• One of the most significant current discussions in Cu biochemistry relates to the mechanisms of the positive and negative actions of Cu ions based on the generation of reactive oxygen species, including radicals that can interact with DNA molecules. (mdpi.com)
  • Welding fume-induced generation of reactive oxygen species and activation of inflammatory signaling pathways in RAW 264.7 mouse macrophages. (cdc.gov)
  • The generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) by phagocytes is one of the irreplaceable microbicidal tools of innate immunit. (nel.edu)
  • Studies have shown that upon irradiation, anatase TiO 2 -NPs generate free radicals that facilitate the spontaneous generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), which can damage nucleic acids (e.g. (medsci.org)
  • Since superoxide is also moderately reactive towards trace metals and dissolved organic matter, any remaining superoxide is thought to be removed from the water column through reactions with these species. (wikipedia.org)
  • Metronidazole, being electron-affinic, can accept an electron from neutral free radical centres to generate a reactive cation that binds to an anion such as hydroxyl (OH-), causing a permanent lesion. (who.int)
  • There has been accumulating evidence that an additional mechanism to generate reactive oxygen species occurs in vivo (Moore et al . (scialert.net)
  • In vivo effect of pinosylvin and pterostilbene in the animal model of adjuvant arthritis. (nel.edu)
  • Macickova T, Drabikova K, Nosal R, Bauerova K, Mihalova D, Harmatha J, Pecivova J. In vivo effect of pinosylvin and pterostilbene in the animal model of adjuvant arthritis. (nel.edu)
  • In vivo , the purified FFC significantly increased the mean and maximum lifespan of Caenorhabditis elegans by 31.26 and 26.59%, respectively, and showed no side effects on their physiological functions. (frontiersin.org)
  • Furthermore, in vivo results confirmed the antitumor effect of chaetocin and its relationship with Hippo pathway. (aging-us.com)
  • The GL-induced apoptosis was associated with reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and c-Jun NH 2 -terminal kinase (JNK) activation. (aspetjournals.org)
  • The cell viability, reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels, ratios of oxidized nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide to its reduced form (NAD + /NADH), apoptosis assays, and cellular uptake of E/PCF-NPs were determined on 4T1 cells. (dovepress.com)
  • The long-circulating and higher tumor accumulation of E/PCF-NPs resulted in complete ablation of breast tumor tissue through the enhanced photothermal effect by NIR laser irradiation-mediated cell apoptosis. (dovepress.com)
  • Here, we demonstrated that chaetocin dramatically inhibited the proliferation in ESCC cells by causing cycle arrest in the M phase and activating the caspase-dependent apoptosis signaling pathway in vitro , and we also found that chaetocin induced the accumulation cellular reactive oxygen species (ROS). (aging-us.com)
  • Moreover, the MST1/2 inhibitor XMU-MP-1 not only partially rescued the inhibitory effect chaetocin-induced proliferation, but also rescued the chaetocin-induced apoptosis in ESCC cells. (aging-us.com)
  • Other effects include impaired cellular respiration, altered cell signaling , apoptosis , and impaired calcium homeostasis . (bmglabtech.com)
  • These data suggest that administration of silymarin in IVF patients concomitantly with gonadotropin results in reduction of granolusa cell apoptosis but does not have any effect in promotion of follicular development, oocyte retrieval or endometrial thickness. (who.int)
  • GO-AgNPs induced significant cytotoxicity by the loss of cell viability, production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), cell cycle arrest, increasing leakage of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and level of Malondialdehyde (MDA), increasing expression of pro-apoptotic genes and decreasing expression of anti-apoptotic genes. (researchsquare.com)
  • All living cells produce reactive oxygen species (ROS) as a byproduct of metabolism. (wikipedia.org)
  • Secondly, we studied the effects of an environmental factor (hydrostatic pressure) on ROS metabolism in both fish species. (univ-brest.fr)
  • Turmeric also interferes with the cytochrome P450 system which is important for the metabolism of many drugs, including some chemotherapy agents, and therefore may increase side effects and toxicity. (sciencebasedmedicine.org)
  • At the same time these agents are drugs that can cause side effects and interact with chemotherapeutic agents, causing photosensitivity, interacting with metabolism and clearance , and perhaps reducing effectiveness. (sciencebasedmedicine.org)
  • They include enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidant systems which work synergistically to prevent harmful effects of the by-products from aerobic metabolism. (scialert.net)
  • The goal was to examine the potential mechanisms by which welding fumes with different metal compositions may generate reactive oxygen species (ROS) and activate inflammatory signaling pathways in an in vitro model. (cdc.gov)
  • Redox-active transition metals, containing unpaired electrons in their d-orbital, are able to generate, or remove, reactive species with unpaired electrons. (scialert.net)
  • Photodynamic therapy (PDT) requires molecular oxygen during light irradiation to generate reactive oxygen species. (bioone.org)
  • The toxic effects of lead result from its interference with the physiologic actions of calcium, zinc, and iron, through the inhibition of certain enzymes, and through binding to ion channels and regulatory proteins. (cdc.gov)
  • All animals depend on oxygen, yet oxygen can be very reactive and cause damage to proteins and genetic material. (usda.gov)
  • The sulfur amino acids, cysteine and methionine, are the main targets of reactive oxygen species in proteins. (usda.gov)
  • Increased levels of reactive oxygen species can damage the molecular fabric of the cell including lipids, proteins, and DNA. (bmglabtech.com)
  • As a result, reactive oxygen species easily damage mitochondrial DNA, causing cells to malfunction and ultimately to die. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Cells that have high energy demands, such as those in the inner ear that are critical for hearing, are particularly sensitive to the effects of mitochondrial DNA damage. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Oxygen free radicals are naturally produced by mitochondrial and sperm plasma membrane and have beneficial and detrimental effects that cannot be overlooked. (scialert.net)
  • In addition to less ATP production and higher levels of reactive oxygen species, mitochondria in the brains of individuals with Alzheimer's disease show mitochondrial abnormalities that include altered shape, decreased density, and impaired respiration. (bmglabtech.com)
  • The later three components aid the effects and facilitate the delivery of monarch (the principal component) or lower the toxicity of other components. (hindawi.com)
  • The precise mechanism of radiocontrast toxicity is unknown but is suspected to be some combination of renal vasoconstriction and direct cytotoxic effects, perhaps through formation of reactive oxygen species, causing acute tubular necrosis. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Here, we show that Xenopus tadpole tail amputation induces a sustained production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) during tail regeneration. (nih.gov)
  • Our result shows that although menadione induces the formation of reactive oxygen species, the antioxidant response system of P. Chrysosporium is able to negate menadione-induced oxidative stress up to relatively high menadione concentrations, as 0.75 mM. (deu.edu.tr)
  • Intraperitoneal administration induces neurological effects. (dovepress.com)
  • ABSTRACT To investigate the effects of silymarin on follicular development, we enrolled 40 healthy women undergoing in vitro fertilization (IVF) due to male factor infertility in this trial. (who.int)
  • Within the realm of plant biology, a sophisticated and intricate antioxidative system (AOS) exists to combat detrimental reactive species (RS), with a primary focus on reactive oxygen species (ROS). (malque.pub)
  • In vitro , chemical assays revealed that the purified FFC had strong antioxidative activity as demonstrated by its strong DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) and ABTS [2,2-azinobis (3-ethyl-benzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) diammonium salt] radical scavenging activities and ORAC (oxygen radical absorbance capacity). (frontiersin.org)
  • Together, we successfully identified three major substances in purified FFC of finger citron and determined the excellent antiaging activity of FFC, which is attributed to its strong antioxidative activity and effect on homeostasis of ROS. (frontiersin.org)
  • Since this resulted in increased formation of reactive oxygen species, the antioxidative activity of antiallergic drugs was considered to decrease the risk of tissue damage. (nel.edu)
  • e, f) Fluorescence image (red fluorescence) of reactive oxygen species (ROS) measured using dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate (DCFH-DA). (hindawi.com)
  • Enzo Life Sciences ROS-ID® ROS/RNS detection kit is designed to directly monitor real time reactive oxygen and/or nitrogen species (ROS/RNS) production in live cells using fluorescence microscopy. (enzolifesciences.com)
  • Formation of reactive oxygen species was determined in vitro using the chemiluminescence method. (nel.edu)
  • The in vitro effects of metronidazole on the production of reactive oxygen species by polymorphonuclear (PMN) cells were studied by means of nitroblue tetrazolium and luminol-dependent chemiluminescence. (who.int)
  • RÉSUMÉ Pour étudier les effets de la silymarine sur le développement folliculaire, nous avons recruté 40 femmes en bonne santé subissant une fécondation in vitro (FIV) en raison d'une infertilité masculine. (who.int)
  • Organisms in all three superkingdoms of life have developed elaborate mechanisms to protect against such oxidative damage and to exploit reactive oxygen species as sensors and signals in myriad processes. (usda.gov)
  • This damage results from a buildup of harmful molecules called reactive oxygen species, which are byproducts of energy production in mitochondria. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Complex I (NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase) is one of the main contributors to superoxide production by mitochondria, and knowledge of its mechanism of O 2 reduction is required for the formulation of causative connections between complex I defects and pathological effects. (portlandpress.com)
  • Two randomised controlled cross-over intervention studies investigating the effects of chronic and acute consumption of commercially-available fruit- and vegetable-puree-based drinks (FVPD) on bioavailability, antioxidant status and CVD risk factors are described. (cambridge.org)
  • Clinical trials have shown that silymarin exerts hepatoprotective effects in acute viral hepatitis, poisoning by A. phalloides , toxic hepatitis produced by psychotropic agents and alcohol-related liver disease, including cirrhosis, at daily doses ranging from 280 to 800mg, equivalent to 400 to 1140mg of standardised extract. (springer.com)
  • Bailly C, El-Maarouf-Bouteau H, Corbineau F (2008) From intracellular signaling networks to cell death: the dual role of reactive oxygen species in seed physiology. (malque.pub)
  • Extra- and intracellular formation of reactive oxygen species by human neutrophils in the presence of pheniramine, chlorpheniramine and brompheniramine. (nel.edu)
  • This might indicate the ability of these drugs to minimise toxic effects of extracellular radicals without affecting intracellular oxidant production involved in regulation of neutrophil functions and in microbial killing. (nel.edu)
  • Jancinová V, Drábiková K, Nosál' R, Holománová D. Extra- and intracellular formation of reactive oxygen species by human neutrophils in the presence of pheniramine, chlorpheniramine and brompheniramine. (nel.edu)
  • Originally, reactive oxygen species (ROS) were identified as harmful byproducts of aerobic metabolic processes. (malque.pub)
  • Reactive oxygen species (ROS), produced by all aerobic cells ( 22 ), play an important role in aging. (frontiersin.org)
  • All the cells living under aerobic conditions constantly face the oxygen paradox. (scialert.net)
  • Under aerobic conditions, there is enough oxygen to react with all the free radicals and addition of metronidazole, or any other sensitizers, yields no further benefit. (who.int)
  • Physical exercise is a great ally, having beneficial effects on patients with CKD, and with that, this study was done to analyze the effects of aerobic exercise on the biochemical parameters of patients with CKD during hemodialysis. (bvsalud.org)
  • Free radicals and other reactive species play seminal roles in many psychological and pathophysiological processes. (enzolifesciences.com)
  • The excessive generation of oxygen free radicals in the form of ROS by abnormal spermatozoa and by contaminating leukocytes has been identified as one of the few defined etiologies for male infertility. (scialert.net)
  • However, the over production of oxygen free radicals in sperm membrane decreases the antioxidant defense activity thereby leading to low sperm motility and viability, DNA fragmentation and protein denaturation. (scialert.net)
  • To counteract the negative effects of excess ROS, spermatozoa and seminal plasma have several mechanisms to neutralize free radicals. (scialert.net)
  • Radiosensitizers are chemical agents that have the potential to increase the lethal effect of radicals induced during irradiation [1-6].The extent of radiation damage to cells is dependent on the amount of oxygen available to the cell [1,2,7,8]. (who.int)
  • 2011). Larger quantities of free radicals (reactive disease, diabetes, chronic respiratory diseases, and oxygen species [ROS]) present in the cigarette cancer (WHO, 2012). (bvsalud.org)
  • The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of pinosylvin (PIN) and pterostilbene (PTE), natural substances from the stil. (nel.edu)
  • There was no effect of EGCG on cell metabolic activity at any of the doses tested (0.3-30 µM). (molvis.org)
  • Reduction of oxygen to water allows extraction of more metabolic energy from organic fuels than is possible through anaerobic glycolysis. (usda.gov)
  • Our hope is to produce a small molecule that can mimic the inhibitory effect of this peptide. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • The inhibitory effect was in a dose-dependent pattern. (who.int)
  • The main sources of biological superoxide in the ocean come from the reduction of oxygen at the cell surface and metabolites released into the water. (wikipedia.org)
  • Oxygen is required to support life, but its metabolites such as Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) can modify cell functions, endanger cell survival, or both. (scialert.net)
  • The superoxide anion is formed directly from the one-electron reduction of molecular oxygen. (wikipedia.org)
  • Concerns on possible detrimental effects of extremely low frequency (ELF)-EMF exposure on human health were raised but, due to contradictory conclusions, no consensus was reached ( 5 ). (frontiersin.org)
  • Moreover, the toxic effects of SM on the reproductive system as well as the occurrence of male infertility among exposed war troopers in the late exposure phase is still uncertain. (nih.gov)
  • The chronic effects of SM exposure in parents can cause congenital defects in their children. (nih.gov)
  • Biological effects of the exposure to electromagnetic fields (EMFs) were investigated in a large number of biological targets, including the immune system. (frontiersin.org)
  • The effects depend on frequency, amplitude, and duration of exposure as well as on the characteristics of the targeted cell types. (frontiersin.org)
  • Available study details in papers cited in sections on danger signals, innate immunity and wound healing, that are dealing with experimental effects of MF exposure. (frontiersin.org)
  • Such potentiation is particularly noteworthy when it occurs for low intensity noise exposures that approach the permissible human noise exposure standards.We predict that chemicals able to impair intrinsic antioxidant mechanisms potentiate NIHL since reactive oxygen species may be generated even at low noise levels. (cdc.gov)
  • The short-term health effects of HVO exhaust from modern non-road vehicles (2019), with or without the PM fraction, were investigated in a controlled human exposure chamber study. (lu.se)
  • This may indicate irritative effects from exposure to HVO exhaust from modern non-road vehicles below future OELs. (lu.se)
  • The effects of these exposures on hormone concentrations, and markers of function and/or injury in the olfactory bulb, hypothalamus and testes were measured after 1, 8 and 30days exposure. (cdc.gov)
  • Polycarbonate plastics may contain bisphenol A, and the effects of exposure to these 3D printer-generated emissions on neuroendocrine function are similar to those noted following exposure to bisphenol A. (cdc.gov)
  • Their potential for damage also makes reactive oxygen species useful in direct protection from invading pathogens, as a defense response to physical injury, and as a mechanism for stopping the spread of bacteria and viruses by inducing programmed cell death. (wikipedia.org)
  • However, the exact molecular mechanism of such long-term effects of SM is still unclear. (nih.gov)
  • We report an anticancer effect and mechanism of GL against human prostate cancer cells. (aspetjournals.org)
  • The data suggest a scavenging mechanism of metronidazole on reactive oxygen species generated by PMN. (who.int)
  • In this review, we discuss the changes in irradiated cancer cells and immune cells in the TME under different RT regimens and describe existing and potential molecules that could be targeted to improve the therapeutic effects of RT. (nature.com)
  • Effect of in situ hypothermic perfusion on intrahepatic pO2 and reactive oxygen species formation after partial hepatectomy under total hepatic vascular exclusion in pigs. (bvsalud.org)
  • Reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation, microcirculatory integrity and endothelial cell damage were investigated. (bvsalud.org)
  • This protective effect depended on maintenance of liver microcirculation rather than a reduction in ROS formation. (bvsalud.org)
  • To differentiate the effects of three antiallergic H1-antihistamine drugs (pheniramine, chlor- and brompheniramine) on radical formation outside and inside human neutrophils. (nel.edu)
  • According to Blough & Zepp, superoxide is one of the hardest reactive oxygen species to quantify because it is present in low concentrations: 2×10−12 M in the open ocean and up to 2×10−10M in coastal areas. (wikipedia.org)
  • Information-rich methods are required to quantify the relative levels of various reactive species. (enzolifesciences.com)
  • These results are important to determine the effects of menadione, as a medicine, on the antioxidant response system of eukaryotic models and the resulting level of damage. (deu.edu.tr)
  • Once there, it amplifies the effects of reactive oxygen species that cause significant damage to the cell. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • On the other hand, partially reduced oxygen can react indiscriminately with biomolecules to cause genetic damage, disease, and even death. (usda.gov)
  • Part of the effectiveness of chemotherapy comes from increasing reactive oxygen species (ROS) which cause damage to cells. (sciencebasedmedicine.org)
  • ROS damage both cancerous and healthy cells, and so are part of the desired effects from chemotherapy, but also the side effects. (sciencebasedmedicine.org)
  • The delayed damage effects were also explored by varying the incubation times after the treatment. (aps.org)
  • Furthermore, while higher intake of antioxidants from food is generally safe and, in some cases, essential for good health, high intake of antioxidants from supplements has been linked to adverse effects, as explained in detail below. (consumerlab.com)
  • It is therefore possible that antioxidants may decrease the side effects of chemotherapy, but also decrease the effects. (sciencebasedmedicine.org)
  • The balance between efficacy and side effects is carefully managed in chemotherapy, and if patients are taking antioxidants (especially without telling their oncologist), this can affect that careful balance. (sciencebasedmedicine.org)
  • Systematic reviews to date have concluded that the evidence for the net effect of antioxidants in chemotherapy is mixed and of insufficient quality to come to any solid recommendations. (sciencebasedmedicine.org)
  • In this review, we aimed to investigate chronic genotoxic and reproductive effects of SM and their molecular mechanisms in the next generations. (nih.gov)
  • Equilibrated blood lead levels (BLLs) after chronic intake are associated with certain toxic effects. (cdc.gov)
  • Clinical applications in this field confirm the supportive effect of cold plasma treatment in acceleration of healing of chronic wounds above all in cases where conventional treatment fails. (aps.org)
  • To determine the anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant effects of epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), the major polyphenol component of green tea, in human corneal epithelial cells (HCEpiC). (molvis.org)
  • Much of the research regarding curcumin has been based on its anti-inflammatory effects. (consumerlab.com)
  • Increased susceptibility to the long-term effects of OS and inflammatory insults are thought to be contributing factors to the decrements in cognitive and/or motor performance seen in ageing and other neurodegenerative diseases. (cambridge.org)
  • Reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation likely plays an important role in the inflammatory response. (dovepress.com)
  • There was no effect on plasma lipids or uric acid, but there was a lower glucose and insulin peak concentration after consumption of the FVPD compared with the sugar-matched control. (cambridge.org)
  • Vertebrate amphibian tadpoles of the species Xenopus laevis and Xenopus tropicalis have remarkable abilities to regenerate their tails following amputation, through the coordinated activity of numerous growth factor signalling pathways, including the Wnt, Fgf, Bmp, Notch and TGF-β pathways. (nih.gov)
  • Bahin E, Bailly C, Sotta B, Kranner I, Corbineau F, Leymarie J (2011) Crosstalk between reactive oxygen species and hormonal signalling pathways regulates grain dormancy in barley. (malque.pub)
  • One study reported an increased survival benefit with simultaneous RT compared with sequential administration, 8 while another study found no significant difference between the two strategies, 9 possibly because simultaneous RT plus immunotherapy and the administration of an ICI before RT may kill cancer cells as well a substantial number of immune cells, leading to poor systemic response and toxic side effects. (nature.com)
  • In the present review, we describe and discuss the effects of extremely low frequency (ELF)-EMF and pulsed EMF on cell signals and factors relevant to the activation of danger signals and innate immunity cells. (frontiersin.org)
  • Tumour radiosensitivity can be modified by agents, which enhance the radiation effects in the tumour, with the objective of delivering efficient radiation doses that can eradicate cancer cells without exceeding normal tissue tolerances [ 5 ]. (medsci.org)
  • New research is revealing that the side reactions of oxygen are used to convey important biological information as signals within and between cells. (usda.gov)
  • Nrf2 knockdown reverses the protective effects of ORM1 in doxorubicin- (DOX-) treated H9c2 cells. (hindawi.com)
  • Lowering the light irradiation dose rate or fractionating a light dose may improve cell kill of PDT-induced hypoxic cells but will have no effect on preexisting hypoxic cells. (bioone.org)
  • The results show that hyperoxygenation may oxygenate preexisting hypoxic cells and compensate for oxygen depletion induced by PDT light irradiation. (bioone.org)
  • Basic research in plasma medicine has made excellent progress and resulted in the fundamental insights that biological effects of cold atmospheric plasmas (CAP) are significantly caused by changes of the liquid environment of cells, and are dominated by redox-active species. (aps.org)
  • To compare the effects of plasma on cancer cells (SCC25) and normal cells (OKF), the cells from both types were treated at the same experimental condition for various treatment times. (aps.org)
  • SM exerts toxic effects through various mechanisms causing reproductive dysfunction. (nih.gov)
  • BLLs and associated toxic effects differ in children and adults. (cdc.gov)
  • The toxic effects of ZnO NPs are due to the compound's solubility. (dovepress.com)
  • Tumor oxygenation was manipulated by subjecting the animals to 3 atp (atmospheric pressure) hyperbaric oxygen or normobaric oxygen during PDT light irradiation. (bioone.org)
  • The antitumor effects of E/PCF-NPs under near-infrared (NIR) laser irradiation were also evaluated. (dovepress.com)
  • We developed a small peptide that intervenes in JNK migration and blocks those harmful effects - specifically cell death. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • Selenium has been seen mainly as an antioxidant that protects against the harmful effects of oxygen. (usda.gov)
  • During a 2-day meeting in October 2002 in New York City, the panelists thoroughly discussed the physiological fate of structures less than 5 micrometers (µm) in length having aspect ratios greater than 3:1, health effects of asbestos and SVFs of the same dimensions, and research needs. (cdc.gov)
  • Effects of EGCG on mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) phosphorylation were determined by cell-based enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and western blotting. (molvis.org)
  • The ROS most likely released to the environment are those produced at the cell surface as electrons get "leaked" from the respiratory chain and react with molecular oxygen, O2. (wikipedia.org)
  • The effects of silymarin on experimental phalloidine poisoning. (springer.com)
  • Choppin J, Desplaces A. The effects of silybin on experimental phalloidine poisoning. (springer.com)
  • Effect of silymarin on experimental liver lesions. (springer.com)
  • Effect of carvedilol on reactive oxygen species and enzymes linking innate and adaptive immunity. (nel.edu)
  • Pecivová J, Macicková T, Lojek A, Gallová L, Cíz M, Nosál' R, Holománová D. Effect of carvedilol on reactive oxygen species and enzymes linking innate and adaptive immunity. (nel.edu)
  • Effect of the extract from salivary glands of Lucilia sericata on human neutrophils. (nel.edu)
  • Pecivova J, Macickova T, Takac P, Kovacsova M, Cupanikova D, Kozanek M. Effect of the extract from salivary glands of Lucilia sericata on human neutrophils. (nel.edu)
  • In the present study, we investigated the potential of a C3G-rich haskap berry extract (CE) in alleviating the effects of an HFHS obesogenic diet. (researchgate.net)
  • We also explore the use of ultraviolet light acting in synergy with plasma-generated chemical species. (aps.org)
  • Aim To examine those claims, i.e the effects of oxygenated water on hypertension and Diabetes Mellitus (DM).Methods In this clinical trial, 108 subjects of Diabetes Mellitus were recruited. (researchgate.net)
  • Aim T o examine those claims, i.e the effects of oxygenated water on hypertension and Diabetes Mellitus (DM). (researchgate.net)
  • Although there is very little information on the biological generation of ROS in marine surface waters, several species of marine phytoplankton have recently been shown to release significant amounts of ROS into the environment. (wikipedia.org)
  • Due to increasing popularity of TCM, more extensive, well-designed preclinical and clinical trials on the potential synergistic and adverse side effects of herb-drug interactions as well as their mechanisms are warranted. (hindawi.com)