• Sodium thiopental, also known as Sodium Pentothal (a trademark of Abbott Laboratories), thiopental, thiopentone, or Trapanal (also a trademark), is a rapid-onset short-acting barbiturate general anesthetic. (wikipedia.org)
  • Sodium thiopental was a core medicine in the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines, but was supplanted by propofol. (wikipedia.org)
  • Sodium thiopental is an ultra-short-acting barbiturate and has been used commonly in the induction phase of general anesthesia. (wikipedia.org)
  • A normal dose of sodium thiopental (usually 4-6 mg/kg) given to a pregnant woman for operative delivery (caesarean section) rapidly makes her unconscious, but the baby in her uterus remains conscious. (wikipedia.org)
  • Sodium thiopental is not used to maintain anesthesia in surgical procedures because, in infusion, it displays zero-order elimination pharmacokinetics, leading to a long period before consciousness is regained. (wikipedia.org)
  • Sodium thiopental would have to be given in large amounts to maintain unconsciousness during anaesthesia due to its rapid redistribution throughout the body (as it has a high volume of distribution). (wikipedia.org)
  • In veterinary medicine, sodium thiopental is used to induce anesthesia in animals. (wikipedia.org)
  • Since it is redistributed to fat, certain lean breeds of dogs such as sighthounds will have prolonged recoveries from sodium thiopental due to their lack of body fat and their lean body mass. (wikipedia.org)
  • In addition to anesthesia induction, sodium thiopental was historically used to induce medical comas. (wikipedia.org)
  • Sodium thiopental, and the barbiturate class of drugs, decrease neuronal activity thereby decreasing cerebral metabolic rate of oxygen consumption (CMRO2), decrease the cerebrovascular response to carbon dioxide, which in turn decreases intracranial pressure. (wikipedia.org)
  • Sodium thiopental is used intravenously for the purposes of euthanasia. (wikipedia.org)
  • In both Belgium and the Netherlands, where active euthanasia is allowed by law, the standard protocol recommends sodium thiopental as the ideal agent to induce coma, followed by pancuronium bromide to paralyze muscles and stop breathing. (wikipedia.org)
  • In this study, we compared the effects of thiopental sodium, ketamine, and propofol (drugs commonly used to induce anesthesia in children) on the onset time of rocuronium. (anesth-pain-med.org)
  • Ketamine can decrease the onset time of rocuronium significantly compared to thiopental sodium or propofol. (anesth-pain-med.org)
  • Thiopental sodium, ketamine, and propofol are frequently used to induce anesthesia in children. (anesth-pain-med.org)
  • The objective of this study was to compare the effects of thiopental sodium, ketamine, and propofol on the onset time of rocuronium. (anesth-pain-med.org)
  • The first drug is an anesthetic (sodium thiopental), followed by a paralytic agent (pancuronium bromide), and, finally, a drug that causes the heart to stop beating (potassium chloride). (hrw.org)
  • Procedure -Anesthesia was induced with sodium thiopental and maintained with isoflurane. (avma.org)
  • First, the inmate would be injected with sodium thiopental, an anesthetic that was supposed to prevent the inmate from feeling the effects of the drugs that would kill them. (vox.com)
  • But supplies of sodium thiopental dried up , at least for executioners, around 2010 - in part because pharmaceutical companies refused to sell the drug for use in executions, and in part because the European Union forbids companies from exporting drugs for such a purpose. (vox.com)
  • Lethal injection is used for capital punishment by the Federal Government and 36 States, at least 30 of which (including Kentucky) use the same combination of three drugs: The first, sodium thiopental, induces unconsciousness when given in the specified amounts and thereby ensures that the prisoner does not experience any pain associated with the paralysis and cardiac arrest caused by the second and third drugs, pancuronium bromide and potassium chloride. (justia.com)
  • c) Although conceding that an execution under Kentucky's procedures would be humane and constitutional if performed properly, petitioners claim that there is a significant risk that the procedures will not be properly followed-particularly, that the sodium thiopental will not be properly administered to achieve its intended effect-resulting in severe pain when the other chemicals are administered. (justia.com)
  • The hemodynamic effects of etomidate have in most cases been qualitatively similar to those of thiopental sodium, except that the heart rate tended to increase by a moderate amount following administration of thiopental under conditions where there was little or no change in heart rate following administration of etomidate. (nih.gov)
  • The FBI has found traces of sodium thiopental in several areas in the White House, causing staff to stop holding back their true feelings on Israel. (972mag.com)
  • Just 24 hours after a senior administration official called Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu "chickenshit," FBI agents found traces of sodium thiopental, also known as the "truth serum," in several areas of the White House. (972mag.com)
  • Agent Mulder told +972 that the effects of sodium thiopental usually wear off in a few hours, but it seems that the dosage used in the White House was high and that the effects could linger for another day or two. (972mag.com)
  • Intervention 1: Intervention group 1: In this group, after lying on the bed and monitoring connection, patients received 5 mg/kg Sodium Thiopental from Jaber Ibn Hayyan company and 0.3 mg/kg Succinylcholine made by Caspian company for anesthesia and then under Electroconvulsive therapy with energy. (who.int)
  • Epinephrine prolongs the duration of the anesthetic effects from lidocaine by causing vasoconstriction of the blood vessels surrounding the nerve axons. (medscape.com)
  • METHODS: A double-blind randomised controlled trial was conducted in a tertiary care teaching hospital comparing chlorpromazine 10mg IV at anesthetic induction to saline with primary outcome prevention of PONV (defined as nausea and/or vomiting and/or retching at any time) in laparoscopic surgery, and secondary outcomes cardiac and other side effects. (ispub.com)
  • Immediate recovery from anesthesia (as assessed by awakening time, time needed to follow simple commands and time to perform simple tests after anesthesia as well as they were performed before anesthesia), based upon data derived from short operative procedures where intravenous etomidate was used for both induction and maintenance of anesthesia, is about as rapid as, or slightly faster than, immediate recovery after similar use of thiopental. (nih.gov)
  • The intravenous administration of up to 0.6 mg/kg of etomidate to patients with severe cardiovascular disease has little or no effect on myocardial metabolism, cardiac output, peripheral circulation or pulmonary circulation. (nih.gov)
  • When drugs are used as adjuncts, decreasing the dose of each respective drug is important, so as to decrease the incidence of adverse effects. (medscape.com)
  • Their most significant adverse effect is respiratory depression and subsequent hypoxemia. (medscape.com)
  • Conclusions and Clinical Relevance -MBF may safely be used at 2 mg/kg IV in isoflurane-anesthetized dogs, and significant adverse cardiovascular effects are found only when 6 to 8 times the recommended dose is given. (avma.org)
  • Our study focussed on cardiac adverse effects because we felt that significant electrocardiogram (ECG) changes should prohibit further studies. (ispub.com)
  • These adverse effects specifically impact the frontal lobes of the brain and are highly associated with level of intelligence. (pathfinderclinic.com)
  • However, educating adolescents and youth regarding these adverse alcohol effects should be the duty of every parent. (pathfinderclinic.com)
  • CONCLUSION: Ropivacaine in the distending fluid during hysteroscopy is associated with a significant reduction in pain within a few hours after hysteroscopy with no remarkable adverse effects. (bvsalud.org)
  • Thiopental is a short-acting barbiturate sedative-hypnotic with rapid onset and a duration of action of 5-20 minutes. (medscape.com)
  • Objective -To study the hemodynamic effects of marbofloxacin (MBF) in isoflurane-anesthetized dogs. (avma.org)
  • Isoflurane anesthesia does not add to the bronchodilating effect of a beta 2-adrenergic agonist after tracheal intubation. (druglib.com)
  • This double-blind study investigates whether isoflurane/N2O anesthesia adds to the bronchodilating effect of the beta 2-adrenergic agonist, fenoterol, after an endotracheal tube (ETT)-induced increase in airway resistance. (druglib.com)
  • However, isoflurane, while a potent bronchodilator, does not add to the effect of fenoterol. (druglib.com)
  • The present study investigated the effects of insulin and/or metformin treatment on oxidative stress levels in the gastrocnemius muscle of diabetic rats. (hindawi.com)
  • This is in contrast to the opioids and benzodiazepines (diazepam, midazolam) that have minimal effect on blood pressure and tissue perfusion. (vin.com)
  • This is the first study demonstrating a concentration-dependent negative inotropic effect of intravenous anesthetics in isolated human atrial muscle. (asahq.org)
  • Several studies have shown that the primary effect of metformin is the inhibition of mitochondrial complex I (NADH: ubiquinone oxidoreductase) [ 11 - 13 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • Only compounds I, V , and VII showed clear indications of tranquillizing activity (ataxia, thiopental potentiation , hypothermic effect, inhibition of locomotor activity, antiamphetamine effect). (cas.cz)
  • Cardiovascular instability after intravenous induction of anesthesia may be explained partly by direct negative inotropic effects. (asahq.org)
  • Induction drugs are chosen with the intent of providing the smoothest induction possible with the least amount of undesired effects. (rrcus.org)
  • Reportedly, thiopental has been shown to be superior to pentobarbital in reducing intracranial pressure. (wikipedia.org)
  • It has less of a hypotensive effect and is safer in patients with hyperactive airway disease than morphine because of minimal to no associated histamine release. (medscape.com)
  • These agents may attenuate deleterious effects of calcium influx in patients with acute neurotrauma. (medscape.com)
  • Since barbiturates have a very narrow therapeutic index, patients can easily develop side effects and toxicity. (medscape.com)
  • To use thiopental as a sedative, titrate in dosage increments of 25 mg (adjust to lower dose in children). (medscape.com)
  • We also compared their effects on intubation condition and their duration of action. (anesth-pain-med.org)
  • They can cause a deep state of sedation or unconsciousness and are associated with potential risks and side effects, including respiratory depression, nausea, vomiting, and post-operative confusion. (medssafety.com)
  • Drugs with analgesic effects, such as opioids and drugs with sedative effects (including phenothiazine tranquilizers) are often included in a premedication scenario. (rrcus.org)
  • Cardiovascular Effects of and Interaction Between Calcium Blocking Drugs and Anesthetics in Chronically Instrumented Dogs: VII. (silverchair.com)
  • Using this medicine with any of the following medicines may cause an increased risk of certain side effects, but using both drugs may be the best treatment for you. (drugs.com)
  • Members of this group of drugs, exemplified by alcohol, Valium, and the other agents in the incomplete list in Figure 1, all have characteristic, identifying effects in common, They differ one from another largely in their duration of action and speed of onset of effect. (druglibrary.net)
  • This class of medications includes drugs that have similar effects to benzodiazepines but differ in their chemical structure. (medssafety.com)
  • Doses higher than 75 mg do not increase the therapeutic effects. (medscape.com)
  • Many people, including those smokers of marijuana who use wine or beer to reinforce and prolong the effect, will resist the conclusion, established below, that marijuana and alcohol are comparable pharmacologically. (druglibrary.net)
  • Does alcohol have specific neurotoxic effects on the adolescent or young adult brain? (pathfinderclinic.com)
  • This article probes the specific effects of alcohol on the maturing brain. (pathfinderclinic.com)
  • Immature glutamate receptors are vulnerable to the effects of alcohol. (pathfinderclinic.com)
  • Gender effects render female adolescents more vulnerable than males to these alcohol effects. (pathfinderclinic.com)
  • Alcohol also has a premature aging effect on brain electrical activity during wakefulness and sleep. (pathfinderclinic.com)
  • Whether the authorities considered the neurotoxic effects of alcohol while imposing the 25 year age-ban on alcohol consumption is a moot point. (pathfinderclinic.com)
  • Alcohol may intensify some of the side effects of this medication. (medicap.com)
  • Sedatives enhance the effects of GABA, leading to a reduction in neuronal activity and an overall sedating effect. (medssafety.com)
  • A side effect is an unwanted response to a medication when it is taken in normal doses. (medbroadcast.com)
  • But acetaminophen may cause other unwanted effects when taken in large doses, including serious liver damage. (drugs.com)
  • 3. environmental risk assessments for certain substances based on concentrations measured in the environment in Sweden and effect studies. (janusinfo.se)
  • These medications are primarily used to treat conditions such as hypertension and ADHD but can also produce sedative effects. (medssafety.com)
  • Benzodiazepines work by enhancing the effects of a neurotransmitter called gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) in the brain. (medssafety.com)
  • They generally have a lower risk of dependence compared to benzodiazepines but can still cause side effects such as daytime drowsiness, dizziness, and impaired coordination. (medssafety.com)
  • What side effects are possible with this medication? (medbroadcast.com)
  • The side effects listed below are not experienced by everyone who takes this medication. (medbroadcast.com)
  • If you are concerned about side effects, discuss the risks and benefits of this medication with your doctor. (medbroadcast.com)
  • The following side effects have been reported by at least 1% of people taking this medication. (medbroadcast.com)
  • Our Gantrisin (acetyl sulfisoxazole pediatric suspension) Side Effects Drug Center provides a comprehensive view of available drug information on the potential side effects when taking this medication. (rxlist.com)
  • Although succinylcholine remains the preferred NMBA for RSI, there are arguments on whether it should be used due to its side effects such as cardiac arrest and malignant hyperthermia that have occurred in relatively predictable circumstances [ 3 ]. (anesth-pain-med.org)
  • These effects decrease the formation of inflammatory mediators. (medscape.com)
  • Minimal sedation is equivalent to anxiolysis, that is, a drug-induced relief of apprehension with minimal effect on sensorium. (medscape.com)
  • The medications used during sedation typically have additional beneficial effects, as important as sedation. (medscape.com)
  • They affect the gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) system and cause a CNS suppressive effect, which ranges from anxiolysis, sedation, and coma to fatal cardiovascular and respiratory arrest upon overdose. (medscape.com)
  • However, this mechanism also produces the well-known side effects of barbiturates, such as drowsiness, sedation, and coma. (medscape.com)
  • The withdrawal effects are somewhat prominent in the interactions between the two, but he somehow manages to stave them off long enough for Sonja to befriend him and form the alliance in the first place. (writingforums.org)
  • Objective -To assess the effects of moderate exercise on plasma creatine kinase (CK) pharmacokinetics and to estimate exercise-induced muscle damage in dogs. (avma.org)
  • Conclusion and Clinical Relevance -These results revealed that exercise had a minor effect on CK disposition and that the equivalent amount of muscle damaged by moderate exercise was negligible. (avma.org)
  • The Supreme Court is considering a legal challenge to Oklahoma's use of lethal injection this month - but chances are the effects of a ruling will be quite limited. (vox.com)
  • Only unbound drug is available for passive diffusion to extravascular or tissue sites where the pharmacologic effects of the drug occur. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Objective: The aim of this study was to assess the effect of low-level laser therapy on tissue repair in the rabbit mandible after osteotomy and distraction osteogenesis, through histological analysis of the area of bone neoformation and measurement of the amount of neoformed bone. (bvsalud.org)
  • Conclusion: The application of low-level laser therapy following the irradiation protocol used in this study had a positive effect on the tissue repair process in a rabbit model of mandibular fracture and distraction osteogenesis, as shown by histological analysis. (bvsalud.org)
  • Previously, we have used the adult hippocampal slice preparation to study the effects of diazepam on biochemical consequences of OGD. (jneurosci.org)
  • Stimulation of this receptor potentiates the inhibitory effects of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) on GABA-A receptors. (medscape.com)
  • GABA is an inhibitory neurotransmitter that helps regulate brain activity and has a calming effect when activated. (medssafety.com)
  • Barbiturates act as central nervous system depressants by enhancing the effects of GABA. (medssafety.com)
  • Non-benzodiazepine sedative-hypnotics bind to specific receptors in the brain, enhancing the effects of GABA. (medssafety.com)
  • In this study, the constituents including geniposide, geniposidic acid, genipin and crocin were evaluated for their effects on prostaglandin and NO production in an attempt to establish anti-inflammatory cellular mechanisms. (koreascience.kr)
  • this study investigated the effect of diluted ropivacaine in distending media during hysteroscopy on postoperative cramping pain. (bvsalud.org)
  • Barbiturates have a higher potential for abuse and can cause significant side effects, including respiratory depression, drowsiness, dizziness, and the risk of overdose. (medssafety.com)
  • Many medications can cause side effects. (medbroadcast.com)
  • Side effects can be mild or severe, temporary or permanent. (medbroadcast.com)
  • Many of these side effects can be managed, and some may go away on their own over time. (medbroadcast.com)
  • Contact your doctor if you experience these side effects and they are severe or bothersome. (medbroadcast.com)
  • Your pharmacist may be able to advise you on managing side effects. (medbroadcast.com)
  • Although most of the side effects listed below don't happen very often, they could lead to serious problems if you do not seek medical attention. (medbroadcast.com)
  • What Are Side Effects of Gantrisin? (rxlist.com)
  • This document does not contain all possible side effects and others may occur. (rxlist.com)
  • Check with your physician for additional information about side effects. (rxlist.com)
  • Pharmacist Christine Wicke, PharmD, BCPS summarizes the uses, common side effects, and warnings for the Thiazide Diuretics class of medicati. (rxwiki.com)
  • Common side effects of hydrochlorothiazide include frequent urination, weakness, and dizziness. (rxwiki.com)
  • Did you experience many side effects while taking this drug? (rxwiki.com)
  • Frequent urination (having to pee often), one of the side effects of hydrochlorothiazide , should go away after you've been taking it for a few weeks. (rxwiki.com)
  • This is not a complete list of hydrochlorothiazide side effects. (rxwiki.com)
  • Since phenothiazines may prolong the electrocardiogram QT interval and cause dangerous arrhythmias, we focussed on this side effect. (ispub.com)
  • This study was a pilot exploration of safety, efficacy, problems, side effects, and ease of use, of chlorpromazine (CPZ) in the operating room for prevention of postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV). (ispub.com)
  • However, they can also cause side effects such as drowsiness, dizziness, confusion, and the risk of dependency with long-term use. (medssafety.com)
  • Did you know that one side effect of many barbiturates is bronchospasm? (elitelearning.com)
  • Serious side effects have been reported with carbinoxamine. (medicap.com)
  • Call your doctor for medical advice about side effects. (medicap.com)
  • You may report side effects to the FDA at 1-800-FDA-1088. (medicap.com)
  • currently, their clinical utility is limited to epilepsy and anesthesia because of various side effects and difficulty in monitoring. (medscape.com)
  • It has no analgesic properties, but has an excellent anti-anxiety effect. (rrcus.org)
  • This phenomenon is also called an inverse steal or Robin Hood effect as cerebral perfusion to all parts of the brain is reduced (due to the decreased cerebrovascular response to carbon dioxide) allowing optimal perfusion to ischaemic areas of the brain which have higher metabolic demands, since vessels supplying ischaemic areas of the brain would already be maximally dilated because of the metabolic demand. (wikipedia.org)
  • No information is available on the relationship of age to the effects of chlorzoxazone in the pediatric population. (drugs.com)
  • These medications work by depressing the central nervous system, slowing down brain activity, and producing a calming effect on the body. (medssafety.com)