Effector t cells if effector t cells. Medical search. Frequent questions

Receptors found on the surface of fibroblasts regulate hematopoietic cells, start chemokine synthesis, and provide a pathway that allows immune cells to regulate the fibroblast cells. (wikipedia.org)
Metabotropic GABA B receptors mediate slow inhibitory effects presynaptically and postsynaptically through the modulation of different effector signalling pathways. (springer.com)
Here, we analysed the distribution of GABA B receptors using highly sensitive SDS-digested freeze-fracture replica labelling in mouse cerebellar Purkinje cells. (springer.com)
To understand the spatial relationship of GABA B receptors with two key effector ion channels, the G protein-gated inwardly rectifying K + (GIRK/Kir3) channel and the voltage-dependent Ca 2+ channel, biochemical and immunohistochemical approaches were performed. (springer.com)
These data provide a better framework for understanding the different roles played by GABA B receptors and their effector ion channels in the cerebellar network. (springer.com)
Stimulation of postsynaptic GABA B receptors generally triggers inhibition of adenylate cyclase and activation of G protein-gated inwardly rectifying K + (GIRK/Kir3) channels, leading to cell hyperpolarisation (Kaupmann et al. (springer.com)
In situ hybridization and immunohistochemical studies have shown that Purkinje cells (PCs), the output neurons of the cerebellar cortex, are the neuron type with the highest levels of GABA B receptors (Bowery et al. (springer.com)
Further, inhibitory receptors present in the TME can inhibit T cell metabolism and alter T cell signaling both directly and through release of extracellular vesicles such as exosomes. (elifesciences.org)
NK cells contribute to cancer immune surveillance not only by their direct natural cytotoxicity which is triggered rapidly upon stimulation through germline-encoded cell surface receptors, but also by modulating T-cell mediated antitumor immune responses through maintaining the quality of dendritic cells and enhancing the presentation of tumor antigens. (frontiersin.org)
Furthermore, similar to T cells, specific recognition and elimination of cancer cells by NK cells can be markedly enhanced through expression of chimeric antigen receptors (CARs), which provides an opportunity to generate NK-cell therapeutics of defined specificity for cancer immunotherapy. (frontiersin.org)
Chimeric antigen receptors (CARs) are synthetic proteins expressed on the surface of T cells. (medscape.com)
These cells contain CD8+ receptors that recognize antigens presented with the MHC class I molecules . (pediaa.com)
Helper T cells, on the other hand, contain CD4+ receptors that recognize antigens presented with the MHC class II molecules . (pediaa.com)
Since they are a clone of a parent B cell, memory B cells contain the same B cell receptors as the parent B cell. (pediaa.com)
A subset of plant intracellular NLR immune receptors detect effector proteins, secreted by phytopathogens to promote infection, through unconventional integrated domains which resemble the effector's host targets. (elifesciences.org)
Here, we exploited knowledge of the biochemical interactions between AVR-Pik and its host target, OsHIPP19, to engineer novel Pik-1 variants that respond to AVR-PikC/F. First, we exchanged the HMA domain of Pikp-1 for OsHIPP19-HMA, demonstrating that effector targets can be incorporated into NLR receptors to provide novel recognition profiles. (elifesciences.org)
These results demonstrate that effector target-guided engineering of NLR receptors can provide new-to-nature disease resistance in crops. (elifesciences.org)
These receptors detect effector proteins which are delivered into host cells by invading pathogens and pests to promote virulence. (elifesciences.org)
Recruitment of effector T cells to inflamed peripheral tissues is regulated by chemokines and their receptors, but the factors regulating recruitment to tumors remain largely undefined. (ox.ac.uk)
Initially, all antibodies are of the first form, attached to the surface of a B cell - these are then referred to as B-cell receptors (BCR). (wikipedia.org)
The terms antibody and immunoglobulin are often used interchangeably, [1] though the term 'antibody' is sometimes reserved for the secreted, soluble form, i.e. excluding B-cell receptors. (wikipedia.org)
CD28-negative cytolytic effector T cells frequently express NK receptors and are present at variable proportions in circulating lymphocytes from healthy donors and melanoma patients. (ox.ac.uk)
In humans, NK receptors are expressed by natural killer cells and some T cells, the latter of which are preferentially alphabetaTCR+ CD8+ cytolytic T lymphocytes (CTL). (ox.ac.uk)
Based on these data and the known activated phenotype of CD28- T cells, we propose that the CD28- CD8+ T cell pool represents or contains the currently active CTL population, and that the frequent expression of NK receptors reflects regulatory mechanisms modulating the extent of CTL effector function. (ox.ac.uk)
Preliminary results indicate that some tumor antigen-specific T cells may indeed be CD28- and express NK receptors in vivo. (ox.ac.uk)

In these studies, CD4 + T cell-depleting and blocking antibodies caused remission from disease in a number of CD and UC patients examined, suggesting a prominent role of CD4 + T cells in propagating disease ( 1 , 2 ). (frontiersin.org)
Despite their efficiency, adoptive T-cell therapies show unique toxicities, which are distinct from those seen with conventional chemotherapies, monoclonal antibodies (mAbs), and small-molecule-targeted therapies. (nature.com)
Induction of sufficient levels of neutralizing antibodies has been strongly correlated with protection against reinfection in various models, while the role of CD8 T cells as antiviral effectors in the CNS has been controversial. (ku.dk)
The main function of plasma B cells is to secrete antibodies in humoral immune response and to activate cytotoxic and helper T cells to generate a cell-mediated immune response. (pediaa.com)
Unlike B lymphocytes, T cells do not produce antibodies. (pediaa.com)
In general, effector T cells either kill infected cells or help B lymphocytes to produce antibodies against antigens while effector B lymphocytes produce antibodies against pathogens. (pediaa.com)
Together with B and T cells , antibodies comprise the most important part of the adaptive immune system . (wikipedia.org)
After an antigen binds to a BCR, the B cell activates to proliferate and differentiate into either plasma cells , which secrete soluble antibodies with the same paratope, or memory B cells , which survive in the body to enable long-lasting immunity to the antigen. (wikipedia.org)
We have raised rabbit polyclonal antibodies against 5 of these proteins and we are currently analysing their subcellular localisation in C. trachomatis infected cells. (europa.eu)
Furthermore, Fc-modified monoclonal antibodies able to selectively recruit effector functions demonstrated significant antiviral control in a murine model of RSV. (bvsalud.org)
The activation of a resting helper T cell causes it to release cytokines and other stimulatory signals (green arrows) that stimulate the activity of macrophages , killer T cells and B cells , the latter producing antibodies . (wikidoc.org)
Talquetamab-tgvs is in a class of medications called bispecific T-cell engager antibodies. (medlineplus.gov)

Finally, a number of biologics that target CD4 + T cell differentiation into inflammatory subsets or their byproducts (i.e., cytokines) have shown efficacy in treating patients with IBD ( 5 - 7 ). (frontiersin.org)
Interleukin (IL)-12, which is secreted by antigen-presenting cells, acts via signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT)4 to promote the differentiation of naïve T cells into Th1 cells ( 9 - 11 ). (frontiersin.org)
STAT4 also signals activation of the TF T-bet, a lineage-defining factor for Th1 differentiation, which upregulates the IL-12 receptor, IFN-γ expression, and causes further expansion of Th1 cells (Figure 1 ) ( 12 ). (frontiersin.org)
Critical factors in the differentiation of effector Th cells during inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). (frontiersin.org)
CD80/86-CD28 interaction and others), these signals initiate a program of cell division and differentiation. (frontiersin.org)
Interleukin (IL)-12 and IL-23, cytokines induced during early stages of IBD, play important roles in differentiation of interferon (IFN)-γ/tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-producing Th1 cells as well as IL-17-producing Th17 cells. (frontiersin.org)
In the present study, we used B cell deficient as well as wild-type mice to show that there is a race between CXCR3-dependent recruitment of the effector CD8 T cells and local ZIKV replication, and that CD8 T cells are capable of local viral control if they arrive in the brain early after viral invasion, in appropriate numbers and differentiation state. (ku.dk)
T cells must substantially increase nutrient uptake to mount a proper immune response and failure to obtain sufficient nutrients or engage the appropriate metabolic pathways can alter or prevent effector T cell differentiation and function. (elifesciences.org)
This review will discuss the metabolic adaptations necessary for T cells to meet changing biochemical needs throughout different stages of differentiation. (elifesciences.org)
The expression of CSF-1R, a receptor important for myeloid cell migration, differentiation and survival, and the effect of its therapeutic blockade in the context of GVAX in PDAC has not been investigated. (bmj.com)
T-cell receptor (TCR)-dependent induction of the transcription factor IRF4 is essential for eTreg differentiation, but how IRF4 activity is regulated in Treg cells is still unclear. (elsevierpure.com)
In this article, the cellular and molecular alterations that are induced in tissue microenvironment and implicated in the initiation and progression of inflammation and fibrosis in CNT-exposed lungs, including effector cells, soluble mediators, and functional events exemplified by cell differentiation and extracellular matrix (ECM) modification, are summarized and discussed. (cdc.gov)
function of proliferative responses provoked in the induction cell products favor immediate type hypersensitivity reactions, phase of contact allergy, the murine local lymph node assay serving as growth and differentiation factors for mast cells and (LLNA), has been accepted as a stand-alone method for skin eosinophils, the cellular effectors of the clinical manifestations of sensitization testing (NIH, 1999). (cdc.gov)

100 effector proteins. (europa.eu)
Then, we selected 48 genes that may encode uncharacterised effectors (e. g. no detectable amino acid identity to other proteins or with a particular putative biochemical activity) from the genome of C. trachomatis strain L2/434/Bu. (europa.eu)
In summary, we have identified 22 novel putative C. trachomatis T3S effectors, seven of which were also secreted as full-length proteins by Y. enterocolitica in different experimental conditions. (europa.eu)
Therefore, these 7 proteins are very likely novel effectors of C. trachomatis. (europa.eu)
To study the function of known effectors, we focused on the C. trachomatis Inc proteins, an important group of potential chlamydial virulence factors. (europa.eu)
Class II MHC proteins are generally only found on the surface of professional antigen-presenting cells (APCs). (wikidoc.org)
I will accomplish this by identifying and mechanistically characterize cell surface proteins that protect leukemia cells against the innate immune system. (lu.se)
I will also provide in vivo proof of concept for a therapeutic effect by inhibiting the identified cell surface proteins in mouse models of leukemia. (lu.se)
To identify cell surface proteins on leukemia cells that inhibit Natural killer cells ( Aim 1a ) or macrophages ( Aim 1b ) using CRISPR screens. (lu.se)
To characterize the function and expression patterns of the identified cell surface proteins in acute myeloid leukemia cells from patients. (lu.se)
To demonstrate proof of concept for a therapeutic effect by inhibiting the identified cell surface proteins in patient-derived xenograft models of leukemia. (lu.se)

The concept of polymorphonuclear neutrophils' (PMNs') single-track fate as terminally differentiated and short-lived primary effector cells of host defense and acute inflammation is rapidly evolving. (aai.org)

Compared with CAR-T cells, CAR exosomes do not express Programmed cell Death protein 1 (PD1), and their antitumour effect cannot be weakened by recombinant PD-L1 treatment. (nature.com)
We show that the bacterial effector protein SseI (also called SrfH), which is translocated into host cells by the Salmonella Pathogenicity Island 2 (SPI2) type III secretion system (T3SS), is required for Salmonella typhimurium to maintain a long-term chronic systemic infection in mice. (pasteur.fr)
SseI inhibits normal cell migration of primary macrophages and dendritic cells (DC) in vitro, and such inhibition requires the host factor IQ motif containing GTPase activating protein 1 (IQGAP1), an important regulator of cell migration. (pasteur.fr)
it recognizes a specific protein on the surface of malignant cells (eg, CD19 on B-cells). (medscape.com)
This study applies knowledge from structural and evolutionary studies of the rice NLR protein Pik-1 and cognate effector protein AVR-Pik to engineering of new disease resistance genes. (elifesciences.org)
For this, we constructed translational fusions comprising the first 20 amino acids of the IncA or IncC effectors and a reporter protein (the mature form of TEM-1 beta-lactamase), expressed under the control of the Y. enterocolitica yopE effector gene promoter (PyopE). (europa.eu)
Anti-CD3 treatment up-regulates programmed cell death protein-1 expression on activated effector T cells and severely impairs their inflammatory capacity. (ox.ac.uk)
We have used a transfer model to further investigate the effects of anti-CD3 treatment on green fluorescent protein (GFP)(+) islet-specific effector T cells in vivo. (ox.ac.uk)
Programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) expression was up-regulated on the effector cells from anti-CD3-treated mice, and diabetes induced through anti-PD-L1 antibody could only be reversed with anti-CD3 antibody if the anti-CD3 treatment lasted beyond the point when the anti-PD-L1 antibody was washed out of the system. (ox.ac.uk)
Mature T h cells are believed to always express the surface protein CD4 . (wikidoc.org)
BteA, a 69-kDa cytotoxic protein, is a type III secretion system (T3SS) effector in the classical Bordetella, the etiological agents of pertussis and related mammalian respiratory diseases. (nih.gov)
The N-terminal domain of BteA is multifunctional, acting as a docking platform for its cognate chaperone (BtcA) in the bacterium, and targeting the protein to lipid raft microdomains within the eukaryotic host cell. (nih.gov)

Large numbers of short-lived Teff cells were continuously produced via a proliferative, antigen-dependent intermediate (Tint) population with a memory-effector hybrid phenotype. (whiterose.ac.uk)

For this, specifically we aimed to (i) identify novel C. trachomatis type III secretion (T3S) effectors and (ii) further understand the secretion and function of known effectors. (europa.eu)
The GFP expression allowed us to isolate the known effectors at different time-points during treatment to assess cell presence in various organs as well as gene expression and cytokine production. (ox.ac.uk)

All together, we demonstrate that host nc-moDCs surprisingly mediate immunosuppression in the context of murine intestinal GVHD - as opposed to classical "inflammatory" monocyte-derived dendritic cells (mo-DCs) - via coinhibitory signaling. (uni-wuerzburg.de)
0.05), but not mature dendritic cells ( p = 0.132). (bmj.com)
Generally, helper T cells recognize antigens presented in antigen-presenting cells such as macrophages, dendritic cells, and neutrophils. (pediaa.com)
Professional antigen presenting cells are primarily dendritic cells , macrophages and B cells , although dendritic cells are the only cell group that expresses MHC Class II constitutively (at all times). (wikidoc.org)
Some APCs also bind native (or unprocessed) antigens to their surface, such as follicular dendritic cells , but unprocessed antigens do not interact with T cells and are not involved in their activation. (wikidoc.org)

Our results suggest that FoxM1 functions downstream of PL to mediate its effects on β-cell proliferation. (umn.edu)
Conclusions: This study represents the first to dissect signaling cascades following PDAC stroma remodeling via HA depletion, suggesting this not only overcomes a physical barrier for immune cell trafficking, but alters myeloid function leading to downstream selective increases in effector memory T-cell infiltration and antitumor activity. (elsevierpure.com)

The first report of CAR T-cell therapy was in 2010, in a patient with advanced follicular lymphoma. (medscape.com)

Resistance to GVAX was associated with an immune-suppressive myeloid cell infiltration, which may limit further therapeutic gains of GVAX/αPD-1 therapy. (bmj.com)
CXCR6-deficient mice showed reduced infiltration of tumors by activated CD8 T cells and impaired tumor regression following treatment with local IR to the tumor and Abs blocking the negative regulator of T cell activation, CTLA-4. (ox.ac.uk)
This corresponds with increased CCR7+ effector memory T-cell infiltration, an increase in tumor-specific IFNg, and improved survival. (elsevierpure.com)
Taken together, the findings of these studies suggest a mechanistic framework marked by a proinflammatory and fibrogenic cytokine response with resultant tissue inflammatory cell infiltration. (medscape.com)

We predict that ABCs could be playing a role throughout γHV68 infection due to their long-term persistence, activation of T cells, and continuous cytokine and antibody production. (nature.com)
The precise mechanisms controlling homing of T effector (Teff) cells to the inflamed gut in Crohn's disease (CD) are still unclear and clinical outcome data from inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) patients treated with the anti-α4β7 integrin antibody vedolizumab suggest differences between ulcerative colitis (UC) and CD. (uea.ac.uk)
abstract = "The precise mechanisms controlling homing of T effector (Teff) cells to the inflamed gut in Crohn{\textquoteright}s disease (CD) are still unclear and clinical outcome data from inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) patients treated with the anti-α4β7 integrin antibody vedolizumab suggest differences between ulcerative colitis (UC) and CD.Methods: Expression of homing molecules was studied with flow cytometry and immunohistochemistry. (uea.ac.uk)
Using this binding mechanism, an antibody can tag a microbe or an infected cell for attack by other parts of the immune system, or can neutralize it directly (for example, by blocking a part of a virus that is essential for its invasion). (wikipedia.org)
the peak in antibody titers occurs 4-7 weeks frequency of CD4 T cells specifi c for subtype H5N1 was de- after primary infection ( 6 - 8 ). (cdc.gov)
Antibody effector functions are associated with protection from respiratory syncytial virus. (bvsalud.org)
However, binding and neutralization have poorly predicted protection in the past, and accumulating data across epidemiologic cohorts and animal models collectively point to a role for additional antibody Fc-effector functions. (bvsalud.org)
They are essential in determining B cell antibody class switching , in the activation and growth of cytotoxic T cells , and in maximizing bactericidal activity of phagocytes such as macrophages . (wikidoc.org)

Generally, there are two types of T lymphocytes: cytotoxic T cells and helper T cells. (pediaa.com)
Cytotoxic T cells are responsible for killing virus-infected cells. (pediaa.com)
Upon recognition, cytotoxic T cells induce apoptosis and degranulation in infected cells. (pediaa.com)
For example, there are sub-groups of suppressor T cells , natural killer T cells , and cytotoxic T cells that are known to express CD4 (although cytotoxic examples have been observed in extremely low numbers in specific disease states, they are usually considered non-existent). (wikidoc.org)
Anti-melanocyte-specific cytotoxic T cells exert a central role in the final effector stage. (medscape.com)

Regulatory T cells (Treg) control mitochondrial function and cytokine production by CD4 + effector T cells (Teff) in prediabetes and type 2 diabetes by supporting T helper (Th)17 or Th1 cytokine production, respectively. (diabetesjournals.org)
The sensitive equilibrium between effector B cells and regulatory B cells (Bregs) is disrupted, and immunoregulatory Bregs prove to be numerically and functionally impaired [ 5 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Depressed lymph node PMN and LXA 4 in females correlated with an increase in effector T cells (Th1 and Th17), a decrease in regulatory T cells (Treg), and increased dry eye pathogenesis. (aai.org)
Here, we investigate whether regulatory T cells (Treg cells) act to mediate luteal phase P4 effects on uterine receptivity in mice. (jci.org)
Foxp3-expressing CD4 + regulatory T (Treg) cells need to differentiate into effector Treg (eTreg) cells to maintain immune homeostasis. (elsevierpure.com)
The immune mechanisms occurring during acute rejection (AR) and chronic lung allograft dysfunction are a challenge for research and the balance between effector and regulatory cells has not been defined completely. (diapathlabtalks.com)
Moreover, multivariate analysis showed interdependences within studied variables revealing that effector cells and regulatory cells can effectively discriminate patients' immunological status. (diapathlabtalks.com)
In AR, BOS and stable lung transplant, regulatory and effector cells clearly demonstrated different pathways of activation. (diapathlabtalks.com)
Understanding of the balance of T cells and T and B regulatory cells can offers insights into rejection. (diapathlabtalks.com)

CD4 + T cells are key in mediating the host protective and homeostatic responses. (frontiersin.org)
These cells primarily produce interferon (IFN)-γ and tumor necrosis factor (TNF) that, respectively, activate macrophages and direct cytotoxic CD8 + T cell responses, that in turn promote elimination of intracellular pathogens such as viruses and bacteria ( 8 ). (frontiersin.org)
Here we examined the cellular mechanisms that maintain ongoing T effector responses using a mouse model for persistent Toxoplasma gondii infection. (whiterose.ac.uk)
Modulation of effector T cell responses by local depletio. (au.dk)
In a flow cytometry analysis of phosphorylated NFκB, an important transcription factor in the induction of innate immune responses in B cells, significantly less activation was observed with ibrutinib treatment. (biomedcentral.com)
Memory cells, on the other hand, recognize and mount immune responses against a previously recognized antigen. (pediaa.com)
Recirculating CD4 memory T cells mount rapid secondary responses without major contributions from follicular CD4 effectors and B cells. (unil.ch)
No correlation between infl uenza- current infl uenza vaccines are prepared annually on the specifi c CD4 T cells and humoral responses was observed. (cdc.gov)

Moreover, CAR-T cells are vulnerable to immunosuppressive mechanisms. (nature.com)
The precise B cell subsets, mechanisms, and factors that facilitate the maintenance of latency and prevent reactivation are not fully understood. (nature.com)
We conclude that Treg control CD4 + T cell cytokine profiles through mechanisms determined, at least in part, by host metabolic status. (diabetesjournals.org)
The Bruton's tyrosine kinase (BTK) inhibitor ibrutinib could inhibit hyperactivated B cell subpopulations to counteract underlying pathogenetic mechanisms. (biomedcentral.com)
Understanding the molecular mechanisms by which fungal effectors regulate plant defense is of great importance for the development of novel strategies for disease control. (biorxiv.org)
The mechanisms that lead to BteA dependent cell death also remain elusive. (nih.gov)

In current clinical development, targeting CD19 + B cell malignancies, which include acute and chronic B-cell leukaemia and B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphomas (NHLs), with anti-CD19 CAR-T cells is one of the most advanced adoptive T-cell therapies and has been approved by the FDA. (nature.com)
During an acute, resolved infection, decreasing antigen load correlated with a sharp drop in the Tint cell population and subsequent loss of the ongoing effector response. (whiterose.ac.uk)
In addition, we identify PD-L1 expression by CX3CR1+ nc-moDCs as the major mechanism they employ to suppress alloreactive T cells during acute intestinal GVHD. (uni-wuerzburg.de)
Allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplant (allo-HSCT) is often used to treat acute leukemia or defects of hematopoiesis. (uky.edu)
The major goals of my research are to identify how acute myeloid leukemia (AML) cells suppress the innate immune system and use this knowledge to develop new immunotherapies. (lu.se)

CONCLUSIONS: Modulation of cellular effector function by ShK-186 may constitute a novel treatment strategy for GPA with high specificity and less harmful side effects. (rug.nl)
ShK-186 treatment reduced the production of the pro-inflammatory cytokines to the level seen in CD4+ TH cells from HCs.CONCLUSIONS: Modulation of cellular effector function by ShK-186 may constitute a novel treatment strategy for GPA with high specificity and less harmful side effects. (rug.nl)

P4 antagonist RU486 administered to mice on days 1.5 and 3.5 postcoitum to model luteal phase P4 deficiency caused fewer CD4+Foxp3+ Treg cells and impaired Treg functional competence, along with dysfunctional uterine vascular remodeling and perturbed placental development in midgestation. (jci.org)
Adoptive transfer at implantation of Treg cells - but not conventional T cells - alleviated fetal loss and fetal growth restriction by mitigating adverse effects of reduced P4 signaling on uterine blood vessel remodeling and placental structure and by restoring maternal T cell imbalance. (jci.org)
These findings demonstrate an essential role for Treg cells in mediating P4 effects at implantation and indicate that Treg cells are a sensitive and critical effector mechanism through which P4 drives uterine receptivity to support robust placental development and fetal growth. (jci.org)
Treg cell transfer restores placental defects caused by impaired luteal phase P4 signaling. (jci.org)
On 3.5 dpc, approximately 8 hours following the final RU486 dose, females were injected i.v. with 2 × 10 5 Treg cells (CD4 + CD25 + ), Tconv cells (CD4 + CD25 - ), or vehicle control (PBS). (jci.org)
Mice lacking JunB in Treg cells develop multi-organ autoimmunity, concomitant with aberrant activation of T helper cells. (elsevierpure.com)
JunB promotes expression of Treg effector molecules, such as ICOS and CTLA4, in BATF-dependent and BATF-independent manners, and is also required for homeostasis and suppressive functions of eTreg. (elsevierpure.com)
Thus, JunB is a critical regulator of IRF4-dependent Treg effector programs, highlighting important functions for AP-1 in Treg-mediated immune homeostasis. (elsevierpure.com)
A predominance of Th17 cells subtypes in the PBMCs and a depletion of Tregs, that resulted in decrease Treg/Th17 ratio, was observed. (diapathlabtalks.com)

Over the last few decades, understanding of how each subset of Th cells plays a role has dramatically increased. (frontiersin.org)
Together, these results indicate that ABCs are a persistent effector subset during latent viral infection that impedes γHV68 reactivation. (nature.com)

STUDY DESIGN AND SETTING: Phenotype and cytokine secretion profiles of CD62L cells were determined based on activation status. (elsevierpure.com)
Toquet et al investigated the phenotype of the lesional inflammatory cell infiltrate in patients with eosinophilic fasciitis and demonstrated a predominance of macrophages, CD8 + lymphocytes, and few eosinophils. (medscape.com)

In contrast, ACT expands a patient's own T cells ex vivo to direct anti-tumor immunity when transfused back into the patient. (elifesciences.org)
Nevertheless, ex vivo activation with cytokines can restore cytolytic activity of NK cells against GB, indicating that NK cells have potential for adoptive immunotherapy of GB if potent cytotoxicity can be maintained in vivo . (frontiersin.org)
Here, we discuss effects of the GB tumor microenvironment on NK-cell functionality, summarize early treatment attempts with ex vivo activated NK cells, and describe relevant CAR target antigens validated with CAR-T cells. (frontiersin.org)
Memory effectors: a potent, IL-4-secreting helper T cell population that develops in vivo after restimulation with antigen. (umassmed.edu)
PL induced Foxm1 expression in cultured islets, and FoxM1 was essential for PL-mediated increases in β-cell proliferation in vivo. (umn.edu)
Their functional role was investigated in in vitro adhesion assays and in a humanized mouse model of T cell homing to the inflamed gut in vivo. (uea.ac.uk)
Results: Despite in vitro blockade of CD Teff adhesion to MAdCAM-1 and in contrast to previous oberservations in UC, anti-α4β7 treatment did not result in reduced Teff cell homing to the gut in vivo. (uea.ac.uk)
Conclusions: Our findings suggest that Teff cell homing to the ileum via the axis α4β1 - VCAM-1 is an essential and non-redundant pathway in CD in vivo possibly affecting efficacy of clinical treatment with anti-adhesion compounds. (uea.ac.uk)
Their functional role was investigated in in vitro adhesion assays and in a humanized mouse model of T cell homing to the inflamed gut in vivo.Results: Despite in vitro blockade of CD Teff adhesion to MAdCAM-1 and in contrast to previous oberservations in UC, anti-α4β7 treatment did not result in reduced Teff cell homing to the gut in vivo. (uea.ac.uk)
Using a poorly immunogenic mouse model of breast cancer, we found that irradiation increased the migration of CD8(+)CXCR6(+) activated T cells to tumors in vitro and in vivo. (ox.ac.uk)
We used in vivo labeling with deuterated glucose to measure the turnover of CD4+ T cells in healthy humans. (ox.ac.uk)
These data indicate that human CD4+ TEM cells constitute a short-lived cell population that requires continuous replenishment in vivo. (ox.ac.uk)
Estos linfocitos citotóxicos pueden generarse in vitro en cultivos mixtos de linfocitos (MLC, siglas en inglés), in vivo durante una reacción de injerto contra huésped (GVH, siglas en inglés), o después de la inmunización con un aloinjerto, célula tumoral o célula diana modificada químicamente o transformada por virus. (bvsalud.org)
These cytotoxic lymphocytes may be generated in vitro in mixed lymphocyte cultures (MLC), in vivo during a graft-versus-host (GVH) reaction, or after immunization with an allograft, tumor cell or virally transformed or chemically modified target cell. (bvsalud.org)

Further, these B cells are activated by T cells to proliferate. (pediaa.com)

Complete B cell depletion with rituximab showed better efficacy with regard to the reduction of skin fibrosis and respiratory restriction in a case-control study [ 8 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
The presence of MCs is associated with fibrosis, chemokine production, and recruitment of GVHD effector cells to the skin. (uky.edu)
In the tissues, the end effector cell of fibrosis is the fibroblast. (medscape.com)

The main difference between effector and memory cells is that effector cells are short-lived cells whereas memory cells are long-lived cells. (pediaa.com)
Effector cells refer to relatively short-lived activated cells that defend the body in an immune response while memory cells refer to long-lived lymphocytes capable of responding to a particular antigen on its reintroduction, long after the exposure that prompted its production. (pediaa.com)
Moreover, effector cells are short-lived cells while memory cells are long-lived cells. (pediaa.com)

Fibroblast are types of cells that form the extracellular matrix and collagen. (wikipedia.org)
In general, the pathophysiology underlying eosinophilic fasciitis is postulated to involve an inflammatory response resulting in an activated inflammatory cell infiltrate of affected tissues and subsequent dysregulation of extracellular matrix production by lesional fibroblasts. (medscape.com)

This review will discuss the metabolic changes that drive T cells into different stages of their development and how the TME imposes barriers to the metabolism and activity of tumor infiltrating lymphocytes. (elifesciences.org)
In approved products, a patient's own T lymphocytes are collected by apheresis and transduced with a gene that encodes for a CAR to direct the T cells against cancer cells. (medscape.com)
Generally, T and B lymphocytes serve as effector cells and memory cells in the immune system. (pediaa.com)
Effector cells are the T and B lymphocytes of the immune system that serves in normal immune function. (pediaa.com)
Moreover, memory T cells are T lymphocytes that also recognize previously encountered antigens. (pediaa.com)
B and T lymphocytes serve as effector cells and memory cells. (pediaa.com)
Polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMN) have distinct phenotypes that drive inflammation but also regulate lymphocytes and are the rate-limiting cell for generating anti-inflammatory lipoxin A 4 (LXA 4 ). (aai.org)
T helper cells (also known as effector T cells or T h cells ) are a sub-group of lymphocytes (a type of white blood cell or leukocyte ) that plays an important role in establishing and maximizing the capabilities of the immune system . (wikidoc.org)
Immunized T-lymphocytes which can directly destroy appropriate target cells. (bvsalud.org)

These cells play a role in the inflammatory process. (wikipedia.org)
Yet, CD4 + T cells are also known to be the main drivers of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) when this balance is perturbed. (frontiersin.org)
Inflammatory bowel disease is a complex set of diseases that includes Crohn's disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC), each with multiple bacterial, immune, and non-immune cell types contributing to inflammation. (frontiersin.org)
New data show that inflammatory profiles produced by CD4 + T cells define human prediabetes as a unique inflammatory state. (diabetesjournals.org)
Furthermore, evidence for an important pathogenetic role for effector B cell-derived profibrotic IL-6 and TNF-α, as well as for protective effects of anti-inflammatory IL-10, has been published recently [ 6 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
ShK-186 treatment reduced the production of the pro-inflammatory cytokines to the level seen in CD4+ TH cells from HCs. (rug.nl)

The main function of the effector cells is to mount an immune response to a particular pathogen. (pediaa.com)

Further analysis performed on sorted CD4+T cell subsets, revealed that ShK-186 predominantly inhibited the cytokine production of CD4+TEM cells. (rug.nl)

Memory cells are the long-lived cells in the immune system that have the ability to recognize antigens previously recognized by the immune system. (pediaa.com)

While the transfer of already existing genes from one cell to another characterized an earlier phase of the field of biotechnology, synthetic biology involves the design, assembly, synthesis, or manufacture of new genomes, biological pathways, devices or organisms not found in nature. (cdc.gov)

Given the importance of CD4 + Th cells in the disease process, this review will focus on how Th cells differentiate in the inflamed intestinal tract during IBD and how the Th lineage-specific cytokines and transcription factors (TFs) contribute to disease. (frontiersin.org)

We demonstrate that the extended recognition profiles of engineered Pikp-1 variants correlate with effector binding in planta and in vitro, and with the gain of new contacts across the effector/HMA interface. (elifesciences.org)
SIGNIFICANCE: Characterization of this human CD62L Low T cell population provides initial insight regarding novel surface markers in TDLN T cells that might correlate with antitumor reactivity. (elsevierpure.com)

Fungi secrete numerous effectors to modulate host defense systems. (biorxiv.org)
This work suggested a strategy whereby C. gloeosporioides exploited CgNLP1 effector to suppress host defense to facilitate infection by disrupting the subcellular compartment of a host defense regulator HbMYB8-like. (biorxiv.org)

Highly functional CD8+ effector T (Teff) cells can persist in large numbers during controlled persistent infections, as exemplified by rare HIV-infected individuals who control the virus. (whiterose.ac.uk)

SseI binds directly to IQGAP1 and co-localizes with this factor at the cell periphery. (pasteur.fr)
The rice NLR receptor Pik-1 binds the Magnaporthe oryzae effector AVR-Pik through an integrated heavy metal-associated (HMA) domain. (elifesciences.org)
In this study we demonstrate that IR markedly enhanced the secretion by mouse and human breast cancer cells of CXCL16, a chemokine that binds to CXCR6 on Th1 and activated CD8 effector T cells, and plays an important role in their recruitment to sites of inflammation. (ox.ac.uk)

Many subsets of CD4 + T cells have been identified as players in perpetuating chronic intestinal inflammation. (frontiersin.org)
The clinical improvement in both trials might have been limited by the lack of specificity, as depletion of all B cell subsets eliminates the protective effects conveyed by Bregs in the context of autoimmunity. (biomedcentral.com)
The specific inhibition of autoreactive, profibrotic, and chronically activated B cell subsets represents a more promising approach to achieve effective treatment of SSc. (biomedcentral.com)
Prior to MKTP, T-cell subsets and chemokines. (umassmed.edu)

Mast cells are protective cells that are involved in wound healing and blood-brain barrier function. (wikipedia.org)
Rapid proliferation and acquisition of effector function are demanding processes that require precise metabolic re-wiring. (elifesciences.org)
As T cell metabolism dictates effector function, it is now apparent that the effect of cancer cell metabolism on the tumor microenvironment (TME) may impair anti-tumor immunity, and these new hallmarks of cancer are therefore inextricably linked. (elifesciences.org)
The main function of helper T cells is to activate other cells in the immune system to mount an immune response. (pediaa.com)
Therefore, the main difference between effector and memory cells is their lifespan and function. (pediaa.com)
We find, in this model, that anti-CD3 treatment does not preferentially deplete the transferred effector cells, but instead inhibits their metabolic function and their production of interferon-γ. (ox.ac.uk)
It is this diversity in function and their role in influencing other cells that gives T helper cells their name. (wikidoc.org)
Function of T helper cells: Antigen presenting cells ( APCs ) present antigen on their Class II MHC molecules ( MHC2 ). (wikidoc.org)

PBMCs and sorted B cells of 24 patients with SSc were used for functional testing after stimulation with hypomethylated DNA fragments (CpG) to induce an innate immune response. (biomedcentral.com)
Memory T cells can be divided into central-memory (TCM) and effector-memory (TEM) cells, which differ in their functional properties. (ox.ac.uk)
Towards the end of a HIV infection the number of functional CD4 + T cells falls, which leads to the symptomatic stage of infection known as the acquired immune deficiency syndrome ( AIDS ). (wikidoc.org)

IFN-gamma activates tissue macrophages and T cells. (medscape.com)

Here, we investigated the therapeutic potential of ibrutinib, a Bruton's tyrosine kinase (BTK) inhibitor used in B cell malignancies, to alter B cell pathology in SSc in an in vitro model of autoimmunity. (biomedcentral.com)
The genetically modified autologous T cells are expanded in vitro at a production facility and then reinfused into the patient. (medscape.com)
RESULTS: ShK-186 reduced the expression level of IFNγ, TNFα, IL-4, IL-17, and IL-21 in CD4+TH cells from GPA-patients in vitro. (rug.nl)

With a fluorescent reporter gene-expressing γHV68 we demonstrate that ABCs are infected with γHV68 at similar rates to other previously activated B cells. (nature.com)
The award will enable Laverock to progress its immune effector cell therapeutic programme aiming to combat hard-to-treat cancers, via use of its gene editing induced gene silencing (GEiGS®) technology. (technologynetworks.com)
Here, we identified an NLP effector gene, CgNLP1 , which contributed to virulence of C. gloeosporioides to rubber tree. (biorxiv.org)
A second capability of synthetic biology involves the re-design of existing genes, cells or organisms for the purpose of gene therapy. (cdc.gov)

CD4 + T cells are enriched in lesional tissue from patients with CD and UC and blockade or depletion of CD4 + T is effective in treating patients with IBD. (frontiersin.org)
The TME, however, can be metabolically hostile due to insufficient vascular exchange and cancer cell metabolism that leads to hypoxia, depletion of nutrients, and accumulation of waste products. (elifesciences.org)
Ab depletion of tissue PMN abrogated LXA 4 formation in lymph nodes, as well as caused a marked increase in Th1 and Th17 cells and a decrease in Tregs. (aai.org)
Anti-CD3 treatment can reverse overt disease in spontaneously diabetic non-obese diabetic mice, an effect proposed to, at least in part, be caused by a selective depletion of pathogenic cells. (ox.ac.uk)

Flow cytometry analysis of tumor infiltrating T-cells in a murine model of PDAC was performed to investigate the therapeutic effects and mechanism of anti-CSF-1R/anti-PD-1/GVAX combination immunotherapy. (bmj.com)

We first confirmed that known T3S substrates (IncA and IncC effectors) of C. trachomatis possess a T3S signal within their first 20 amino acids, which is recognised by the Y. enterocolitica T3SS as efficiently as a Yersinia endogenous T3S substrate. (europa.eu)

T helper cells recognize antigen presented in the context of major histocompatibility complex II on antigen-presenting cells in a T cell receptor-dependent fashion (not shown). (frontiersin.org)
Genetically engineered T cells expressing a chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) are rapidly emerging a promising new treatment for haematological and non-haematological malignancies. (nature.com)
Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell therapy is a rapidly growing treatment modality. (medscape.com)
Once infused, the cells continue to expand in number and bind to cancer cells via the engineered receptor, resulting in immunologic cancer cell death. (medscape.com)
The percentages of NK receptor-positive T cells (NKT cells) varied strongly, and this variation was more important between individual patients than between individual healthy donors. (ox.ac.uk)
T cells play a key role in the pathogenesis of type 1 diabetes, and targeting the CD3 component of the T-cell receptor complex provides one therapeutic approach. (ox.ac.uk)
Helper T cells recognize these, with the help of their expression of CD4 co-receptor ( CD4+ ). (wikidoc.org)
Like all T cells, they express the T cell receptor / CD3 complex. (wikidoc.org)
The T cell receptor (TcR) consists of both constant and variable regions, the latter of which determines what antigen the T cell can respond to. (wikidoc.org)
[ 3 ] It is reported to have mitogenic activity for smooth muscle cells and receptor-mediated proinflammatory activities. (medscape.com)

The ability of IR to convert tumors into "inflamed" peripheral tissues could be exploited to overcome obstacles at the effector phase of the antitumor immune response and improve the therapeutic efficacy of immunotherapy. (ox.ac.uk)

Typically, CARs consist of a target binding domain, which is an extracellular domain that is specifically expressed by CAR-T cells, a transmembrane domain, and a signalling domain, which is an intracellular domain that provides an activation signal to T cells. (nature.com)
The intracellular domains ensure intracellular signaling necessary to activate the effector functions of the CAR T cell. (medscape.com)

During an immune response, professional antigen-presenting cells (APCs) endocytose (absorb) foreign material (typically bacteria or viruses ), which undergoes processing , then travel from the infection site to the lymph nodes . (wikidoc.org)

Microglia must always be capable of recognizing any foreign bodies, engulf them, and activate T-cells. (wikipedia.org)
Once at the lymph nodes, the APC begins to present antigen peptides that are bound to Class II MHC, allowing CD4 + T cells that express specific TcR's against the peptide/MHC complex to activate. (wikidoc.org)

There are two effector phenotypes: TC1 and TC2. (bvsalud.org)

In cell biology, an effector cell is any of various types of cell that actively responds to a stimulus and effects some change (brings it about). (wikipedia.org)
Expanded understanding of the basic biology of T cell activation has enabled immunotherapy to combat cancer, and T cell metabolism now offers the opportunity to optimize and improve these therapeutic strategies. (elifesciences.org)
American Journal of Respiratory Cell and Molecular Biology , 64 (1), 143-146. (eur.nl)
Synthetic biology is playing an increasing role in the commercial bioeconomy as providers of biological designs, optimized biological molecules, laboratory suppliers of customer-specified DNA, RNA, enzymes and cell-cloning services, and in drug development. (cdc.gov)

Effector cells defend the body in response to an immune response while memory cells recognize and mount an immune response to a previously encountered antigen. (pediaa.com)

In a few cases, CIK cell treatment lead to the complete disappearance of tumor burdens, extended periods of survival, and improved quality of life, even if the cancerous tumor cells were in advanced stages. (wikipedia.org)
We will then examine how tumor cells create a toxic milieu for T cells that enter the TME. (elifesciences.org)

In a recent study, we have demonstrated that, peripheral ZIKV infection in adult C57BL/6 mice induces a robust CD8 T cell response that peaks within a week. (ku.dk)
Normally, central memory T cells and effector memory T cells occur in lymph nodes and peripheral circulation. (pediaa.com)
Bronchoalveolar lavage cells (BAL) and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from stable lung transplanted (LTx )subjects ( n = 4), AR patients ( n = 6) and bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome (BOS) ( n = 6) were collected at the same time. (diapathlabtalks.com)
A complete blood cell count (CBC) with differential should be obtained, including examination of the peripheral blood smear if the differential is abnormal. (medscape.com)
In this study production levels of interleukins (IL)-12 and IL-13 were measured by commercial ELISA in culture supernatants of mitogen-stimulated peripheral blood mononuclear cells from 30 non-splenectomized beta-thalassaemia cases with iron overload and 20 age- and sex-matched healthy individuals. (who.int)
Viallard et al demonstrated that, when stimulated, peripheral blood mononuclear cells of eosinophilic fasciitis patients produce significantly higher amounts of five cytokines, including interleukin (IL)-5 and interferon (IFN)-gamma. (medscape.com)

Successful completion of these projects will identify new therapeutic targets in AML and expand our knowledge regarding how AML cells escape the immune system, findings that might be translated into new therapeutic opportunities in AML and possibly other cancer types. (lu.se)

Anatomy30

Organisms16

Diseases19

Chemicals and Drugs117

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment28

Phenomena and Processes47

Information Science3

Health Care2

Receptors25

Antibodies12

Differentiation13

Proteins11

Primary effector1

Protein12

Memory-effector1

Known effectors2

Dendritic cells5

Downstream2

Advanced follicular1

Infiltration4

Antibody8

Cytotoxic T cel5

Regulatory9

Responses8

Mechanisms6

Acute5

Modulation2

Treg9

Subset2

Phenotype2

Vivo14

Proliferate1

Fibrosis3

Short-lived3

Extracellular matrix2

Lymphocytes9

Inflammatory6

Pathogen1

Cytokine production1

Antigens1

Pathways1

Differentiate1

Correlate2

Host defense2

Teff1

Binds3

Subsets4

Function8

Functional3

Macrophages1

Vitro3

Gene4

Depletion4

Flow cytometry1

T3SS1

Receptor10

Antitumor immune1

Intracellular2

Antigen-prese1

Activate2

Phenotypes1

Biology4

Immune response1

Tumor cells2

Peripheral6

Therapeutic1