved under positive selection pressure. (cdc.gov)
  • Insights uncovered in this study offer a platform for further investigations into the molecular interaction between E. ruminantium and A. hebraeum. (bvsalud.org)
  • however, human infection with r. parkeri was not documented until 2004. (liverpool.ac.uk)
  • the tick was removed en bloc with surrounding conjunctiva by an ophthalmologist. (liverpool.ac.uk)
  • In Mérida, Nicaragua, the potential for infection of horses by tickborne pathogens is a concern because of the horses' often poor body condition and heavy tick infestations. (cdc.gov)
  • The major objectives of this work are to: 1) Determine if tick feeding and salivary glands will enhance virulence of E. ruminantium. (usda.gov)
  • A. phagocytophilum and A. platys ), B. burgdorferi sensu stricto, and Ehrlichia spp. (cdc.gov)
  • Field Evaluation of Recombinant Antigen ELISA in Detecting Zoonotic Schistosome Infection Among Water Buffaloes in Endemic Municipalities in the Philippines. (obihiro.ac.jp)
  • During feeding, the tick's enterocytes express proteins that perform vital functions in blood digestion, including proteins that may be involved in E. ruminantium acquisition, colonization or immunity. (bvsalud.org)
  • 6 , 7 ) in horse serum, no reports have documented isolation or PCR detection of Ehrlichia spp. (cdc.gov)
  • To definitively diagnose the disease, C. ruminantium must be demonstrated either in preparations of the hippocampus under Giemsa staining or by histopathology of brain or kidney. (wikipedia.org)
  • Conversely, observations in human patients have contributed to the recognition of an increased spectrum of disease manifestations in animals, such as acute renal failure or acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) in dogs infected with Ehrlichia sp. (vin.com)
  • 2) Characterize the anti-E. ruminantium immune response that associates with mild disease and/or immune protection. (usda.gov)
  • Spotted fever rickettsioses (SFR) can cause human infections ranging from asymptomatic or mild cases to severe, life-threatening disease. (health.mil)
  • We also observed up-regulation of glycoproteins that E. ruminantium could potentially use as docking sites for host cell entry. (bvsalud.org)
  • Finally, the need for live animals or cell culture to grow E. ruminantium limits the ability to produce an inactivated vaccine. (usda.gov)
  • In Objective 2, the anti- E. ruminantium immune response will be measured using a variety of approaches including PBMC stimulation assays, cytokine/chemokine magnetic bead multiplex assays and/or RNAseq to measure the TH1, TH2 and TH17 cytokine responses to E. ruminantium through time. (usda.gov)
  • Development and evaluation of an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay based on recombinant TgSRS2 for serodiagnosis of Toxoplasma gondii infection in cats. (obihiro.ac.jp)
  • According to assay results, 51 (55%) horse serum samples were Ehrlichia spp. (cdc.gov)
  • For Objective 3, the initial steps of developing a cell free culture system will involve optimization of purification and cell free storage of E. ruminantium and validation of methods to measure protein incorporation that do not require radioactive materials. (usda.gov)
  • Often, the experimental characterization of the immunopathological response of a specific Ehrlichia sp. (vin.com)
  • Almost a century ago, E. ruminantium was isolated from cattle as the etiologic agent of heartwater ( Cowdry, 1925 ). (frontiersin.org)