Early childhood is associated with hypertension in young adolescence to young adulthood national longitudinal study of adolescent health. Medical search. Frequent questions

Finally, what are the potential consequences of inaction with respect to social, developmental, and health outcomes and the associated health-care system costs? (nationalacademies.org)
Overcoming persistent disparities in healthcare access and health outcomes remains a foremost challenge. (nih.gov)
The study combines longitudinal survey data on respondents' social, economic, psychological and physical well-being with contextual data on the family, neighborhood, community, school, friendships, peer groups, and romantic relationships, providing unique opportunities to study how social environments and behaviors in adolescence are linked to health and achievement outcomes in young adulthood. (nih.gov)
A few studies have assessed gratitude and related outcomes in healthcare education stakeholders. (researchgate.net)
Epidemiology, Clinical Features, and Outcomes of Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome in Children (MIS-C) and Adolescents-a Live Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. (tsinghua.edu.cn)
Although there is a well-known association between cardiorespiratory endurance and health outcomes in adults, the measurement of cardiorespiratory endurance in youth and of its relationship to health outcomes is relatively new to the literature. (nationalacademies.org)
Until more data are collected with which to establish criterion-referenced cut-points (cutoff scores), interim cut-points corresponding to the lowest 20th percentile of the distribution of cardiorespiratory endurance should be used to interpret results of all cardiorespiratory endurance tests and to determine whether individuals are at risk of negative health outcomes. (nationalacademies.org)
This chapter presents the committee's review of the scientific literature that explores the relationship between specific field tests of cardiorespiratory endurance and health outcomes in youth. (nationalacademies.org)
This underlines the displacement of physical activity in favour of screen-based activities which may associate with adverse health outcomes. (biomedcentral.com)
However, the impact of preeclampsia in infancy (birth to 2 years), a time of rapid development influenced by pre- and postnatal factors that can predict future health outcomes, remains inconclusive. (biomedcentral.com)
This narrative review of 23 epidemiological and basic science studies assessed the measurement and impact of preeclampsia exposure on infant growth and psychomotor developmental outcomes from birth to 2 years. (biomedcentral.com)
Robust early detection of abnormal growth and development trajectories may aid the development of novel therapeutic interventions to improve childhood health outcomes for infants exposed to preeclampsia. (biomedcentral.com)
Thus, we review the fetal, neonatal and long-term consequences of preeclampsia exposure, discuss differing ways to measure infant growth and developmental outcomes, and review studies of infant growth and psychomotor development associated with preeclampsia exposure. (biomedcentral.com)
An active lifestyle early in life is not just important for health outcomes in adolescence but may also be a significant factor for the level of activity in adulthood and health-related physical fitness [ 7 - 10 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
To understand the full extent of the impact of a trial, it is important to consider the long-term consequences of outcomes beyond the trial follow-up period, especially for early year's interventions. (biomedcentral.com)
Given that these outcomes have been identified by the UK Department of Health as of particular interest for UK benefit, investment of research in these areas is recommended to establish a clearer picture of both short and long-term consequences. (biomedcentral.com)
Although longitudinal outcomes can carry substantial weight in decisions of cost-effectiveness, randomised controlled trials are often limited in their ability to measure outcomes over a longer time frame due to feasibility and funding restraints [ 1 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Recognising the importance of linking the outcomes of childhood interventions to long-term developmental trajectories, large scale extrapolation models have been developed both in the United States (US) by the Washington State Institute for Public Policy (WSIPP) [ 6 ] and in the United Kingdom (UK) by the Social Research Unit (SRU) [ 7 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Dean Williams has published more than 500 peer-reviewed research papers ranging from studies of modifiable behavioral and environmental determinants of adverse health outcomes to genetic and genomic studies of common complications of pregnancy and chronic disorders among children and adults. (rghi.org)
She has administered successfully large-scale, clinical epidemiology studies that seek to understand genetic and environmental causes of adverse pregnancy outcomes and other noncommunicable disorders along the life course. (rghi.org)
Childhood maltreatment has been associated with some infection-related outcomes, yet its potential role in severe COVID-19 outcomes has not been addressed. (researchgate.net)
This concept, more likely to suffer from worse health, health outcomes has been referred known as embodiment, was initially diseases, and disabilities across the to as a social fact, given its ubiqui- developed by Krieger (2005) and oc- life-course, especially in older age. (who.int)

Early (pre- and postnatal) life is a critical period during which environmental factors may programme adaptive mechanisms that will persist in adulthood. (nature.com)
Childhood overweight and obesity often persist in adulthood, which increases the risks of premature mortality and physical morbidity across the lifespan [ 2 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
These comorbidities often persist in adulthood and result in increased morbidity and mortality. (e-apem.org)

Looking at the long-term consequences, overweight adolescents have a 70 percent chance of becoming overweight or obese adults, which increases to 80 percent if one or more parent is overweight or obese. (hhs.gov)
It is most common in infants and little children, typically between the ages of six to seven months to three years, although it may pathologically manifest itself in older children, adolescents and adults. (wikipedia.org)
This study is the first to estimate the economic burden of health disparities for 5 racial and ethnic minority groups and 3 education groups (i.e., adults without a 4-year college degree) at the national level and for all 50 states and the District of Columbia. (nih.gov)
METHODS Children and young adults who were born between 1967 and 1979 within 1 of 4 affiliated family practices of the Nijmegen Department of Family Medicine, the Netherlands, were asked to participate in an asthma study in 1989. (annfammed.org)
In 1989, a cohort of children and young adults from 4 affiliated family practices in the Netherlands was identified for an asthma study based on date of birth. (annfammed.org)
Weight status in early childhood is a poor predictor of adult adiposity status, and most obese adults were not obese as children. (nature.com)
The current study examined whether dispositional gratitude predicts physical health among adults, and if so, whether this relationship occurs because grateful individuals lead healthier lives, either psychologically or physically. (researchgate.net)
Specifically, we examined whether psychological health, healthy activities, and willingness to seek help for health concerns mediated the link between gratitude and self-reported physical health, as well as if these mediational pathways are moderated by age, in a broad sample of Swiss adults (N = 962, M(age) = 52 years, age range: 19 to 84). (researchgate.net)
However, the indirect effects for psychological health and healthy activities were stronger for older than younger adults. (researchgate.net)
Chronic kidney disease biomarkers and mortality among older adults: A comparison study of survey samples in China and the United States. (tsinghua.edu.cn)
Effect of FOXO3 and Air Pollution on Cognitive Function: A Longitudinal Cohort Study of Older Adults in China from 2000 to 2014. (tsinghua.edu.cn)
Association between Dairy Product Intake and Risk of Fracture among Adults: A Cohort Study from China Health and Nutrition Survey. (tsinghua.edu.cn)
Cardiovascular diseases in adults are associated with cardio-metabolic factors including hypertension, dyslipidaemia, abdominal obesity and abnormal glucose regulation- the combination of which is known as metabolic syndrome (MetS) [ 2 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Because acute medical complications of obesity are less common in children and adolescents than in adults, and because longitudinal data on the relation between childhood weight and adult morbidity and mortality are more difficult to interpret, no single definition of obesity in childhood and adolescence has gained universal approval. (medscape.com)
Nevertheless, children and adolescents defined as overweight or obese according to published criteria are highly likely to maintain this ponderal status as adults. (medscape.com)
Cardiovascular risk factors and atherosclerosis in children and young adults. (jamanetwork.com)
A secondary etiology of hypertension is much more likely in children than in adults, with renal parenchymal disease and renovascular disease being the most common. (aafp.org)
This study investigated the effect of cognitive impairment on the association between social network properties and mortality among older Korean adults. (jpmph.org)
Mood disorders, in particular major depressive disorder, are also highly prevalent, with some studies suggesting that up to one in five adults may experience at least one episode of depression in their lifetime. (iresearchnet.com)
However, there is now a common observation for a trend for a prominent cohort effect in which higher rates of these disorders are often to be found in the teens and young adults. (iresearchnet.com)

This cross-sectional study assessed tuberculosis-related knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAP) among students at Taif University (TU) from November 2022 to May 2023. (bvsalud.org)

Understanding the causes of childhood obesity can provide the opportunity to focus resources, interventions and research in directions that would be most beneficial in addressing the problem. (hhs.gov)
This program will build a diverse group of one million U.S. research participants for the study of precision medicine, an emerging approach for disease treatment and prevention that takes into account the differences in genetics, environment, and lifestyle of individual patients when choosing treatments or developing interventions. (nih.gov)
Reach is a national initiative that establishes community-based programs and culturally-tailored interventions to eliminate health disparities among African Americans, American Indians, Hispanics/Latinos, Asian Americans, Alaska Natives, and Pacific Islanders. (nih.gov)
and randomized studies indicate that gratitude interventions can improve psychological well-being and sleep. (researchgate.net)
is a multicomponent school-based program developed on the basis of effective strategies for health interventions and behavioral change. (biomedcentral.com)
Considering the access to a large adolescent population, interventions based in the school setting are supposed to be the method of choice for increasing physical activity in youth [ 15 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
We also acknowledge First Nations people's experiences of racial discrimination whilst accessing institutions and interventions that are not culturally responsive and safe, and that this continues to have a substantial and cumulative negative effect on children's mental health and wellbeing. (aifs.gov.au)
This is a particular problem for early interventions aimed at pregnant women or young children where we might expect some major impacts on children's health and welfare to only become evident some years after an intervention. (biomedcentral.com)
Due to the potential influence on long-term development, interventions in childhood are particularly linked to long-term consequences both in terms of future benefits and future cost-savings [ 3 , 4 , 5 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Early interventions, before and after birth, are needed for healthy catch-up growth to prevent later obesity and related complications. (e-apem.org)

it's serendipitous that it has lasted this long," says psychiatrist Robert Waldinger , director of the Center for Psychodynamic Therapy and Research at Massachusetts General Hospital and director of the Harvard Study of Adult Development, comprising the Grant Study and the inner city group, the Glueck Study. (protomag.com)
This is a cross-sectional analysis conducted with 14,014 participants of first follow-up data collection of Longitudinal Study of Adult Health (ELSA-Brasil). (biomedcentral.com)
First, prenatal and early life perspectives on nutrition and obesity from gestation to experiences influence the trajectory of weight into adult- adolescence. (cdc.gov)
This study aimed to identify the predictors of side effects' severity after COVID-19 vaccination among young adult students at Taif University (TU) in Saudi Arabia. (bvsalud.org)
The study included 760 young adult participants from TU. (bvsalud.org)
Early adult risk factor levels and subsequent coronary artery calcification: the CARDIA Study. (jamanetwork.com)
Usefulness of childhood non-high density lipoprotein cholesterol levels versus other lipoprotein measures in predicting adult subclinical atherosclerosis: the Bogalusa Heart Study. (jamanetwork.com)
2 High blood pressure in childhood commonly leads to hypertension in adulthood, 3 and adult hypertension is the leading cause of premature death around the world. (aafp.org)
We report results of a systematic review on the health effects of long-term traffic-related air pollution (TRAP) and diabetes in the adult population. (ssph-journal.org)
We aimed to systematically assess the causal associations between childhood body mass index (BMI) and various adult traits/diseases using two-sample Mendelian randomization (MR). (biomedcentral.com)
Multivariable MR analysis was performed to test whether the effects of childhood BMI on adult traits are independent from adult BMI. (biomedcentral.com)
We identified potential causal effects of childhood obesity on 60 adult traits (27 disease-related traits, 27 lifestyle factors, and 6 other traits). (biomedcentral.com)
In summary, we provided a phenome-wide view of the effects of childhood BMI on adult traits. (biomedcentral.com)
Therefore, ensuring that childhood obesity does not persist into later life might be useful for reducing the detrimental effects of childhood obesity on adult diseases. (biomedcentral.com)
With a large amount of GWAS summary data deposited in public databases, two-sample MR analysis provides a cost-efficient way to investigate the potential causal effects of childhood obesity on adult traits. (biomedcentral.com)

Being overweight during childhood and adolescence increases the risk of developing high cholesterol, hypertension, respiratory ailments, orthopedic problems, depression and type 2 diabetes as a youth. (hhs.gov)
One disease of particular concern is Type 2 diabetes, which is linked to overweight and obesity and has increased dramatically in children and adolescents, particularly in American Indian, African American and Hispanic/Latino populations. (hhs.gov)
11), altered liver structure and function (12), altered naire data from 8,765 children aged 5 to 7 years, smoking gene expression (13), and possibly type 2 diabetes mel- after pregnancy was not associated with childhood obesity litus (10). (cdc.gov)
Age at menarche and metabolic markers for type 2 diabetes in premenopausal women: the BioCycle Study. (human-biology-and-public-health.org)
Childhood obesity predisposes to insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, liver and renal disease, and reproductive dysfunction. (medscape.com)

9 The hospital costs alone associated with childhood obesity were estimated at $127 million during 1997 1999 (in 2001 constant U.S. dollars), up from $35 million during 1979 1981. (hhs.gov)

Cross-sectional studies have found that gratitude is positively associated with self-reported physical health (26) , psychological health (26)(27)(28), hope (29,30), sleep quality and quantity (31,32), and engagement in health behaviors (26). (researchgate.net)
936 Bengali girls included in a cross-sectional study were categorized as early, average or late maturing. (human-biology-and-public-health.org)
Socioeconomic inequality in exposure to bullying during adolescence: a comparative, cross-sectional, multilevel study in 35 countries. (jamanetwork.com)
The small sample size (n:235), the cross-sectional nature of the study and the network definition (classroom study) are the main limitations of this work. (bmj.com)
ABSTRACT The aim of this cross-sectional study was to determine the self-reported knowledge and pattern of physical activity among a sample of 1240 male and 1331 female intermediate and secondary school students in Al-Khobar city, Saudi Arabia. (who.int)
This was a cross-sectional, monocentric and descriptive study, lasting 12 months, including patients aged at least 18 years admitted to ICU for sepsis or septic shock. (bvsalud.org)

Evaluating lifelong weight trajectories is challenging due to the high costs of studies that follow individuals from childhood to adulthood. (biomedcentral.com)
Depending on body shape trajectories, individuals may be more prone to develop diseases in adulthood. (biomedcentral.com)
This study aimed to evaluate body shape trajectories across the lifespan and to verify associations between them, birth weight, body mass index, and sociodemographic conditions in a Brazilian cohort. (biomedcentral.com)
We applied a clustering method to longitudinal data to identify body shape trajectories from 5 to 40 years of age and assessed the associations between these trajectories and birth weight, body mass index and sociodemographic conditions (race, education, maternal education and monthly per capita family income) using multiple correspondence analysis. (biomedcentral.com)
The study shows that variables related to worse lifetime weight status (evaluated by anthropometry), such as presence of obesity, are also associated with worse body shape trajectories, as assessed with silhouette scales. (biomedcentral.com)
Our results suggest that body shape trajectories are a good indicator of body weight trajectories and may be used when cohort studies are not possible. (biomedcentral.com)
This study investigated whether genetic variants could predict tri-ponderal mass index (TMI)-derived growth trajectories and the interaction between genetic and dietary factors. (biomedcentral.com)
Nevertheless, no GWAS study has been conducted to explore the association between SNPs and TMI growth trajectories during adolescence. (biomedcentral.com)
We conducted a prospective longitudinal study to construct TMI growth trajectories among adolescent participants and then investigated the association between 17 obesity-related genetic polymorphisms and the different trajectory groups. (biomedcentral.com)
This study aims to evaluate the longitudinal association of childhood digital media (DM) use trajectories with MetS and its components. (biomedcentral.com)

11 Obesity in adulthood increases the risk of diabetes, high blood pressure, high cholesterol, asthma, arthritis, and a general poor health status. (hhs.gov)
REACH partners use community-based, participatory approaches to identify, develop, and disseminate effective strategies for addressing health disparities across a wide range of health priority areas such as cardiovascular disease, diabetes, breast and cervical cancer, infant mortality, asthma, immunization, and obesity. (nih.gov)
It is useful for measuring overweight, and obesity in adolescents in clinical practice, and a persistent increase in the TMI growth trajectory during adolescence can predict diabetes in early adulthood more accurately than can BMI [ 9 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
The majority of male and female students knew that physical activity is protective against diseases in general (92.9% and 91.8% respectively) and in the prevention of obesity (69.4% and 78.5%) but had poor knowledge about the role of physical activity in the prevention of diabetes mellitus and hypertension. (who.int)
Children with hypertension should also be screened for other risk factors for cardiovascular disease, including diabetes mellitus and hyperlipidemia, and should be evaluated for target organ damage with a retinal examination and echocardiography. (aafp.org)
Children with symptomatic hypertension, secondary hypertension, target organ damage, diabetes, or persistent hypertension despite nonpharmacologic measures should be treated with antihypertensive medications. (aafp.org)
5 , 6 Primary hypertension in children is also commonly associated with other risk factors for cardiovascular disease (CVD), such as hyperlipidemia and diabetes mellitus. (aafp.org)
All children with confirmed hypertension and overweight children with prehypertension should be evaluated for additional risk factors for cardiovascular disease, including screening for diabetes mellitus and hyperlipidemia. (aafp.org)
All children with diabetes or renal disease, prehypertension, or confirmed hypertension should be screened for target organ damage via echocardiography and retinal examination. (aafp.org)
We considered 21 studies on diabetes. (ssph-journal.org)

Overweight and obesity in children are significant public health problems in the United States. (hhs.gov)
The number of adolescents who are overweight has tripled since 1980 and the prevalence among younger children has more than doubled. (hhs.gov)
6,7 In a national survey of American Indian children 5-18 years old, 39 percent were found to be overweight or at risk for overweight. (hhs.gov)
Overweight in children and adolescents is generally caused by a lack of physical activity, unhealthy eating patterns resulting in excess energy intake, or a combination of the two. (hhs.gov)
adolescent obesity is equated to the proportion of those who are in the upper end of the BMI distribution-specifically, at or above the age- and gender-specific 95th percentile of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's (CDC's) BMI charts for children and youth aged 2 through 19 years 2 (Kuczmarski et al. (nationalacademies.org)
The growth reference data were based on BMI distributions from national surveys between 1963 and 1980 for children aged 6 to 19 years, and between 1971 and 1994 for children aged 2 through 5 years (Kuczmarski et al. (nationalacademies.org)
There are no BMI-for-age references or accepted definitions for children younger than 2 years of age. (nationalacademies.org)
In 2000, obesity was two to three times more common in children and youth than in a reference period in the early 1970s. (nationalacademies.org)
The Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) Study will enroll 10,000+ healthy children and follow them from ages 9 to 10 into early adulthood to understand how children's experiences affect brain development. (nih.gov)
The study won't die when the last of the men do," says Waldinger, who intends to explore what may be learned from the children and grandchildren of the original participants-will patterns of health and happiness be repeated over the generations? (protomag.com)
School health programs can help children and adolescents attain full educational potential and good health by providing them with the skills, social support, and environmental reinforcement they need to adopt long-term, healthy eating behaviors. (cdc.gov)
Because diet influences the potential for learning as well as health, an objective of the first national education goal is that children 'receive the nutrition and health care needed to arrive at school with healthy minds and bodies' (3). (cdc.gov)
To improve our knowledge of the natural history of asthma, we observed a primary care cohort of children and adolescents that had been screened 10 years earlier for respiratory tract signs and symptoms by Kolnaar et al. (annfammed.org)
The overarching goals of the Commission on Ending Childhood Obesity are to provide policy recommendations to governments to prevent infants, children and adolescents from developing obesity, and to identify and treat pre-existing obesity in children and adolescents. (who.int)
Young children Those less than 5 years of age. (who.int)
Increased WIC benefits for fruits and vegetables increases food security and satisfaction among California households with young children. (ucanr.edu)
This was the first study to suggest that smoking tension and vascular defects (8,9), altered fetal pancreatic during pregnancy is linked to adverse changes in the lipo- development and structure (10), altered glucose tolerance protein levels of children (19). (cdc.gov)
There are few established adverse consequences of high intakes of digestible carbohydrate for young children. (nature.com)
In infant formula and toddlers milk, maltodextrins are also commonly used and may be an important dietary component for infants and young children. (nature.com)
We conducted Taiwan Puberty Longitudinal Study, a prospective cohort that recruited 1,135 children since 2018. (biomedcentral.com)
However, the use of this index in adolescents and children is less convenient because the growth chart for the same sex and age is required as a reference. (biomedcentral.com)
The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) examines mental health indicators and trends, conducts surveillance of mental health concerns, and supports programs to address the mental health needs of men, women, and children (www.cdc.gov/mentalhealth/learn/index.htm). (cdc.gov)
In this CPR, we discuss the management of obesity and metabolic syndrome (O&MS) in children and adolescents with CKD stages 2-5 and on dialysis, as well as after kidney transplantation, focusing on non-pharmacological treatment (diet, physical activity and behavior modification). (springer.com)
Elgar FJ, Pförtner TK, Moor I, De Clercq B, Stevens GW, Currie C. Socioeconomic inequalities in adolescent health 2002-2010: a time-series analysis of 34 countries participating in the Health Behaviour in School-aged Children study. (jamanetwork.com)
Digital media use appears to be a risk factor for the development of MetS in children and adolescents. (biomedcentral.com)
World Health Organisation (WHO) has recognized the adverse role of prolonged exposure to digital media (DM) in childhood obesity and recommends that children and adolescents should limit recreational screen-time [ 6 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Remarkably, current evidence suggests that average screen-time (excluding school-related work) stands at 5 h/day in children and 8 h/day in adolescents [ 7 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Obesity is the most prevalent nutritional disorder among children and adolescents in the United States. (medscape.com)
Some investigators have used the terms overweight, obese, and morbidly obese to refer to children and adolescents whose weights exceed those expected for heights by 20%, 50%, and 80-100%, respectively. (medscape.com)
The body mass index (BMI) has not been consistently used or validated in children younger than 2 years. (medscape.com)
[ 2 ] Consensus committees have recommended that children and adolescents be considered overweight or obese if the BMI exceeds the 85th or 95th percentiles, on curves generated from the 1963-1965 and 1966-1970 NHANES, or exceeds 30 kg/m 2 at any age. (medscape.com)
Global recommendations on physical activity suggest that children and adolescents should take part in physical activity of moderate to vigorous intensity for at least 60 minutes per day to maintain health [ 11 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
The purpose of the study was to investigate associations between fatness, hemodynamic characteristics and secondary time with CRF in primary school-aged children. (biomedcentral.com)
Poor CRF, obesity and fatness appear as serious risk factors for various cardiovascular diseases, early stages of atherosclerosis and obesity in children and adolescents [ 10 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
There were 141 children in total in the academy, so the algorithm estimated that 103 children were needed for the sample of the present study. (biomedcentral.com)
Racism hurts children and their families in real and fundamental ways, affecting not only their mental and physical health, but also their relationships and ability to grow. (aifs.gov.au)
In this study we will find out to what extent cholesterol deposits in the neck artery of children with polygenic hypercholesterolaemia and how does it compare to children who have familial hypercholesterolaemia and those who don't have and cholesterol problems. (bristol.ac.uk)
Urbanisation has a profound effect on respiratory health in children, partly through some of the adverse environmental exposures such as air pollution and loss of biodiversity. (bristol.ac.uk)
However, relatively little is known about how different land use types within a given neighbourhood affect respiratory health in children over the life course. (bristol.ac.uk)
Evidence is scarce regarding the so-called grey space (industrial, transport hub etc) on children respiratory health in the UK. (bristol.ac.uk)
Recent studies have reported health impacts of certain land use types in children respiratory health, such as green and blue spaces, although the evidence is not always consistent. (bristol.ac.uk)
Expert panel on integrated guidelines for cardiovascular health and risk reduction in children and adolescents: summary report. (jamanetwork.com)
Children tend to be more overweight and Al Refaee and Al-Hazza, in their study of sedentary than before. (who.int)
A more recent article on high blood pressure in children and adolescents is available. (aafp.org)
High blood pressure in children and adolescents is a growing health problem that is often overlooked by physicians. (aafp.org)
Normal blood pressure values for children and adolescents are based on age, sex, and height, and are available in standardized tables. (aafp.org)
Overweight and obesity are strongly correlated with primary hypertension in children. (aafp.org)
A history and physical examination are needed for all children with newly diagnosed hypertension to help rule out underlying medical disorders. (aafp.org)
Hypertension in children and adolescents is a growing health problem. (aafp.org)
4 Children with hypertension may have evidence of target organ damage, including left ventricular hypertrophy and pathologic vascular changes. (aafp.org)
7 , 8 Despite the high prevalence and potential risks of hypertension in children, physicians often do not recognize the condition in this population. (aafp.org)
In one study, hypertension was diagnosed in only 26 percent of children with documented high blood pressure in an electronic medical record. (aafp.org)
therefore, increased awareness about how to diagnose and treat hypertension in children is needed to combat this increasingly common condition. (aafp.org)
After prehypertension or hypertension is diagnosed in children, a thorough history and physical examination should be performed to look for underlying causes of secondary hypertension. (aafp.org)
All children with confirmed hypertension should be screened for underlying renal disease via blood urea nitrogen and creatinine levels, complete blood count, electrolyte levels, urinalysis, urine culture, and renal ultrasonography. (aafp.org)
All children with prehypertension or hypertension should make therapeutic lifestyle changes to lower blood pressure, including losing weight if overweight, consuming a healthy diet low in sodium, getting regular physical activity, and avoiding tobacco and alcohol use. (aafp.org)
The life-course approach to health later effects (Lynch and Smith, 2005) children having a higher body mass is a conceptual framework that merg- and especially pertinent to the study index (BMI) from the age of about es social science and epidemiological of chronic diseases such as cancers 3 years. (who.int)

Another study found pregnancy has been associated with low birth weight, a that smoking during the 12 months before birth of a child marker of risk for obesity and other metabolic disorders was associated with adolescent overweight (21). (cdc.gov)
Air pollution, residential greenness, and metabolic dysfunction biomarkers: analyses in the Chinese Longitudinal Healthy Longevity Survey. (tsinghua.edu.cn)
These results are of utmost importance for pediatricians and the development of health policies to prevent cardio-metabolic disorders later in life. (biomedcentral.com)
This study used baseline data from 1287 Korean postmenopausal women aged 40 years or older enrolled in the Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases Etiology Research Center community-based cohort study conducted in Korea from 2013 to 2017. (jpmph.org)
It is related to various cardio-metabolic risk factors such as hyperglycemia, dyslipidemia, and hypertension. (e-apem.org)
However, reduced pancreatic capacity for insulin secretion and increased insulin resistance contribute to the development of metabolic disease in late adolescence and adulthood. (e-apem.org)

The core participants - those in the Grant Study - were recruited when they were sophomores at Harvard College, and they were predominantly white, well-off and destined to succeed. (protomag.com)
Most longitudinal studies [which seek to follow study subjects over extended periods] end before 10 years because too many participants drop out or funding gets cut," says Waldinger. (protomag.com)
The objective of this study was to assess CVH among non-Hispanic Asian Americans (NHAAs) and to compare these estimates to those of non-Hispanic white (NHW) participants. (cdc.gov)
Participants 235 adolescents were included in the study (49.4% female), who were classified as normal weight or overweight. (bmj.com)
Results 30.2% of the participants in our study were overweight. (bmj.com)

As one of 27 Institutes and Centers at NIH, NIMHD supports research partnerships across NIH and externally with a goal to create synergistic research approaches to improve public health for health disparity populations, including racial and ethnic minorities and socioeconomically disadvantaged and geographically underserved populations. (nih.gov)
The study was funded by NIMHD and is a collaboration by researchers from NIMHD, Tulane School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Uniformed Services University, TALV Corp, and National Urban League. (nih.gov)
This report may also be useful to students, to parents, and to personnel in local and state health departments, community-based health and nutrition programs, pediatric clinics, and training institutions for teachers and public health professionals. (cdc.gov)
Childhood obesity is an important public health problem, with a rapidly increasing frequency worldwide. (nature.com)
Int J Environ Res Public Health 2022;19:5607. (ucanr.edu)
Therefore, identifying factors related to them is essential for public health. (biomedcentral.com)
The opinions expressed by authors contributing to this journal do not necessarily reflect the opinions of the US Department of Health and Human Services, the Public Health Service, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, or the authors' affiliated institutions. (cdc.gov)
Childhood obesity is a major public health concern with increasing global prevalence. (biomedcentral.com)
Unlike traditional practices that focus on pharmaceutical sales, extended community pharmacy services (ECPSs) are patient-centred and typically offered by specialised healthcare centres, which improve public health, reduce pressure imposed on healthcare professionals, and rationalise health system expenditures. (bvsalud.org)
Consistent with Saudi Vision 2030, supporting CPs and increasing the public awareness of ECPSs have significant implications on public health. (bvsalud.org)
Tuberculosis (TB) remains a significant public health concern worldwide. (bvsalud.org)
The Healthy People 2020 objectives (www.healthypeople.gov/2020/topics-objectives/topic/mental-health-and-mental-disorders) and National Prevention Strategy (www.hhs.gov/sites/default/files/disease-prevention-wellness-report.pdf) offer examples of public health objectives that can improve mental health through prevention by ensuring access to appropriate, quality mental health services. (cdc.gov)
Expanding treatment for all people with hepatitis C is essential to reducing viral hepatitis-related disparities and eliminating hepatitis C as a national public health threat. (cdc.gov)
Thus, the promotion of an active lifestyle in youth is an essential issue of public health. (biomedcentral.com)
J Prev Med Public Health. (jpmph.org)
Public Health Service (CAPTAIN), having served as the Team Lead for the Minority Health and Health Equity Research Team in the Division of HIV/AIDS Prevention at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). (sexscience.org)
In 2016, she received the CDC's highest honor award for leading workforce diversity and mentoring early-career scientists for ongoing and future careers in public health. (sexscience.org)
Michelle Williams, SM '88, ScD '91, is Dean of the Faculty, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, and Angelopoulos Professor in Public Health and International Development, a joint faculty appointment at the Harvard Chan School and Harvard Kennedy School. (rghi.org)
She is an internationally renowned epidemiologist and public health scientist, an award-winning educator, and a widely recognized academic leader. (rghi.org)
Prior to becoming Dean on July 1, 2016, she was Professor and Chair of the Department of Epidemiology at the Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health and Program Leader of the Population Health and Health Disparities Research Programs at Harvard's Clinical and Translational Sciences Center (Harvard Catalyst). (rghi.org)
Dean Williams joined the Harvard Chan faculty after a distinguished career at the University of Washington (UW) School of Public Health where she rose through the faculty ranks to become a full professor of epidemiology in 2000. (rghi.org)
Dean Williams has been recognized for her excellence in teaching, as the recipient of the 2015 Harvard Chan School's Outstanding Mentor Award, the UW's Brotman Award for excellence in teaching (2007), the American Public Health Association's Abraham Lilienfeld Award for education in epidemiology (2007), and the White House's Presidential Award for Excellence in Science, Mathematics, and Engineering Mentoring (2012). (rghi.org)
She has a master's in civil engineering from Tufts University, and master's and doctoral degrees in epidemiology from the Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health. (rghi.org)
Professor in Epidemiology and Biostatistics at The University of Iceland in the Department of Medicine, Centre of Public Health. (researchgate.net)
Childhood obesity is an important public health concern because it is related to short-term and long-term complications. (e-apem.org)

However, in spite of notable improvements gained as a result of the treatment and technological advancement, there continues to be an alarming disproportionate burden of illness among minority and other health disparity populations. (nih.gov)
Such studies require reasonable asthma definitions, stable primary care populations observed for prolonged periods, and-given the frequency of undiagnosed asthma-a population perspective. (annfammed.org)
INTRODUCTION: Few studies have examined melanoma incidence and survival rates among non-Hispanic black populations because melanoma risk is lower among this group than among non-Hispanic white populations. (cdc.gov)

Low levels of cardiorespiratory fitness have also been associated with elevated depressive symptoms in obese adolescents. (medscape.com)

The aims are to reduce the risk of morbidity and mortality due to noncommunicable diseases, lessen the negative psychosocial effects of obesity both in childhood and adulthood and reduce the risk of the next generation developing obesity. (who.int)
Optimizing cardiovascular (CV) health is one of the major treatment goals in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) since CV disease contributes to significant morbidity and mortality [ 1 ]. (springer.com)

Child Adolesc Psychiatry Ment Health. (ucsf.edu)

She told how the Adolescent Bariatric Surgery Program at Texas Children's now "is saving the lives of teens battling obesity. (blogspot.com)
The Oprah show provided only two resources for more information: the Texas Children's adolescent bariatric surgery program, and UCSF Children's Hospital, which has begun to evaluate bariatric surgeries for teens. (blogspot.com)
Baylor College of Medicine and Texas Children's adolescent bariatric surgery program urged people to visit Oprah's website to see photos and learn of their patient's journey. (blogspot.com)
Understanding that experiences of racism can be systemic, and experienced by families in different ways, can help practitioners navigate conversations about racism and support CALD children's mental health and wellbeing. (aifs.gov.au)
We develop resources for practitioners to support children's mental health and wellbeing. (aifs.gov.au)
Consistent associations were found between maternal smoking during pregnancy and the effects this has on children's health, educational attainment and likelihood of engaging in problem behaviour and criminal activity in later life. (biomedcentral.com)
Low birth weight was also found to impact on children's long-term health and cognitive development. (biomedcentral.com)

One explanation is the Developmental Origins of Health and Disease (DOHaD) hypothesis, which suggests that the fetal adaptation to the adverse intrauterine environment increases future chronic disease risk [ 10 ]. (biomedcentral.com)

Several press releases went out promoting this Oprah show - all from the centers doing bariatric surgeries on teens and part of the Teen-LABS (Teen-Longitudinal Assessment of Bariatric Surgery) consortium. (blogspot.com)
There is some evidence for impaired growth and psychomotor neurodevelopment in infancy (birth to 2 years) after preeclampsia exposure [ 23 , 24 ], but much of the existing data are limited by their minimal adjustment for perinatal confounders, the variable use of assessment tools for growth and development, and their specific study cohorts of preterm or very low birthweight (VLBW) infants (Table 1 and 2 ). (biomedcentral.com)
This type of evidence synthesis and decision modelling are a central process of Health Technology Assessment (HTA), and represent a crucial role in the NICE appraisal process [ 2 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Confidence assessments were based on a modified Office for Health Assessment and Translation (OHAT) approach, complemented with a broader narrative synthesis. (ssph-journal.org)

An exploration of the genetic and environmental etiology of heart rate in infancy and middle childhood. (colorado.edu)
Digestible carbohydrates are one of the main sources of dietary energy in infancy and childhood and are essential for growth and development. (nature.com)

Among the noncommunicable disease risk factors, obesity is particularly concerning and has the potential to negate many of the health benefits that have contributed to increased life expectancy. (who.int)
Bariatric surgeon, Dr. Mary Brandt, repeated the common myth, telling viewers that an epidemic of childhood obesity has become so threatening that this may be the first generation to have a shorter life expectancy than their parents. (blogspot.com)
Attributing hypertensive life expectancy loss to ambient heat exposure: A multicenter study in eastern China. (tsinghua.edu.cn)
There is increasing evidence life expectancy and health, occurring an embodiment dynamic occurs dif- that chronic psychosocial stress may upstream of typically identified risk ferentially across the strata of SEP. (who.int)

An expert Panel appointed by the Health Effects Institute conducted this systematic review. (ssph-journal.org)

Thus, our efforts should be concentrated not only on cardiovascular disease treatment and prevention, but also on health promotion and primordial prevention. (revespcardiol.org)
Because dietary factors 'contribute substantially to the burden of preventable illness and premature death in the United States,' the national health promotion and disease prevention objectives encourage schools to provide nutrition education from preschool through 12th grade (1). (cdc.gov)
Identification of critical periods for the development of childhood and adolescent obesity could be very useful for targeting prevention measures. (nature.com)
She has authored two books to date: 1-Our Communities, Our Sexual Health: Awareness and Prevention for African-Americans, which explores the historical and modern-day context of sexual health in Black and Brown communities, and 2-In Control: Everything You Need to Know about Worry-free, Joyful Sex, in which she shares details about birth control options and ways to reach and enjoy more sexual freedom and control. (sexscience.org)

But each of 724 files documents the unfolding of a man's life-the particulars of his childhood, his marital joys and conflicts, his tendencies toward neuroses, the trajectory of his career and, at the nuts and bolts level of health, his cholesterol and blood pressure levels. (protomag.com)
Three TMI-based growth trajectory groups were identified among adolescents. (biomedcentral.com)

Social phobia, also called social anxiety disorder, is the third most common mental health disorder after depression and substance abuse, affecting as many as 10 million Americans. (medscape.com)
Other studies point to a potential relationship between cardiorespiratory endurance and other, less studied risk factors, such as those related to pulmonary function, depression and positive self-concept, and bone health. (nationalacademies.org)
Bullying victimization and substance use among U.S. adolescents: mediation by depression. (jamanetwork.com)
Emerging data suggest that certain adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) are associated with perinatal depression (PND). (researchgate.net)
The study included five prospective cohorts from four countries (Iceland, Norway, Sweden, and the UK) with self-reported data on COVID-19 and symptoms of depression and anxie. (researchgate.net)

The current study addresses this gap in the literature by making use of a monozygotic twin difference scores approach to explore the association between IQ and a variety of outcome measures, including general health, substance use, relationships, sexual behaviors, educational attainment, economic well-being, and criminal justice contacts. (bvsalud.org)
Analysis of monozygotic twin pairs from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health (Add Health) revealed that between-twin differences in IQ have little effect on the majority of the examined outcome measures. (bvsalud.org)
Longitudinal outcome studies of primary care patients with asthma should help us create this linkage and understand the developmental epidemiology of asthma. (annfammed.org)
What is the early adulthood outcome of boys who bully or are bullied in childhood? (jamanetwork.com)
Primary and secondary outcome measures Physical Activity Questionnaire for Adolescents (PAQ-A) was used to study the level of physical activity. (bmj.com)

Because exposure to cardiovascular risk factors occurs from early ages, this strategy must be expanded and adjusted throughout the life of an individual. (revespcardiol.org)
not clearly identified as a risk factor in course at which an exposure occurs, to have a social pattern from early public policies. (who.int)

Some newer initiatives support research on precision medicine, child health studies examining environmental influences and cognitive brain development, and scientific workforce diversity. (nih.gov)

Longitudinal associations of plasma metabolites with persistent fatigue among colorectal cancer survivors up to 2 years after treatment. (who.int)

Asthma is, in essence, still quite different from other chronic diseases, such as hypertension or hyperlipidemia, the natural histories of which we now know quite well. (annfammed.org)

Most clinical studies of asthma have used a combination of bronchial hyperresponsiveness (BHR) testing and responses to respiratory questionnaires to assist with an asthma diagnosis. (annfammed.org)
however, even though adolescents with clinical social phobia may report frequent negative self-focused thoughts, this may not be a clear associated symptom. (medscape.com)
While at the UW, she was very active in the Center for Perinatal Studies at the Swedish Medical Center in Seattle, becoming co-director from 2000 to 2011, with broad responsibilities for a multidisciplinary research program involving clinical investigators, basic scientists, and epidemiologists. (rghi.org)
Aim To study the effect of positive airway pressure (PAP) treatment on nocturnal gastroesophageal reflux (nGER) and respiratory symptoms among clinical OSA patients. (researchgate.net)

Previous epidemiological studies investigated from childhood to adulthood reported that a number of chronic diseases originate in the prenatal period. (e-apem.org)

and may prevent long-term health problems, such as coronary heart disease, cancer, and stroke. (cdc.gov)
3 However, three similarly designed UK birth cohort studies 4 - 6 revealed concordant findings: the blood pressure and/or coronary heart disease risk of middle- to older-aged people did not differ between those with and those without a nurse-recorded early life episode of diarrhoea. (bmj.com)

Adolescent cigarette smoking: health-related behavior or normative transgression? (colorado.edu)

Bariatric surgery may be required to reverse these life altering and life-threatening comorbidities and getting started on the path to lifelong health. (blogspot.com)

We searched the PubMed and LUDOK databases for epidemiological studies from 1980 to July 2019. (ssph-journal.org)

It is not as direct a measure as BMI at any age, but because it involves the examination of several points during growth, and because it is identified at a time when adiposity level clearly change directions, this method provides information that can help us understand individual changes and the development of health risks. (nature.com)
Multivariable MR analysis suggested that the associations between childhood BMI and increased risks of diseases in adulthood are likely attributed to individuals remaining obese in later life. (biomedcentral.com)

2000) (see Chapter 3 for a more extensive discussion about the use of terms for childhood overweight and childhood obesity). (nationalacademies.org)

RESULTS BHR or the presence of asthma symptoms at screening did not result in a significantly disproportionate number of physician visits during the next 10 years for 4 or more upper or lower respiratory tract infections when compared with patients who did not have these findings at the beginning of the study. (annfammed.org)
9, 10 The objective of the current study was to clarify the natural history of respiratory tract complaints and asthma in primary care. (annfammed.org)

Cardiovascular risk factors in childhood and carotid artery intima-media thickness in adulthood: the Cardiovascular Risk in Young Finns Study. (jamanetwork.com)

Adolescent characteristics of youth soccer players: do they vary with playing status in young adulthood? (academictree.org)

aims at fostering a physically active lifestyle in adolescence while a considerable decline of physical activity is present. (biomedcentral.com)
Given that the results of the measurements indicate clear evidence that reduced CRF tends to be associated with the development of cardiovascular disease, the aims of this study were fourfold. (biomedcentral.com)

Laboratory and imaging studies are unnecessary for the diagnosis of migraine but may be indicated for the exclusion of other disorders. (medscape.com)
The World Health Organization estimates that up to 450 million people are affected by mental, neurological and behavioral disorders worldwide. (iresearchnet.com)
The burden attributable to mental disorders results not only from their high prevalence but also from the relatively early age of their onset as well as their tendency to be chronic or recurrent. (iresearchnet.com)
For example, the median age of onset for anxiety disorders is early teenage and many affected individuals will go on to develop other types of mental disorder in adulthood. (iresearchnet.com)

NHANES found that African American and Mexican American adolescents ages 12-19 were more likely to be overweight, at 21 percent and 23 percent respectively, than non-Hispanic White adolescents (14 percent). (hhs.gov)
Because direct measures of body fat are neither feasible nor available for nationwide assessments of the prevalence of obesity, the National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys (NHANES), 1 conducted by the National Center for Health Statistics, have been using body mass index (BMI) as a surrogate measure for body fatness. (nationalacademies.org)
Previous surveys include NHANES III (conducted from 1988 to 1994), NHANES II (conducted from 1976 to 1980), NHANES I (conducted from 1971 to 1974), the National Health Examination Survey (NHES) cycle 3 (conducted from 1966 to 1970), and the NHES cycle 2 (conducted from 1963 to 1965). (nationalacademies.org)
The National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) indicates that the prevalence of obesity is increasing in all pediatric age groups, in both sexes, and in various ethnic and racial groups. (medscape.com)
Normal values for BMI vary with age, sex, and pubertal status, and standard curves representing the 5th through the 95th percentiles for BMI in childhood and adolescence were generated using data from the 1988-1994 NHANES. (medscape.com)

The presence of asthma symptoms correlated with an increased risk of an asthma diagnosis or allergic rhinitis in the group of patients who did not have asthma diagnosed at start of the study. (annfammed.org)
An early AR is associated with an increased risk of overweight. (nature.com)
1 While this may have positive implications for survival in the short term, given that salt retention gives rise to elevated blood pressure, 2 this would be disadvantageous in the longer term owing to an increased risk of hypertension and cardiovascular disease, most obviously in low- and middle-income countries where diarrhoea is prevalent. (bmj.com)
Effects of extreme temperature on the risk of preterm birth in China: A population-based multi-center cohort study. (tsinghua.edu.cn)
Early menarche was associated with a tendency towards central adiposity and thus, increased risk of abdominal obesity. (human-biology-and-public-health.org)
Statin Use and Skin Cancer Risk: A Prospective Cohort Study. (who.int)
Risk Stratification for Early-Onset Colorectal Cancer Using a Combination of Genetic and Environmental Risk Scores: An International Multi-Center Study. (who.int)
The committee's review revealed clear relationships between cardiorespiratory endurance and several health risk factors, including adiposity and cardiometabolic risk factors. (nationalacademies.org)
Childhood obesity is reported to be associated with the risk of many diseases in adulthood. (biomedcentral.com)

1 Further, in a study that utilised climate data as an instrumental variable for infant dehydration, infants who were exposed to conditions that were more likely to precipitate episodes of diarrhoea (summers with higher temperature and lower rainfall) had increased levels of systolic blood pressure in older age. (bmj.com)
Studies assessing infant growth report that preeclampsia-exposed infants have lower weight, length and BMI at 2 years than their normotensive controls, or that they instead experience accelerated weight gain to catch up in growth by 2 years, which may have long-term implications for their cardiometabolic health. (biomedcentral.com)

ELSA-Brasil is a multicentric prospective cohort study initiated in 2008 with civil servants of six public institutions in the Northeast, South and Southeast regions of Brazil. (biomedcentral.com)

Influence of puberty timing on adiposity and cardiometabolic traits: A Mendelian randomisation study. (human-biology-and-public-health.org)

Early life proxies for dehydration and diarrhoea were unrelated to later blood pressure in this examination, the most comprehensive to date, of the potential association. (bmj.com)

In 1994, Dean Williams developed, and directed until 2019, the NIH-funded multidisciplinary international research training (MIRT) program that allows for the development and operations of undergraduate and graduate student training in global health, biostatistics, and epidemiology in over 14 foreign research sites in South America, South East Asia, Africa, and Europe. (rghi.org)

and second, the need for adequate mental health treatment is often unmet among. (hrb.ie)
Workplace violence and turnover intention among psychiatrists in a national sample in China: The mediating effects of mental health. (tsinghua.edu.cn)
This webinar was co-produced by CFCA and Emerging Minds as part of a series focusing on child mental health. (aifs.gov.au)
CFCA and Emerging Minds are working together as part of the Emerging Minds: National Workforce Centre for Child Mental Health, which is funded by the Australian Government Department of Health under the National Support for Child and Youth Mental Health Program. (aifs.gov.au)
And, Julie Ngwabi, our Senior Child Mental Health Advisor with Emerging Minds. (aifs.gov.au)
View sample mental health research paper on mental health morbidity and impact. (iresearchnet.com)
For example, the largest mental health survey ever conducted, the World Mental Health Surveys, reported rates of 12-month disorder that vary between 4.7% in Nigeria and 26.3% in the United States. (iresearchnet.com)
Little is known regarding the mental health impact of having a significant person (family member and/or close friend) with COVID-19 of different severity. (researchgate.net)

In the 1982 Pelotas birth cohort study (Brazil), parents/carers reported hospital admissions for diarrhoea in the first 12 and 20 months of study members' lives. (bmj.com)
The 1982 Pelotas birth cohort study has been described in detail elsewhere. (bmj.com)
Bridge Employment and Longevity: Evidence From a 10-Year Follow-Up Cohort Study in 0.16 Million Chinese. (tsinghua.edu.cn)

14 Specific causes for the increase in prevalence of childhood obesity are not clear and establishing causality is difficult since longitudinal research in this area is limited. (hhs.gov)

Since the diseases associated with obesity improve or disappear with surgery, they claim, "it is likely that teenagers who have these serious complications of obesity will most likely benefit from early intervention. (blogspot.com)
Low cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) is associated with the development of cardiovascular diseases during childhood, adolescence and older ages. (biomedcentral.com)

Anatomy1

Diseases23

Chemicals and Drugs2

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment49

Psychiatry and Psychology75

Phenomena and Processes32

Disciplines and Occupations7

Anthropology, Education, Sociology and Social Phenomena33

Humanities1

Information Science6

Named Groups21

Health Care101

Geographicals10

Outcomes22

Persist in adulthood3

Adults20

20231

Interventions10

Adult15

Type 2 diabet5

Associated with childhood obesity1

Cross-sectional6

Trajectories10

Diabetes10

Children57

Metabolic6

Participants5

Public health25

Populations3

Obese adolescents1

Morbidity and morta2

Psychiatry1

Children's7

Increases1

Assessment4

Infancy2

Life expectancy4

Systematic Review1

Prevention4

Trajectory2

Depression5

Outcome5

Exposure2

Cognitive1

Persistent1

Hyperlipidemia1

Clinical4

Chronic diseases1

Coronary2

Behavior1

Comorbidities1

Epidemiological studies1

Risks2

20001

Respiratory2

Cardiovascular risk1

Characteristics1

Aims2

Disorders4

NHANES5

Risk9

Infants2

Prospective1

Cardiometabolic1

Examination1

Epidemiology1

Mental health8

Cohort study3

Prevalence of childhood1

Diseases2