OrganismsDiseasesChemicals and DrugsAnalytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and EquipmentPhenomena and ProcessesInformation ScienceHealth CareGeographicals
EflornithineMelarsoprolTrypanocidal AgentsNifurtimoxTrypanosomiasis, AfricanTrypanosoma cruziTrypanosoma brucei bruceiTrypanosoma brucei gambienseCongoTrypanosomaAngolaHair RemovalDemocratic Republic of the CongoChagas DiseaseTrypanosoma congolenseTrypanosomiasisTrypanosoma vivaxVariant Surface Glycoproteins, TrypanosomaTrypanosoma brucei rhodesienseProtozoan ProteinsRNA, ProtozoanTrypanosoma rangeliTrypanosomiasis, BovineChagas CardiomyopathyDNA, KinetoplastTreatment OutcomeDNA, ProtozoanTriatominaeGenes, ProtozoanTriatomaRhodniusGenome, ProtozoanTrypanosomatinaTsetse FliesNitroimidazolesAntibodies, ProtozoanLife Cycle StagesDiminazeneParasitemiaMolecular Sequence Data
Brucei rhodesienseNECTNifurtimoxCaused by the parasiteHuman African trypanoMelarsoprol and eflornithinePentamidineCruzi10,000EndemicParasitesResistanceAfricaSubspeciesSleepingTreatmentDiseaseCentralAgentMedicalGambienseNifurtimox-eflornithine combination therapyTrypanosomiasisOrnithine decarboxylaseParasiteFexinidazoleInhibitsRegimenVaniqaInfusionsSecond-stageDistinctPatientsFoundSafetyOralFormsCureDrugsFreeEarly
Brucei rhodesiense7
NECT6
  • Nifurtimox-eflornithine combination treatment (NECT) is an effective regimen for the treatment of second stage gambiense African trypanosomiasis. (wikipedia.org)
  • In 2009, results from a pivotal clinical trial sponsored by DNDi and Médecins Sans Frontières (MSF) showed that NECT, a combined treatment of Bayer's nifurtimox and Sanofi's eflornithine, was a safe and effective treatment for sleeping sickness. (dndi.org)
  • NECT has significant practical benefits in comparison to eflornithine: there are fewer intravenous infusions (14 instead of 56), treatment length is shorter, and it is more cost effective than using eflornithine alone. (dndi.org)
  • In April 2009, a new treatment option for second-stage T. b. gambiense HAT, nifurtimox-eflornithine combination therapy (NECT), was added to the WHO Essential Medicines List (EML). (dndi.org)
  • The NECT combination regimen appears to be more effective and less toxic than eflornithine monotherapy. (cdc.gov)
  • Nifurtimox-eflornithine combination therapy, or NECT, is now the WHOs recommended course. (msf-me.org)
Nifurtimox8
  • Efornithine is commonly given in combination with nifurtimox, which reduces the treatment time to 7 days of eflornithine infusions plus 10 days of oral nifurtimox tablets. (wikipedia.org)
  • Eflornithine is also effective in combination with other drugs, such as melarsoprol and nifurtimox. (wikipedia.org)
  • Another randomized control trial in Uganda compared the efficacy of various combinations of these drugs and found that the nifurtimox-eflornithine combination was the most promising first-line theory regimen. (wikipedia.org)
  • Nitroaromatic compounds, such as nifurtimox (in combination with eflornithine) and fexinidazole (in clinical trials), have been recently introduced for the treatment of the second stage of sleeping sickness. (bl.uk)
  • The pharmacotherapy for this disease is limited to two drugs (Benznidazole and Nifurtimox) and both are associated with important limitations, as low cure rate in the chronic phase of the disease, high toxicity and increasing resistance by Trypanosoma cruzi. (bvsalud.org)
  • The most commonly used drug, pentamidine, is often used for first stage West African Sleeping Sickness, with other CDC approved drugs being uramin, melarsoprol, eflornithine and nifurtimox. (borgenproject.org)
  • [2] Ang paggamot ng ikalwang yugto ay sa pamamagitan ng eflornithine o ang kumbinasyon ng nifurtimox at eflornithine para sa T.b.g. [5] Kahit na ang melarsoprol ay mabisa para sa dalawa, ito ay karaniwang ginagamit lamang para sa T.b.r. dahil sa malulubhang di inaasahang nakakapinsalang epekto ng gamot. (wikipedia.org)
  • [1] Ku ntera ya kabiri bitabaza eflornithine cyangwa bakungikanya nifurtimox na eflornithine iyo ari T.b.g. [3] Naho melarsoprol yo ikoreshwa mu kuyivura ku ntera yaba igezeho iyo ari yo yose ikaba ariko by'umwihariko yitabazwa mu kuvura T.b.r iyo itangiye gutera izindi ngaruka ziremereye. (wikipedia.org)
Caused by the parasite1
  • According to the World Health Organisation (WHO), more than 95 percent of reported cases are caused by the parasite Trypanosoma brucei gambiense, which is found in western and central Africa. (msf-me.org)
Human African trypano3
Melarsoprol and eflornithine2
  • Sleeping sickness, or trypanosomiasis, is treated with pentamidine or suramin (depending on subspecies of parasite) delivered by intramuscular injection in the first phase of the disease, and with melarsoprol and eflornithine intravenous injection in the second phase of the disease. (wikipedia.org)
  • Three drugs (pentamidine, melarsoprol and eflornithine) can be used to treat trypanosomiasis successfully, but access to them is limited and treatment courses are long, difficult and not without side-effects, some of them serious. (who.int)
Pentamidine1
Cruzi2
10,0001
Endemic1
  • Eflornithine is the only alter- been treated with melarsoprol in some disease-endemic native drug to melarsoprol for patients in late-stage areas, subsequently relapsed. (cdc.gov)
Parasites1
  • Inhabiting the vast savannah across sub-Saharan Africa, tsetse flies come into contact with people, cattle and wild animals, all acting as reservoirs for the Trypanosoma parasites. (msf-me.org)
Resistance3
  • The loss of this gene due to specific mutations causes resistance to eflornithine in several trypanosomes. (wikipedia.org)
  • Resistance to eflornithine has increased the use of melarsoprol despite its toxicity, which has been linked to the deaths of 5% of recipient HAT patients. (wikipedia.org)
  • Should these findings translate to the field, emerging nitrodrug resistance could reverse all recent advances in the treatment of sleeping sickness, made since the introduction of eflornithine 20 years ago. (bl.uk)
Africa2
  • Sleeping sickness, caused by Trypanosoma brucei, is a deadly disease that affects some of the poorest countries in sub-Saharan Africa. (bl.uk)
  • The WHO is working to supply technical aid to national programs in Africa and are having volunteers deliver anti-Trypanosoma medicines for free. (borgenproject.org)
Subspecies1
Sleeping3
Treatment1
Disease1
  • In regions of the world where the disease is common eflornithine is provided for free by the World Health Organization. (wikipedia.org)
Central1
  • These mites bury into the skin of dogs body, Billig cheap Acticin Norge let the solution air eflornithine for central nervous system (CNS) manifestations. (mccaaccountants.com)
Agent1
  • Typically, drugs that inhibit cell growth are considered candidates for cancer therapy, so eflornithine was naturally believed to have potential utility as an anti-cancer agent. (wikipedia.org)
Medical1
  • Eflornithine was developed in the 1970s and came into medical use in 1990. (wikipedia.org)
Gambiense19
Nifurtimox-eflornithine combination therapy5
  • Compared with pentamidine and NECT (nifurtimox + eflornithine combination therapy), which require daily injections or infusions for 7 days, oral administration is a major advantage for patients living in countries with limited health infrastructure, often in rural areas, and sometimes far from a healthcare facility. (prescrire.org)
  • Before 2018, the treatment of HAT involved four drugs including pentamidine, suramin, melarsoprol and eflornithine, and more recently, a nifurtimox-eflornithine combination therapy (NECT). (biomedcentral.com)
  • In 2015, DND i and the National HAT Control Programme (PNLTHA) of DR Congo completed the recruitment of 394 adult patients with stage 2 sleeping sickness at ten clinical sites in DR Congo and one supported by MSF in the Central African Republic, for a pivotal Phase II/III study to assess the efficacy and safety of fexinidazole in comparison with nifurtimox-eflornithine combination therapy (NECT) in stage 2 patients. (dndi.org)
  • Nifurtimox-eflornithine combination therapy (NECT) was included on the WHO Essential Medicines List in 2009 and extended to the Essential Medicines List for Children in 2013. (dndi.org)
  • Previous recommendations required disease-staging with cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) sampling and 7 days of intramuscular pentamidine for early-stage disease or nifurtimox-eflornithine combination therapy (NECT) with hospitalization for late-stage disease. (medscape.com)
Trypanosomiasis7
  • Eflornithine, sold under the brand name Vaniqa among others, is a medication used to treat African trypanosomiasis (sleeping sickness) and excessive hair growth on the face in women. (wikipedia.org)
  • Sleeping sickness, or trypanosomiasis, is treated with pentamidine or suramin (depending on subspecies of parasite) delivered by intramuscular injection in the first phase of the disease, and with melarsoprol and eflornithine intravenous injection in the second phase of the disease. (wikipedia.org)
  • After its introduction to the market in the 1980s, eflornithine has replaced melarsoprol as the first line medication against Human African trypanosomiasis (HAT) due to its reduced toxicity to the host. (wikipedia.org)
  • If eflornithine is prescribed to a patient with Human African trypanosomiasis caused by a trypanosome that contains a mutated or ineffective TbAAT6 gene, then the medication will be ineffective against the disease. (wikipedia.org)
  • Human African trypanosomiasis is infection with protozoa of the species Trypanosoma brucei , transmitted by the bite of a tsetse fly. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Three drugs (pentamidine, melarsoprol and eflornithine) can be used to treat trypanosomiasis successfully, but access to them is limited and treatment courses are long, difficult and not without side-effects, some of them serious. (who.int)
  • Ugonjwa wa malale (trypanosomiasis /sleeping sickness) ni ugonjwa unaosababishwa na vimelea wanaoitwa trypanosoma brucei wanaoenezwa na mbung'o. (wikielimu.com)
Ornithine decarboxylase2
  • There are no studies examining the inhibition of the enzyme ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) in human skin following the application of topical eflornithine. (nih.gov)
  • Therefore, the interaction of Cpd2 and Cpd3 with the ornithine decarboxylase inhibitor eflornithine was determined. (uea.ac.uk)
Parasite1
Fexinidazole1
  • In 2005, the non-profit group Drugs for Neglected Diseases initiative (DNDi) rediscovered fexinidazole, which is thought to be the first solely oral treatment effective for both early and late stages for one strain of Trypanosoma . (biomedcentral.com)
Inhibits2
  • By inhibiting ODC, eflornithine inhibits cell growth and division of both cancerous and noncancerous cells. (wikipedia.org)
  • It is postulated that topical eflornithine hydrochloride irreversibly inhibits skin ODC activity. (nih.gov)
Regimen2
  • We compared the efficacy and safety of the nifurtimox-eflornithine drug combination with the standard eflornithine regimen for the treatment of second-stage disease. (nih.gov)
  • Another randomized control trial in Uganda compared the efficacy of various combinations of these drugs and found that the nifurtimox-eflornithine combination was the most promising first-line theory regimen. (wikipedia.org)
Vaniqa3
  • VANIQA is a cream containing 13.9% (139 mg/g) of anhydrous eflornithine hydrochloride as eflornithine hydrochloride monohydrate (150 mg/g). (nih.gov)
  • VANIQA (eflornithine hydrochloride) Cream, 13.9% has been shown to retard the rate of hair growth in non-clinical and clinical studies. (nih.gov)
  • VANIQA (eflornithine hydrochloride) Cream, 13.9% is indicated for the reduction of unwanted facial hair in women. (nih.gov)
Infusions1
Second-stage1
  • Nifurtimox-efl ornithine combination ther- sub-Saharan countries and also from travelers because of potential harm to apy for second-stage Trypanosoma brucei the West Indies ( 2 , 3 ). (cdc.gov)
Distinct1
  • DFMO) and a-monofluoromethyldehydroornithine methyl ester (ΔMFMO·CH 3 ) were compared in their ability to cure two distinct Trypanosoma brucei brucei central nervous system murine model infections. (ajtmh.org)
Patients3
  • Patients were screened for inclusion and randomly assigned to receive eflornithine alone (400 mg/kg per day given intravenously every 6 h for 14 days) or eflornithine (400 mg/kg per day given intravenously every 12 h for 7 days) plus nifurtimox (15 mg/kg per day given orally every 8 h for 10 days). (nih.gov)
  • Resistance to eflornithine has increased the use of melarsoprol despite its toxicity, which has been linked to the deaths of 5% of recipient HAT patients. (wikipedia.org)
  • Eflornithine is not approved by the Food and Drug Administration ( FDA ) for use in pediatric patients. (wikidoc.org)
Found2
  • Both compounds were found in combination with eflornithine to produce only an additive effect. (uea.ac.uk)
  • El funcionario strictly la are de powerful antioxidants found drinking a boiled is actually 597 lymphocytes, que tienen focos activos en chronic entidad, Costi Del Acticin , ya fish, by más eggs can cause fibrosis, la home of for some that puede benefits of for our. (software-management.it)
Safety1
Oral2
  • However, there are studies in the literature that report the inhibition of ODC activity in skin following oral eflornithine. (nih.gov)
  • At steady state, the dose-normalized peak concentrations (C max ) and the extent of daily systemic expo-sure (AUC) of eflornithine following twice-daily application of 0.5 g of the cream (total dose 1.0 g/day) is estimated to be approximately 100-and 60-fold lower, when compared to 370 mg/day once-daily oral doses. (nih.gov)
Forms1
  • Here we investigated the anti-trypanosomal activity of the two compounds against bloodstream forms of Trypanosoma brucei. (uea.ac.uk)
Cure1
  • Cure rates were 94.1% for the eflornithine group and 96.2% for the nifurtimox-eflornithine group. (nih.gov)
Drugs2
  • Eflornithine is also effective in combination with other drugs, such as melarsoprol and nifurtimox. (wikipedia.org)
  • Typically, drugs that inhibit cell growth are considered candidates for cancer therapy, so eflornithine was naturally believed to have potential utility as an anti-cancer agent. (wikipedia.org)
Free1
  • hr/mL, respectively, expressed in terms of the anhydrous free base of eflornithine hydrochloride. (nih.gov)
Early1