Effect on obesity sweetened drinks affect. Medical search. Frequent questions

A review of 32 studies found that, for every serving of sugar-sweetened beverage consumed, people gained 0.25-0.5 pounds (0.12-0.22 kg) over one year ( 21 ). (healthline.com)
The groundbreaking study, published March 24, 2023 in the American Journal of Preventive Medicine , examined how sugar-sweetened beverage (SSB) taxes affect the health of mothers and children immediately before and after birth. (ucsf.edu)
The study defined a sugar-sweetened beverage (SSB) as a non-alcoholic drink with added sugar, including carbonated soft drinks and flavoured mineral waters. (sciencedaily.com)
Dr Veerman said research in the UK had found that a 20 per cent sugar-sweetened beverage tax there would lead to a 1.3 per cent reduction in the prevalence of obesity, or about 180,000 fewer people in that category. (sciencedaily.com)

However, in a secondary analysis, in which the researchers tried to tease out specific foods that may be associated with increased risk, only artificial sweeteners and artificially sweetened beverages were associated with an increased risk of depression. (medscape.com)

If a 12-ounce can of a sweetened beverage originally cost $1, its price will rise to $1.12, a 12% increase. (scienceblogs.com)
These latest studies examine the direct effect of sugary beverage consumption on test subjects, and all find that the drink contributes to obesity. (foodsafetynews.com)
The beverage industry argued that the results of these studies do not point to a need to regulate sugary drink consumption. (foodsafetynews.com)
Obesity is a serious and complex public health issue facing our nation and the rest of the world, and we all must work together to solve it," said the American Beverage Association in a statement Friday. (foodsafetynews.com)
We know, and science supports, that obesity is not uniquely caused by any single food or beverage. (foodsafetynews.com)
Differences in the way that older and younger children compensate food calories for caloric sweetened beverage calories could also have an effect. (usda.gov)
And while each ounce of caloric sweetened beverage had slightly less of an effect on older children's daily caloric intake, older children drank almost twice as much as younger children did--24 ounces per day, on average, compared with 14 ounces per day. (usda.gov)
Increased knowledge about the impact of beverage choices and food sources on overall caloric intake may enable children and teens to take steps to reduce obesity. (usda.gov)

There is also evidence that intake of high energy dense and poorly nutritious processed and ultra-processed food is associated to obesity and metabolic syndrome [ 10 , 11 ]. (biomedcentral.com)

ABA points out that caloric intake from sugar-sweetened beverages declined by more than 20 percent between 2001 and 2010 while obesity continued to rise, and that sugar-sweetened drinks account for only 7 percent of calories in the average American's diet. (foodsafetynews.com)
Childhood obesity is a public concern, and consumption of caloric sweetened beverages, the frequency of eating fast food, and an array of unhealthy options at schools have been named as possible culprits. (usda.gov)
Among children ages 6-12, food away from home and food from school did not significantly affect daily caloric intake compared with at-home snacks or meals. (usda.gov)
A closer look at the relationship between changes in daily calories and changes in daily intake of caloric sweetened beverages showed that these beverages significantly increased calories consumed by both younger and older children. (usda.gov)
This difference may be driven by an underlying variation in the types of caloric sweetened beverages consumed, which included nondairy beverages such as fruit or fruit-flavored drinks, soda, energy drinks, and flavored water. (usda.gov)
Among 6-12 year olds, 1 ounce of caloric sweetened beverages added 11.6 calories--meaning that a 12-ounce can would boost total daily intake by 139 calories. (usda.gov)
Increasing activity and reducing caloric intake are important components of treating obesity. (msdmanuals.com)

One disease of particular concern is Type 2 diabetes, which is linked to overweight and obesity and has increased dramatically in children and adolescents, particularly in American Indian, African American and Hispanic/Latino populations. (hhs.gov)

The other randomized trial - funded by the National Institutes of Health and conducted in Boston - followed 224 overweight or obese adolescents who regularly consumed sugary drinks. (foodsafetynews.com)
With one in four children and 67 per cent of adults now overweight or obese, we need decisive action by government to address the growing health burden of overweight and obesity in this country," Ms Martin said. (sciencedaily.com)
A recent survey found obesity to be the most significant self-reported health problem amongst NHS staff, with nearly 700,000 NHS staff estimated to be overweight or obese. (england.nhs.uk)

The connection between sugary drinks and obesity has long been suspected, as research has shown that sugary drink consumption rose at the same rate as obesity prevalence over the last 30 years, with both doubling since the late 1970s. (foodsafetynews.com)

Medications and weight-loss (bariatric) surgery are also important for long-term successful treatment for many people with obesity. (msdmanuals.com)

The key to meeting WHO's target to achieve no further increase in obesity rates by 2025 will be strengthening accountability systems to support government leadership, constraining the role of the food industry in the formation of public policy, and encouraging civil society to create a demand for healthy food environments. (medicalnewstoday.com)

Over the past 50 years, the prevalence of obesity has increased to pandemic proportions all over the world ( 1 ), representing an important global health and economic problem ( 2 ). (isciii.es)
The worldwide prevalence of obesity (BMI ≥ 30 kg/m 2 ) increased from 3.2% in 1974 to 10.8% in 2014 among adult men, and from 6.4% to 14.9% in adult women over the same period ( 1 , 3 ). (isciii.es)

Considering the enormous personal and economic costs of obesity, it's high time for concerted action at all levels of government to reduce consumption of sugary drinks," said Michael F. Jacobson, Executive Director of the health advocacy group Center for Science in the Public Interest in a statement Friday. (foodsafetynews.com)
NHS England's Chief Executive Simon Stevens has today announced details of proposed new action to cut obesity and reduce the sales and consumption of sugary drinks sold in hospitals. (england.nhs.uk)

For example, UPF intake has been associated with chronic inflammation, which in turns leads to multiple potential adverse health effects, including depression, he explained. (medscape.com)
After a second year in which no instructions were given, however, no significant difference was found between the BMIs of the two groups, although the group that had switched to sugar-free drinks the previous year showed a lower sugar intake in the second year. (foodsafetynews.com)
For teenagers, fizzy drinks are the number-one source of sugar intake, while overall they account for a third of children's sugar intake (25% for adults). (moneyweek.com)
ERS researchers used 2 days of children's dietary intake data from two national food intake surveys to estimate how the number of meals or snacks eaten away from home and at school affect the total number of calories consumed and other measures of daily diet quality. (usda.gov)

A fat tax aims to discourage unhealthy diets and offset the economic costs of obesity. (wikipedia.org)

The chancellor has proposed a levy on companies that produce or import certain kinds of high-sugar drinks, particularly fizzy drinks, but not pure fruit juices or milk-based drinks. (moneyweek.com)
Subject to consultation the drinks affected would be any drink with added sugar including fruit juices, sweetened milk-based drinks and sweetened coffees. (england.nhs.uk)

Junk food outlets are changing the dietary habits of society, pushing out traditional restaurants and leading to the detrimental health effects of obesity, diabetes and heart disease. (wikipedia.org)
Evidence for detrimental effects on nutrient dilution, obesity, diabetes or cognition is limited. (nature.com)
Type 2 diabetes occurs when your body becomes insensitive to the effects of insulin , the hormone that lowers blood sugar. (healthline.com)
11 Obesity in adulthood increases the risk of diabetes, high blood pressure, high cholesterol, asthma, arthritis, and a general poor health status. (hhs.gov)
Excess weight has been reported to be associated with various negative effects such as cardiovascular disease, hypertension, diabetes, cancer, and chronic renal disease, among others, and also with early mortality ( 2 , 4 ). (isciii.es)
Pregnant women have a lower risk of gestational diabetes and unhealthy weight gain in cities that tax sugary drinks, according to a first-of-its-kind study of more than 5 million women by UC San Francisco. (ucsf.edu)
In the general population, sugar-sweetened beverages are associated with higher risk of obesity, type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease. (ucsf.edu)
It can be challenging to measure the effects of sugary drink taxes on health outcomes like type 2 diabetes, which can take decades to develop," said White. (ucsf.edu)
The consumption of liquid sugar stimulates overeating, and by putting undue stress on the liver, it affects the metabolism, directly encouraging weight gain as well as the onset of type-2 diabetes. (moneyweek.com)
Confronted by rising obesity, type 2 diabetes and child dental decay, it's time for the NHS to practice what we preach. (england.nhs.uk)

In this article, we'll look at what science says about the health effects of eating artificial sweeteners, so you can decide for yourself whether you should consume them. (undergrounddiet.com)
Artificial sweeteners, also known as "sugar substitutes" or "high-intensity sweeteners," are chemicals used to sweeten foods. (undergrounddiet.com)

Obesity is a complex and multifactorial disease - with no one cause ( 16 , 17 ). (healthline.com)
Obesity is a multifactorial disease with dietary, genetic, and environmental factors that must be rigorously and critically considered before attributing this disease to any single eating pattern or food ingredient. (ift.org)

In response to the growing epidemic of obesity and obesity-related chronic diseases, over the last four years numerous guidelines and position statements have been published ( 5 ). (isciii.es)

Obesity rates are highest in DC's poorest neighborhoods -- in Wards 7 and 8, which have the lowest median incomes, 40% and 42% of residents (respectively) are obese -- so it's arguable that the poorest residents most need to feel the effect of the tax and change their purchasing habits accordingly. (scienceblogs.com)
In an effort to prevent childhood obesity, a one-year intervention study to reduce the consumption of sucrose-sweetened carbonated drinks among children in England suggested that despite poor compliance with 3-day dietary records, a reduction in overweight and obese children is possible (James et al. (ift.org)

The overall strength of the evidence from four ecological studies, six cross-sectional studies, and seven longitudinal studies indicates that the association between the consumption of HFCS and overweight or obesity is limited at best. (ift.org)
Yet the HFCS-obesity hypothesis, advanced several years ago (Bray et al. (ift.org)
None of the randomized clinical trials designed to assess the HFCS-obesity hypothesis incorporated these ratios. (ift.org)
2000). Recentclinical evidence indicated that beverages sweetened with HFCS-42 or HFCS-55 did not affect hunger, satiety, or short-term energy intakes (Monsivais et al. (ift.org)
Natural News) A recent study has found that high-fructose corn syrup (HFCS), a common sweetener used in soft drinks, promotes the growth of intestinal tumors. (naturalnews.com)
Excessive consumption of products sweetened with HFCS is also linked to obesity and metabolic syndrome. (naturalnews.com)

For example, fruit drinks provide vitamins and minerals but may also have the same amount of sugar and calories as soda. (healthline.com)
But some products - such as sports drinks or breakfast bars - also meet the classification, as they're high in sugar and calories yet low in nutrients. (healthline.com)
Liquid calories - soda, sports drinks, and specialty coffees - are one of the worst offenders as they can deliver hundreds of calories without affecting your appetite. (healthline.com)
They base this estimate on research into price elasticity (how much demand will change with a change in price), and assume that in some cases people will substitute other forms of calories for sweetened beverages they don't drink. (scienceblogs.com)
Thus, studies and opinion pieces that focus solely on sugar-sweetened beverages, or any other single source of calories, do nothing meaningful to help address this serious issue. (foodsafetynews.com)
Nutritionally worthless sugary drinks are the largest single source of calories in the American diet," said Jacobson. (foodsafetynews.com)

Obesity in Adolescents Obesity is defined as a body mass index (BMI) equal to or greater than the 95th percentile for age and gender. (msdmanuals.com)

Food Affects Behaviour: 20+ Years of FAB Research - What next? (fabresearch.org)
So for it to affect behaviour, you would have to assume that the tax will be passed on to consumers, rather than absorbed by narrow profit margins along the supply chain. (moneyweek.com)
One recent academic study cited by The Washington Post (from the RAND Journal of Economics, Summer 2015) found that small increases in the price of sugary drinks don't actually affect behaviour that much, especially among the poorest, who consume a lot of fizzy drinks. (moneyweek.com)
The aim of this study is to explore the effect of parents' socio-economic conditions on children's consumption of fruit, vegetables and sugar-sweetened drinks, and inactivity, sedentary behaviour, overweight and obesity. (bvsalud.org)

The document provides an overview of the research literature on causes of childhood obesity. (hhs.gov)
9 The hospital costs alone associated with childhood obesity were estimated at $127 million during 1997 1999 (in 2001 constant U.S. dollars), up from $35 million during 1979 1981. (hhs.gov)
Understanding the causes of childhood obesity can provide the opportunity to focus resources, interventions and research in directions that would be most beneficial in addressing the problem. (hhs.gov)
The remainder of this document provides an overview of the existing research into the causes of childhood obesity, and a discussion of data limitations. (hhs.gov)
The causes of childhood obesity are multi-factorial. (hhs.gov)
14 Specific causes for the increase in prevalence of childhood obesity are not clear and establishing causality is difficult since longitudinal research in this area is limited. (hhs.gov)

Three studies published in this week's New England Journal of Medicine suggest that drinking sugar-sweetened beverages contributes to obesity, lending weight to the theory that capping sugary drink consumption - as New York City did this month - could help curb the American obesity epidemic. (foodsafetynews.com)
Consumer advocates said these study results highlight a clear need for legislation limiting sugary drink consumption. (foodsafetynews.com)
Researchers have found that children who consume salty foods are more likely to have a sugary drink with it. (medicalnewstoday.com)

Other similar taxes on tobacco and alcohol have been found to be fairly successful, with many implementations lowering the amount of adults who smoke or drink. (wikipedia.org)
Other reviews have noted similar results suggesting that junk food - especially sugar-sweetened beverages - are significantly associated with weight gain in both children and adults ( 22 , 23 , 24 , 25 ). (healthline.com)
12 In 2000, the total cost of obesity for children and adults in the United States was estimated to be $117 billion ($61 billion in direct medical costs). (hhs.gov)

George Osborne is to slap a new levy on fizzy drinks. (moneyweek.com)
Why target fizzy drinks? (moneyweek.com)
All of this makes the Treasury think fizzy drinks should face special treatment. (moneyweek.com)
And even that tiny reduction is premised on the arguably questionable assumption that those people nudged into drinking less fizzy drinks wouldn't be tempted to buy other sweet things instead. (moneyweek.com)
So like a number of other countries we're now calling time on hospitals as marketing outlets for junk food and fizzy drinks. (england.nhs.uk)

Too much sodium can increase blood pressure and risks for heart disease and stroke, whereas too much sugar can increase risks for tooth decay and obesity. (webmd.com)
From causing diabetic and obesity, to causing tooth decay, the excessive consumption of sugar may be connected to a wide range of health problems that can't be ignored. (amstaffsweden.com)

Obesity disproportionately affects certain minority youth populations. (hhs.gov)
He said Australians in lower socio-economic groups were disproportionately affected by diet-related illnesses and were likely to experience greater dietary improvements as a result ofa sugary drinks tax. (sciencedaily.com)

We found an own price-elasticity of −1.37 for soft drinks. (biomedcentral.com)

Small studies in rodents investigated specific metabolic effects of fructose over consumption which may perturb energy homeostasis (Havel, 2005), decrease LDL particle size (Aeberli et al. (ift.org)

Second, the fact that sugars in liquid form (like sodas) have a much more acute effect on our body than those consumed in solid form (like sweets and pastries). (lu.se)

The objective of this study is to estimate the price elasticity of demand for soft drinks, other sugar-sweetened beverages and high-energy dense foods in urban areas in Chile in order to evaluate the potential response of households' consumption to changes in prices. (biomedcentral.com)
We estimated a Linear Approximation of an Almost Ideal Demand System Model to derive own and cross price elasticities of milk, coffee, tea and other infusions, plain water, soft drinks, other flavored beverages, sweet snacks, sugar and honey, and desserts. (biomedcentral.com)
We found that the rest of food and beverages included in the demand system behave as substitutes for soft drinks. (biomedcentral.com)
For instance, plain water showed a cross-price elasticity of 0.63: a 10% increase in price of soft drinks could lead to an increase of 6.3% of plain water. (biomedcentral.com)
The demand of soft drinks is price sensitive among Chilean households. (biomedcentral.com)
An incentive system such as subsidies to non-sweetened beverages and tax to soft drinks could lead to increases in the substitutions for other healthier beverages. (biomedcentral.com)
Australian research has shown that two-thirds of respondents (65 per cent) were in favour of a tax on soft drinks if the money was used to reduce the cost of healthy food. (sciencedaily.com)

The results of their analysis suggest that these relatively small taxes are unlikely to measurably affect children's soda consumption overall -- but they may affect consumption by subgroups who are at particular risk for obesity, including children in low-income families. (scienceblogs.com)
A one-cent-per-ounce tax will raise the price of sweetened beverages more than existing state soda taxes already do -- between 10-20%, depending on the original price. (scienceblogs.com)
Consumers who want to reduce their risk of becoming a statistic in the next round of studies linking soda to weight gain and obesity would be well advised to sharply reduce or eliminate their consumption. (foodsafetynews.com)
Thus "soda taxes" end up being highly regressive without meaningfully changing consumption levels among the population with the highest obesity levels. (moneyweek.com)
For sugar in particular, a protective effect against stroke (particularly for ischaemic) was found in individuals consuming less than 200ml of soda per day, as recommended by the Mediterranean diet. (lu.se)

The idea is to discourage unhealthy habits that lead to obesity. (moneyweek.com)

Councilmember Mary Cheh has proposed a funding mechanism that has the potential to not only raise money but to fight obesity at the same time: a one-cent-per-ounce excise tax on sugar-sweetened beverages. (scienceblogs.com)

Traditional beverages that are sweetened and sodas are often associated with energy crashes quickly after consumption. (amstaffsweden.com)

Obesity Policy Coalition Executive Manager and study co-author Ms Jane Martin said sugary drinks were the largest source of added sugar in Australian children's diets. (sciencedaily.com)

Ultraprocessed foods have been associated with several different health outcomes which may reflect an effect on common pathways that underlie chronic conditions," said Chan. (medscape.com)
Obesity is a chronic, recurring complex disorder characterized by excess body weight. (msdmanuals.com)

the early years are now well-established as critical to influencing health outcomes in later life, and whilst the past ten years have seen a growing commitment to early years intervention, obesity is still a major public health issue that continues to threaten the health of younger people. (infantandtoddlerforum.org)

For example, in the United States, the fact that junk food is cheaper than healthier food can be linked to the obesity epidemic, especially poorer households. (wikipedia.org)

Obesity results from a combination of factors, including the reduced opportunity for physical activity, the increased availability of high-calorie foods, and the presence of genes that make obesity more likely. (msdmanuals.com)

The aim of this study was to systematically review the randomized clinical trials that assessed the effect of water consumption on weight with a follow up ≥ 12 weeks. (isciii.es)

No other anti-obesity policy has demonstrated a reduction of that magnitude yet," they note. (scienceblogs.com)
Research on the health effects is limited, however, with one large study in Mexico showing a reduction in obesity rates while another in Mauritius showed no effects. (ucsf.edu)

The third study - conducted at the Harvard School of Public Health - analyzed three cohorts of over 33,000 men and women of European ancestry and found that among people who are genetically predisposed to obesity, greater consumption of sugary beverages leads to a higher BMI. (foodsafetynews.com)
A 20 percent tax on sugar-sweetened drinks would result in widespread, long-lasting public health benefits and significant health cost savings, a new study shows. (sciencedaily.com)
UQ worked on the study with the World Health Organization Collaborating Centre for Obesity Prevention at Deakin University, and Victoria's Obesity Policy Coalition. (sciencedaily.com)
A sugary drinks tax is not currently on the political agenda in Australia, but this study and international experience suggest it should be considered as part of any tax reform process. (sciencedaily.com)
In this study, a protective effect against stroke was found for individuals who better followed the recommendations of either of these healthy dietary patterns. (lu.se)

At the end of the year, Body Mass Index (BMI) was found to be significantly higher among those who had continued to drink sugary drinks. (foodsafetynews.com)

2007), while others assessed the obesity-lifestyle risk using survey databases (Sun and Empie, 2007). (ift.org)
Backed by stakeholders in early life nutrition, including baby charity Tommy's, Borne and the Pre-school Learning Alliance, the report, 'Early Nutrition for Later Health: Time to Act Earlier', acknowledges the emerging evidence that a mother's weight and nutritional status before, during and between pregnancies can have a long lasting effect on the baby's health and the risk of disease later in life. (infantandtoddlerforum.org)
The taxes didn't appear to affect blood pressure or body mass index in pregnant women, nor the risk of low birthweight or preterm status in infants. (ucsf.edu)
The combination could increase the risk of obesity . (medicalnewstoday.com)

The report was informed by an in-depth survey and input from healthcare professionals and experts in the area of pregnancy, obesity and nutrition. (infantandtoddlerforum.org)

Traditional drinks laced with excess sugar not only contribute to weight gain, but also contribute into a myriad of health issues over time. (amstaffsweden.com)

How much would the tax affect obesity rates? (scienceblogs.com)
The Lancet series notes that although rates of child obesity have started to level off in certain cities and countries, no country to date has seen declining rates of obesity on a population-wide level. (medicalnewstoday.com)
Rising rates of obesity amongst NHS staff are not only bad for their personal health, but also affect sickness absence and the NHS's ability to give patients credible and effective advice about their health. (england.nhs.uk)

Developing a survivorship plan is mandatory, because management can affect quality of life and even outcomes. (medscape.com)
Pratt-Chapman et al proposed measures for survivorship patient navigation related to health care utilization (access to clinical care, awareness of late and long-term effects, and access to supportive care) and patient-reported outcomes (quality of life, self-efficacy and activation, satisfaction with care and navigation, health knowledge and literacy and healthy behaviors). (medscape.com)

Some authors have indicated that the fundamental goal in the treatment of overweight and obesity is weight loss, indicated to individuals with BMI ≥ 30 or ≥ 27 kg/m 2 in the presence of weight-related comorbidity ( 6 ). (isciii.es)
Two of the studies were randomized experiments that compared weight gain among young people who drank sugary drinks and those who drank sugar-free drinks. (foodsafetynews.com)
As an example of how these combined problems might affect individuals, the authors explain that poorly nourished infants may not develop their full height but still gain more than their full weight. (medicalnewstoday.com)
Recent research has found that the presence of specific "good" microbes in the gut of people dieting to lose weight affected how many pounds they were able to lose. (fabresearch.org)

The levy widely billed as a "sugar tax", but in fact only affecting a small proportion of high-sugar products (see below) will have two bands: one for drinks with a total sugar content above 5g per 100ml and a second for the most sugary drinks containing more than 8g per 100ml. (moneyweek.com)

Most factors of overweight and obesity do not work in isolation and solely targeting one factor may not going to make a significant impact on the growing problem. (hhs.gov)

Overweight and obesity in children are significant public health problems in the United States. (hhs.gov)
In one of these trials - conducted at the University of Amsterdam - 641 children were given either a sugary or sugar-free version of the same drink - formulated to be indistinguishable in taste - for a year and a half. (foodsafetynews.com)
More than a fifth of children under 5 years of age are affected by stunting in low- and middle-income countries, but rapidly rising levels of obesity in these same countries can also pose a threat to these populations. (medicalnewstoday.com)
Countries are not taking necessary steps to protect children from obesity, the report finds, with both regulation and healthy food policies lacking. (medicalnewstoday.com)
Unfortunately, identifying effective obesity-fighting policies is difficult because, for many children, poor food choices are simply the norm, both at and away from home. (usda.gov)
The weights and heights of the children were measured with standard techniques and equipment to classify overweight/obesity according to the WOF-IOTF cut-offs. (bvsalud.org)
The results showed a high percentage of children who do not adhere to health recommendations and a high prevalence of overweight and obesity. (bvsalud.org)

A fat tax aims to decrease the consumption of foods that are linked to obesity. (wikipedia.org)

Anatomy1

Diseases16

Chemicals and Drugs9

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment14

Psychiatry and Psychology7

Phenomena and Processes21

Anthropology, Education, Sociology and Social Phenomena3

Technology, Industry, Agriculture7

Information Science1

Named Groups1

Health Care10

Geographicals1

Sugar-sweetened beverage4

Artificially sweetened1

Beverage8

Associated to obesity and metabolic syndrome1

Caloric7

Linked to overweight and obesity1

Overweight or obese3

Doubling since the late 1970s1

People with obesity1

Increase in obesity rates1

Prevalence of obesity2

Consumption of sugary drinks2

Intake4

Economic costs of obesity1

Milk-based drinks2

Diabetes10

Artificial sweeteners2

Multifactorial disease2

Epidemic of obesity1

Obese2

HFCS6

Calories6

Adolescents1

Behaviour4

Childhood6

Sugary drink3

Adults3

Fizzy drinks5

Tooth decay2

Disproportionately2

1.371

Metabolic1

Sugars1

Soft drinks7

Soda5

Discourage unhealthy1

Ounce1

Sodas1

Children's1

Chronic2

Intervention1

Junk food1

Calorie1

Randomized clinic1

Reduction2

Study5

Significantly1

Risk4

Nutrition1

Excess1

Rates3

Outcomes2

Weight4

Levy1

Solely1

Children7

Foods1