Effector secretion. Medical search. Frequent questions

The Type VI Secretion System (T6SS) is a multiprotein device that has emerged as an important fitness and virulence factor for many Gram-negative bacteria through the injection of effector proteins into prokaryotic or eukaryotic cells via a contractile mechanism. (frontiersin.org)
While some effector proteins specifically target bacterial or eukaryotic cells, others can target both types of cells (trans-kingdom effectors). (frontiersin.org)
In addition, there is limited information regarding the repertoire of effector proteins encoded within T6SS SPI-6 and T6SS SPI-19 gene clusters in S . Dublin. (frontiersin.org)
Of note, the genes encoding these effectors and immunity proteins are widely distributed in Salmonella genomes, suggesting a relevant role in interbacterial competition and virulence. (frontiersin.org)
100 effector proteins. (europa.eu)
Then, we selected 48 genes that may encode uncharacterised effectors (e. g. no detectable amino acid identity to other proteins or with a particular putative biochemical activity) from the genome of C. trachomatis strain L2/434/Bu. (europa.eu)
T3S assays performed with T3S-competent Y. enterocolitica or with an isogenic T3S-deficient strain individually expressing the TEM-1 fusions revealed a statistically significant higher level of secretion of 22 fusion proteins relative to RplJ20-TEM-1. (europa.eu)
Thirteen proteins showed a statistically significant higher level of secretion than full-length C. trachomatis RplJ. (europa.eu)
We also tested secretion of 11 out of these 13 proteins when expressed from an arabinose-inducible promoter in Y. enterocolitica, which revealed T3S-dependent secretion of 7 proteins. (europa.eu)
In summary, we have identified 22 novel putative C. trachomatis T3S effectors, seven of which were also secreted as full-length proteins by Y. enterocolitica in different experimental conditions. (europa.eu)
Therefore, these 7 proteins are very likely novel effectors of C. trachomatis. (europa.eu)
To study the function of known effectors, we focused on the C. trachomatis Inc proteins, an important group of potential chlamydial virulence factors. (europa.eu)
The type III secretion system (T3SS or TTSS), also called the injectisome, is one of the bacterial secretion systems used by bacteria to secrete their effector proteins into the host's cells to promote virulence and colonisation. (wikipedia.org)
The T3SS is composed of approximately 30 different proteins, making it one of the most complex secretion systems. (wikipedia.org)
Technically speaking, type III secretion is used both for secreting infection-related proteins and flagellar components. (wikipedia.org)
Once the base is completed, it serves as a secretion machine for the outer proteins (the needle). (wikipedia.org)
Various gram-negative pathogens utilize a secretion system known as type III, which is used to deliver bacterial (effector) proteins into host cells to modulate immunological and cellular responses. (tdl.org)
EPEC , similar to many other Gram-negative bacterial pathogens, possesses essential virulence machinery called the type III secretion system (T3SS) that enables the injection of effector proteins from the bacteria into the host cytoplasm . (bvsalud.org)
Tir belongs to a unique group of transmembrane domain (TMD)-containing secreted proteins , which have two conflicting destination indications, one for bacterial membrane integration and another for protein secretion . (bvsalud.org)
Taken together, our study further supports the hypothesis that the TMD sequences of translocated proteins encode information crucial for protein secretion and their postsecretion function. (bvsalud.org)
This model represents the C-terminal (CT) toxin domain of CdiA effector proteins. (nih.gov)
The 3D structure of one of these toxic proteins, the bacterial RhsA effector, has now been solved by the team of Stefan Raunser along with the team of John Whitney. (mpg.de)
Protein secretion systems are molecular machines used by bacterial cells to translocate specific sets of proteins out of the bacterial cell, either to the extracellular milieu or directly into target cells (eukaryotic or prokaryotic. (dundee.ac.uk)
Secretion systems, and the diverse proteins that they secrete, represent key virulence factors against eukaryotic host organisms. (dundee.ac.uk)
Our largest research area is the Type VI secretion system (T6SS) , which is widespread in Gram-negative bacteria and is a complex, dynamic nanomachine which 'fires' toxic effector proteins into target cells. (dundee.ac.uk)
A family of Type VI secretion system effector proteins that form ion-selective pores. (dundee.ac.uk)
Pathogens can acquire the ability to suppress PTI by directly injecting effector proteins into the plant cell through secretion systems. (kegg.jp)

Each antibacterial effector gene is located upstream of a gene encoding a hypothetic immunity protein, thus conforming an effector/immunity (E/I) module. (frontiersin.org)
For this, we constructed translational fusions comprising the first 20 amino acids of the IncA or IncC effectors and a reporter protein (the mature form of TEM-1 beta-lactamase), expressed under the control of the Y. enterocolitica yopE effector gene promoter (PyopE). (europa.eu)
The intracellular survival of B. mallei within murine macrophage J774.2 cells requires the type III secretion system (TTSS), although the effector protein(s) involved are unknown. (tdl.org)
BopA, a predicted effector protein of B. mallei, shares 24% amino acid homology to the TTS effector IcsB of Shigella flexneri, which is responsible for intercellular spread and host cell invasion. (tdl.org)
The work presented herein identified an N-terminal portion of BopA sufficient to drive secretion throughout a TTS apparatus and characterized the potential virulence-associated functions of B. mallei TTS protein BopA to subvert the host cell and promote intracellular replication and survival utilizing an in vitro respiratory cell model. (tdl.org)
BteA, a 69-kDa cytotoxic protein, is a type III secretion system (T3SS) effector in the classical Bordetella, the etiological agents of pertussis and related mammalian respiratory diseases. (nih.gov)
CdiA secretion is dependent on the outer membrane protein CdiB. (nih.gov)
The effector protein, called RhsA, has a toxic component that sits unlocked and ready to fire in a molecular cocoon sealed by a cork-like structure. (mpg.de)
The scientists have shown that the effector protein itself cleaves the seal and the toxin from the rest of the protein, thereby unlocking the deadly weapon. (mpg.de)
Pathogenesis of Erwinia amylovora , the causal agent of fire blight, requires injection of the effector protein DspE into host cells via the type III secretion system (T3SS). (actahort.org)
Secretion is facilitated by the chaperone protein DspF, but the portion of DspE required for secretion and chaperone interaction has not been previously determined. (actahort.org)
We tested the hypothesis that protein kinase C (PKC) participates in stimulus-secretion coupling. (jneurosci.org)
It is increasingly becoming recognised that protein secretion systems can also be important mediators of competition between bacterial cells, with such systems delivering anti-bacterial toxins. (dundee.ac.uk)
Yet it is unclear whether Gαi and Gαo operate through identical mechanisms and how these G-protein-mediated signals inhibit insulin secretion in vivo. (diabetesjournals.org)
Antibodies can be found on the surface of lymphocytes as an integral part of the cell membrane protein or can be freely circulating in the blood or be part of one of the body's gland secretion. (medscape.com)

We first confirmed that known T3S substrates (IncA and IncC effectors) of C. trachomatis possess a T3S signal within their first 20 amino acids, which is recognised by the Y. enterocolitica T3SS as efficiently as a Yersinia endogenous T3S substrate. (europa.eu)
After release into the sub-mucosa, Shigella invades intestinal epithelial cells using its type III secretion system (T3SS). (ku.edu)

The detailed mechanism(s) of Burkholderia mallei pathogenesis is virtually unknown, with the production of a polysaccharide capsule and presence of secretion systems as the only known mechanisms associated with virulence. (tdl.org)
Although virulence is typically attributed to single pathogenic strains, here we investigated whether effectors secreted by a population of non-virulent strains could function as public goods to enable the emergence of collective virulence. (nature.com)
Each coisogenic strain was individually unfit, but the metaclone was collectively as virulent as the wild-type strain on Arabidopsis thaliana , suggesting that effectors can drive the emergence of cooperation-based virulence through their public action. (nature.com)

A similar reduction of ↑[Ca 2+ ] e -evoked secretion was produced by inhibitors of conventional and/or novel PKCs (Gö6976, calphostin C, and pseudoA), and these compounds did not inhibit secretion at all when applied to phorbol-downregulated cells. (jneurosci.org)
Completed and published a study demonstrating the first bacterial effector molecule that can inhibit Pyrin inflammasomes. (ntnu.edu)
Pertussis toxin uncoupling-based studies have shown that Gαi and Gαo can inhibit insulin secretion in pancreatic β-cells. (diabetesjournals.org)
In conditions such as like ITP that is autoantibody-mediated, IVIG Fc fragmentmediated competitive blockade of activating FcγR might inhibit: binding of opsonized antigens, induction of effector functions and secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines by macrophages, and degranulation of granulocytes [1, 12]. (academie-medecine.fr)

Genetic evidence for involvement of multiple effector systems in alpha 2A-adrenergic receptor inhibition of stimulus-secretion coupling. (aspetjournals.org)

Bioinformatic and comparative genomic analyses allowed us to identify genes encoding three candidate antibacterial effectors located within SPI-6 and two candidate effectors located within SPI-19. (frontiersin.org)

Binding of the Fc portion of the antibodies to FcR leads to activation of effector cells and further release of proinflammatory cytokines and proteolytic enzymes, mediators of antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC). (hindawi.com)
Overall, our findings suggest that the 12-week exercise program reduces the secretion of inflammatory mediators upon TLR stimulation and promotes the immunoregulatory function of circulating pDC, suggestive for a favorable impact of exercise on the underlying immunopathogenesis of MS. (hindawi.com)
Binding of PD-L1 to its receptors suppresses T-cell migration, proliferation and secretion of cytotoxic mediators, and restricts tumour cell killing. (nih.gov)
Th1 cells are effectors of cell- sis on these mediators. (who.int)

RhsA encapsulates its toxic effector domain (red). (mpg.de)

Our objective is to examine whether/how Gαo regulates islet development and insulin secretion in β-cells. (diabetesjournals.org)
these peptides play a role in postprandial insulin secretion. (medscape.com)
Finally, TCF7L2 polymorphisms have been associated with impaired insulin secretion, glucose production, and glucose tolerance via direct effects on pancreatic islet beta cells. (medscape.com)

This secretion system is distinguished from at least five other secretion systems found in gram-negative bacteria. (wikipedia.org)
One of the most widely-used injection machinery in Gram-negative bacteria is the type VI secretion system. (mpg.de)
Characterized new complexity in how bacteria containing type III secretion systems can manipulate multiple inflammasome pathways leading to IL-1β and IL-18 release. (ntnu.edu)

While progress has been made in demonstrating the importance of the TTSS contribution to B. mallei pathogenicity, additional work is needed to identify the potential secreted (effector) molecule(s) involved. (tdl.org)

For this, specifically we aimed to (i) identify novel C. trachomatis type III secretion (T3S) effectors and (ii) further understand the secretion and function of known effectors. (europa.eu)
The term Type III secretion system was coined in 1993. (wikipedia.org)
However, the term "type III secretion" is used mainly in relation to the infection apparatus. (wikipedia.org)
The bacterial flagellum shares a common ancestor with the type III secretion system. (wikipedia.org)
The transmembrane domains of the type III secretion system effector Tir are involved in its secretion and cellular activities. (bvsalud.org)
We disaggregated the 36 type III effectors of the phytopathogenic bacterium Pseudomonas syringae strain PtoDC3000 into a 'metaclone' of 36 coisogenic strains, each carrying a single effector in an effectorless background. (nature.com)
One of the many bacterial weapons in this inevitable battle is the type VI secretion system (T6SS), which transports toxic effectors into enemies. (mpg.de)
Stimulation of CD28 on type 1 THCs by B7 costimulatory molecules results in the secretion of interleukin (IL)-2 and interferon gamma by type 1 THCs. (medscape.com)
pelargonii strain 305 and novel type III effectors identified in Xanthomonas. (tau.ac.il)
Natural language processing approach to model the secretion signal of type III effectors. (tau.ac.il)
Effectidor: an automated machine-learning based web server for the prediction of type-III secretion system effectors. (tau.ac.il)
Phylogenetic distribution and evolution of Type VI secretion system in the genus Xanthomonas . (tau.ac.il)
I also have past and present interest in other secretion systems, including the Type II secretion system. (dundee.ac.uk)
Multiple mechanisms of competition exist, both contact-dependent, such as the Type VI secretion system, and contact-independent, such as the production of diffusible secondary metabolites, including classical antibiotics. (dundee.ac.uk)

One major inflammation effector is the IL-1β cytokine, identified in the 1980's. (invivogen.com)
In this study, side-by-side comparisons show that provision of CD137 costimulation in-cis with regard to the TCR-CD3-ligating cell is superior to that provided in-trans in terms of T cell activation, proliferation, survival, cytokine secretion and mitochondrial fitness in mouse and human. (lu.se)

Additionally, evaluation of the immune effectors involved in the protective host response to B. mallei infection identified key cellular and humoral components. (tdl.org)
The role of B cells in autoimmune diseases involves different cellular functions, including the well-established secretion of autoantibodies, autoantigen presentation and ensuing reciprocal interactions with T cells, secretion of inflammatory cytokines, and the generation of ectopic germinal centers. (hindawi.com)
IVIG acts at various levels of autoimmune response such as initiation, amplification and effector phase by targeting various soluble and cellular compartments of the immune system. (academie-medecine.fr)

Independent of antibody secretion B cells secrete proinflammatory cytokines, support the formation of ectopic GCs, and serve as antigen presenting cells. (hindawi.com)

In contrast, the phorbol downregulation-resistant component of secretion was abolished by pseudoZ, which inhibits the atypical PKCζ. (jneurosci.org)
Thus, blockade of activating FcγR inhibits binding of opsonized antigens, induction of effector functions and secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines by macrophages, and degranulation of granulocytes. (academie-medecine.fr)

In this study, we examined whether TMDs participate in the secretion , translocation, and function of Tir in host cells . (bvsalud.org)
We suggest that PKC isoforms mediate secretion of 5-HT by PF cells in response to stimulation of the CaR. (jneurosci.org)
Deposited immune complexes can activate complement and effector cells. (hindawi.com)
These anaphylatoxins promote release of proinflammatory cytokines and serve as chemoattractants for effector cells. (hindawi.com)
Moreover they induce the upregulation of activating FcR on effector cells. (hindawi.com)
Antihistamines appear to compete with histamine for receptor sites on effector cells. (nih.gov)
The PD-L1-PD-1 axis protects the host from overactive T-effector cells not only in cancer but also during microbial infections. (nih.gov)
TNFSR9) is an activation-induced surface receptor that through costimulation effects provide antigen-primed T cells with augmented survival, proliferation and effector functions as well as metabolic advantages. (lu.se)

These effectors manipulate host cell processes to enable e. g. bacterial invasion, acquisition of nutrients, inhibition of apoptosis, or interference with immune signalling. (europa.eu)

Fig. 3: Portability of pathogenic effector repertoires. (nature.com)

Finally, we transferred the disaggregated PtoDC3000 effector arsenal into Pseudomonas fluorescens and show that their cooperative action was sufficient to convert this rhizosphere-inhabiting beneficial bacterium into a phyllosphere pathogen. (nature.com)
Groups led by Stefan Raunser of the Max Planck Institute for Molecular Physiology in Dortmund, Germany, and John Whitney of McMaster University in Canada have now jointly elucidated the high-resolution 3D structure of such an effector from Pseudomonas protegens using cryo-electron microscopy. (mpg.de)
3D structure of the Pseudomonas protegens RhsA effector. (mpg.de)

The scientists found that the RhsA effector consists of three connecting pieces: the toxic weapon itself, a cocoon surrounding it, and a cork-like plug which seals the toxin encapsulating cocoon entirely. (mpg.de)
Our latest collaborative work now provides molecular insights into the arming process of Rhs effectors and its importance for toxin release. (mpg.de)

To perform this function, DC are capable of capturing antigens, processing them, and presenting them on the cell surface complexed to major histocompatibility (MHC) molecules, for example, human leukocyte antigen- (HLA-) DR. Along with that, context-dependent expression of costimulatory molecules, such as CD80 and CD86, and secretion of cytokines occurs. (hindawi.com)

The direct secretion of secretory IgA onto mucosal epithelia represents the major effector mechanism of MALT. (medscape.com)

The secondary response is called effector-triggered immunity (ETI). (kegg.jp)

This means that the alpha receptors it binds to are located in the central nervous system (CNS) rather than on the effector organ, which in this case is the heart. (proprofs.com)

Of these, the translocated intimin receptor (Tir) is the first effector to be injected, and its activity is essential for the formation of attaching and effacing lesions, the hallmark of EPEC colonization. (bvsalud.org)

Inflammatory caspases may fulfill the function of a sensor and/or mediator of downstream effectors. (invivogen.com)

moreover, PI3′-kinase inhibitors (wortmannin and LY294002) antagonized secretion. (jneurosci.org)
The treatment is based on lifestyle modifications and control of gastric acid secretion through medical therapy with antacids or proton pump inhibitors or surgical treatment with corrective antireflux surgery. (medscape.com)

Only PKCγ was found to have been translocated to the membrane fraction when secretion of 5-HT was evoked by ↑[Ca 2+ ] e or phorbol esters. (jneurosci.org)

Fig. 4: Effectors are sufficient for converting a beneficial strain into a pathogen. (nature.com)

The involvement of glucocorticoids in the stress reaction was evidenced by Selye 11 (1936) that focused on the pituitaryadrenocortical axis as the effectors of this response. (bvsalud.org)

Among the antihistaminic effects, it antagonizes the allergic response (vasodilation, increased vascular permeability, increased mucus secretion) of nasal tissue. (nih.gov)
In humans, at least 95% of glucocorticoid activity of adrenal-cortical secretions is attributed to the cortisol hormone, also known as hydrocortisone, and its fundamental role in stress response been recognized ever since 12,13 . (bvsalud.org)

They were able to reveal how effectors are transported inside the cell, how they are loaded on the poison dart and how the dart is then delivered into the host cell. (mpg.de)
Effector secretion is triggered by host cell contact and controlled by the sorting platform (SP). (ku.edu)

We show that independently evolved effector suits can equally drive this cooperative behaviour by transferring the effector alleles native to the strain PmaES4326 into the conspecific but divergent strain PtoDC3000. (nature.com)

Anatomy14

Organisms4

Chemicals and Drugs16

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment1

Phenomena and Processes16

Information Science2

Proteins27

Protein15

T3SS2

Virulence3

Inhibit4

Stimulus-secretion1

Candidate effectors1

Mediators4

Toxic effector1

Insulin secretion3

Bacteria3

Molecule1

Type14

Cytokine2

Cellular3

Secrete1

Inhibits2

Cells8

Manipulate1

Pathogenic1

Pseudomonas3

Toxin2

Costimulatory molecules1

Mucosal1

Immunity1

System1

Receptor1

Inflammatory1

Inhibitors2

Membrane1

Sufficient1

Axis1

Response2

Host cell2

Strain1