Early analog computer. Medical search. Frequent questions

Analog computers were widely used in scientific and industrial applications even after the advent of digital computers, because at the time they were typically much faster, but they started to become obsolete as early as the 1950s and 1960s, although they remained in use in some specific applications, such as aircraft flight simulators, the flight computer in aircraft, and for teaching control systems in universities. (wikipedia.org)
A computer's memory in the early 1960s, for instance, was typically a ferrite core memory, an architecture that relied on the magnetization of small iron ferrite doughnuts (ferrite cores) to store information. (fsu.edu)
Marvin Minsky referred to Solomonoff's work already in the early 1960s. (cwi.nl)
As one of the first computer artists, he experimented with generative photography in 1952, but as early as 1954 he started using an analogue computer and then, from the 1960s onwards, the first mainframe computers for his abstract "algorithmic" art based on mathematical principles. (digicult.it)

Approximately a century after Babbage's attempts, the first general-purpose analog computer was constructed by Vannevar Bush, an American physicist and engineer, who called his invention a differential analyzer. (fsu.edu)
While at MIT, he worked under Vannevar Bush on the differential analyzer, an early analog device that was the most powerful computer of its day, but ultimately made obsolete by the more powerful digital devices envisioned by Shannon. (invent.org)
The article he'd read was "As We May Think", by leading U.S. scientist Vannevar Bush, a polymath who had built analog computers as well as played a major role in the development of the atomic bomb. (computerhistory.org)

In the early 1950s, after UNIVAC became available, there were only about 100 computers in operation worldwide. (fsu.edu)
But as I wrote in my piece on CHM Fellow Bob Taylor , the man who funded Douglas Engelbart through many of his most productive years, the idea of using digital computers to share information wasn't exactly an easy sell in the 1950s and early '60s. (computerhistory.org)

The history of computing spans thousands of years - from the primitive notched bones found in Africa, to the invention of abacus in 2400 BC, to Charles Babbage's Difference Engine in 1883, to the rise of the popularity of Personal Computers (PCs) in the 1970s. (neatorama.com)

The differential analyser, a mechanical analog computer designed to solve differential equations by integration, used wheel-and-disc mechanisms to perform the integration. (wikipedia.org)

Retired in the early 1970's but I did some refurb work on one at RAF Valley (Anglesey) while still an apprentice. (osnews.com)
Developed by professor Ronald Rohrer of U.C. Berkeley along with some of his students in the late 1960's, CANCER continued to be improved through the early 1970's. (allaboutcircuits.com)

Note that these analog computers survived many years after the advent of digital computers. (stackexchange.com)

More complex applications, such as aircraft flight simulators and synthetic-aperture radar, remained the domain of analog computing (and hybrid computing) well into the 1980s, since digital computers were insufficient for the task. (wikipedia.org)
begingroup$ I do not know about now but back in the early 1980s, our company deployed an Energy Management System to a large electric utility in Texas and part of our system was replacing older analog computers that were used for automatic generation control and economic generation scheduling applications. (stackexchange.com)

In 1990s Siegelmann showed mathematically that theoretically analog neural networks are strictly stronger than the universal Turing machine (although implementation requires non-physical assumptions). (stackexchange.com)
Like a digital computer, our natural language (NL) computer is theoretically fully general -- the operations of a Turing machine can be written as natural language -- and extremely useful: many systems in the real world, including humans, prefer to operate in natural language. (lesswrong.com)

The Antikythera mechanism, a type of device used to determine the positions of heavenly bodies known as an orrery, was described as an early mechanical analog computer by British physicist, information scientist, and historian of science Derek J. de Solla Price. (wikipedia.org)

The Universal Automatic Computer ( UNIVAC ), which was a successor of ENIAC built by the same team, became the first computer sold for commercial use and utilized a metal tape input system rather than the punch card system of earlier machines. (fsu.edu)
What is perhaps even more astonishing is the fact that these machines had more capacity in a single silicon chip than the entire ENIAC system that was such a crucial step along the way to contemporary computers. (fsu.edu)
In 1949 they debuted their prototype machine, sometimes called MONIAC, for Monetary National Income Analogue Computer (and continuing in the tradition of the earlier computer models ENIAC and MANIAC). (nautil.us)

Similarly, modern digital computers, which are commonly referred to simply as "computers" today since they have come to be the dominant technology in the field, essentially function via the manipulation of discrete binary digits (1s and 0s). (fsu.edu)
Here's another early computer graphics thing that was similarly made on a university computer. (professorbenjamin.biz)

Early predecessors of modern computers, such as the slide rule and abacus, were simple devices that did not contain such an array of components. (fsu.edu)
Today, abacus is mostly synonymous with the Chinese suanpan version, but in actuality it had been used in Babylon as early as 2400 BC. (neatorama.com)
It is from Gerard that we get the prototypical analog device, the slide rule-it's continuous numbering, as well as meaningful spatiality, wherein the further down the number is, the larger it is-and the abacus as the prototypical digital device, due to the 'on-or-off-ness' of the beads, where they are either counted or not. (cultureandcommunication.org)

The deep crisis of the socialist public-political system and the breakup of a huge country like the Soviet Union in the early 1990s resulted in political chaos, economic paralysis and social collapse in Azerbaijan like in other post-Soviet countries. (who.int)

Malamud wanted to create an inspiring environment with The Analogue Café for fellow musicians to be able to replicate his experience at Muscle Shoals. (izcorp.com)

Two general techniques have been used for target-vehicle simulation: a direct analog system of closed-circuit TV and models, and an electronically generated (drawn) image. (stackexchange.com)
As the popularity of fantasy wargames in America grew, so did the use of computers for simulation in wargaming. (museumofplay.org)

Since then his work has expanded to include electroacoustic compositions and live electronic music made with laptop computers and analog modular synthesizers. (squidco.com)
The history and application of the analog synthesizer, from the Moog modular to the Roland TR-808. (mit.edu)

One housed the Computer and the other the simulator complete with Motion System. (osnews.com)
These were basically analog TV sets designed to work with a computer video system. (cknow.com)
With the implementation of analog and digital computer technology into this system, Computer Numerical Control was developed. (bel-india.com)
Even though there are major differences between the early CNC machinery and the ones we have today, all automatically controlled machines still consist of three crucial parts - the drive and motion system, the feedback system, and the command function. (bel-india.com)
Perhaps the new digital computer - not microfilm - could form the heart of a system like the one he'd read about. (computerhistory.org)
In a PC, the ROM accommodates a specialised program referred to as the BIOS that orchestrates loading the pc's working system from the onerous disk drive into RAM every time the computer is turned on or reset. (pietepiet.net)
While both GPUs and CPUs are vital components of a computer system, they have distinct differences in terms of architecture, functionality, and usage. (hakia.com)
For a digital computer, these are the amount of operations the CPU can perform (FLOPs) and the amount of RAM memory the system has available. (lesswrong.com)

The Vintage Computer Festival East is a once-a-year museum exhibit in Wall, New Jersey that shows off vacuum tube and transistor computers from the 60s, 70s, and 80s. (osnews.com)

The differences between analog and digital can be very technical, or otherwise extremely intuitive. (cultureandcommunication.org)

An analog computer or analogue computer is a type of computer that uses the continuous variation aspect of physical phenomena such as electrical, mechanical, or hydraulic quantities (analog signals) to model the problem being solved. (wikipedia.org)
Perhaps the most relatable example of analog computers are mechanical watches where the continuous and periodic rotation of interlinked gears drives the second, minute and hour needles in the clock. (wikipedia.org)
An astrolabe incorporating a mechanical calendar computer and gear-wheels was invented by Abi Bakr of Isfahan, Persia in 1235. (wikipedia.org)
Abū Rayhān al-Bīrūnī invented the first mechanical geared lunisolar calendar astrolabe, an early fixed-wired knowledge processing machine with a gear train and gear-wheels, c. (wikipedia.org)
Despite its relation to early mechanical calculating devices, the modern computer is often credited with first being conceived by Charles Babbage, an English mathematician, in the 1830s. (fsu.edu)

To our knowledge, these are the earliest documents outlining an algorithmic theory of descriptions. (cwi.nl)
Solomonoff introduced algorithmic complexity independently and earlier and for a different reason: inductive reasoning. (cwi.nl)

Computer Numerical Control or CNC is a cutting-edge technology tool in which machinery movements are controlled by computer systems. (bel-india.com)
It is not rare to find Computer Numerical Control machines in the majority of industries today, especially with the use and advancement of computer technology. (bel-india.com)
We've had many posts on Neatorama about the newest and greatest in computers and technology. (neatorama.com)
Given the recent disappointment of Solo: A Star Wars Story , the general way that giant, computer-generated franchises are carrying the movie business, and the worry over diminishing ticket sales, couldn't it be possible that audiences are becoming disconnected by the overuse of technology and too much money? (combustiblecelluloid.com)
A bachelors degree in computer technology will assist to in the utility of programming and networking options so as to understand hardware architectures and different communication methods. (pietepiet.net)
Are There Complimentary Majors Or Fields To Computers & Technology? (pietepiet.net)
In this online computer technology course, you'll achieve a foundation in fashionable computer systems. (pietepiet.net)
Here's a look at some early animation and computer graphics technology. (professorbenjamin.biz)
In many respects the RAAF had no real choice in its pursuit of the upgrade, as much of the F-111A/C's analogue avionics suite was simply no longer operationally supportable, many modules designed in the early sixties using then mature sixties technology. (ausairpower.net)
In this talk, I'll give a brief overview of the ongoing efforts to build a superconducting quantum computer in the Wallenberg Center for Quantum Technology (WACQT). (lu.se)

The earliest known semielectronic digital calculating machine appeared shortly thereafter in 1939, the same year that Howard Aiken of Harvard University began developing the Mark I calculator, a pioneering fully automatic device. (fsu.edu)
After the early stages of planning and researching, they designed a prototype of a milling machine. (bel-india.com)
a few others had begun to see the computer as the ultimate information machine. (computerhistory.org)
High stage languages are often "compiled" into machine language using another computer program referred to as a compiler. (pietepiet.net)
It is due to this fact typically possible to use totally different compilers to translate the identical excessive stage language program into the machine language of many various kinds of computer. (pietepiet.net)
In 1941, Zuse adopted his earlier machine up with the Z3, the world's first working electromechanical programmable, absolutely automatic digital computer. (pietepiet.net)
He treated probabilistic Artificial Intelligence (AI) when ``probabilistic'' was unfashionable, and treated questions of machine learning early on. (cwi.nl)

In 1945, Turing joined the National Physical Laboratory and started work on creating an digital saved-program digital computer. (pietepiet.net)
One of the things I flatter myself I would be good at would be designing a digital computer from the ground up (the alternative of supporting myself based on my skills as an interpretative dancer really would not be a great option). (eejournal.com)
Like a digital computer, it is fully general, but what it operates on is not bits, but text . (lesswrong.com)
First, let's clarify the mappings between scaffolded LLM components and the hardware architecture of a digital computer. (lesswrong.com)
This gets us to the Commodore 64 in digital computer terms, and places us in the early 80s. (lesswrong.com)

The first digital electronic programmable computer was delivered to Bletchley Park in early 1944. (americandigest.org)

Patches for today's computers typically update existing software version's code by modifying or replacing it using a publicly released executable program. (bmc.com)

Electronic analog computers were in use in 1939, some aboard US submarines. (americandigest.org)
Version: $Id: bibliography,v 1.39 1996/02/05 14:36:15 piet Exp $ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ This is a bibliography on synthesizers, midi, computer and electronic music that I have collected from various sources. (faqs.org)
begingroup$ I saw a large, electronic analog computer being torn down in the late 1980 having finally been supplanted by digital systems for certain fluid flow problems. (stackexchange.com)
SPICE is a computer program designed to simulate analog electronic circuits . (allaboutcircuits.com)
The history of radio, audio recording, and the recording studio, as well as the development of musique concrète and early electronic instruments. (mit.edu)

It's a one-of-a-kind analog computer built for MIT , so it doesn't really have a name or model number. (osnews.com)
Retired from a successful business career, he moved to the Ka'u on the Big Island (Hawai'i) where he built a recording studio, The Analogue Café - Sound Recording & Design - this last summer. (izcorp.com)
However, if what we have built is a computer, it is a very special sort of computer. (lesswrong.com)

To achieve today's digital office, it is imperative to understand how computer systems work. (pietepiet.net)

I use computer simulations and mathematical analysis to understand how planets' orbits change with time, and work out the implications for our knowledge of how planets form. (lu.se)

begingroup$ I have an analog computer in the backpack that I bring to work every day. (stackexchange.com)
Pharmacies send me a fax pretty much every day for a preauthorization to maintain the current brand (which is not going to happen) or to switch to the formulary brand (which takes me about 3 minutes of computer work and will happen). (medscape.com)

The results suggest that improvements during the horizontal periods were due to changes in the building patterns in the early stages of spider web construction (mesh, frame and radius constructions). (bvsalud.org)
An observation consistent with this classic issue, is that the spiders build structured webs from early stages after hatching and, even when deprived of direct experience of building in these stages, manage to build perfect webs when they later have the opportunity to do so (Witt, 1968). (bvsalud.org)

Theories that many 'megalithic sites' began life as some form of observatories acting as 'early-warning systems' for imminent impacts of cosmic debris from the break up of a giant comet have been emerging over the last 30-50 years or so. (morien-institute.org)
The department offers degree programs in electrical engineering (B.S.E.E. and M.S.E.E.) and electrical engineering with computer option (B.S.E.E.). It takes special pride in the particularly close student-faculty relationships it has developed over the years. (bradley.edu)
In my 40 years working in that industry, these were the last analog computers that I ran across. (stackexchange.com)
Aside from living relics there has been something of a resurgence in the use of analog computing in the last 10 years however. (stackexchange.com)
Since the introduction of Humalog® about 20 years ago, insulin analogs have required a prescription. (medscape.com)

In contrast, digital computers represent varying quantities symbolically and by discrete values of both time and amplitude (digital signals). (wikipedia.org)
At this time our product was still early and undefined. (ribbonfarm.com)
Matt Pyke: No, my first encounter with MTV was during art school days, seeing the early 'analogue' idents, and then the advanced computer graphics (at the time) for rave videos. (eyemagazine.com)
Just as wild was Engelbart's idea that each person would sit in front of their own keyboard and fabulously expensive radar-style video screen, interacting in real time with the computer and through it, with each other. (computerhistory.org)
However, she didn't discover Lesbian fiction until her early twenties - right around the time she bounded out of the closet. (barnesandnoble.com)
In addition, the more than 1,500 books, trade catalogs, press kits, comic books, conference materials, and other publications Bromley donated to the library help illuminate a pivotal time in game development before the computer age. (museumofplay.org)
There's also some "analog special effects" stuff presented as that was the cutting edge of the time. (professorbenjamin.biz)
As well as Images, Elements of Chance & Options the music is bolstered by three unreleased tracks recorded at some of his very early concerts from this same time period of 1979 - 1982. (din.org.uk)
From 1951--1958 he worked in the electronics industry doing math and physics and designing analog computers, working half-time. (cwi.nl)
Although it may seem counter-intuitive, the analog/digital divide has been around for an extremely long time. (cultureandcommunication.org)

But for this article, let's go back - way back - and take a look at the wonderful world of early computing. (neatorama.com)
Bush's article mirrored some of the ideas of early 20th century pioneers including Paul Otlet and writer H.G. Wells about using the power of machines to assemble all knowledge in a kind of "world brain. (computerhistory.org)
As a level of description, it [analog] is closer than digital coding to the physical world, closer to corporeality, more kinesthetic, tactile, more-dare I say-'real. (cultureandcommunication.org)

Since the device represents numbers by variable physical quantities rather than by discrete digits, the slide rule works by the same basic principle of more advanced analog computers. (fsu.edu)

There is a more scientifically-oriented bibliography available in the Computer Music Journal archives, on the ftp sites mitpress.mit.edu /pub/Computer-Music-Journal/EdNotes or ccrma-ftp.stanford.edu /pub/Publications/cmj/EdNotes. (faqs.org)
MIDI ------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ The most-up-to-date printed specs for General MIDI, MIDI, and the MIDI file format can also be obtained for a few bucks from: International MIDI Association 23634 Emelita Street Woodland Hills, California 91367 USA ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Title: Computer music in C / Phil Winsor & Gene DeLisa. (faqs.org)
Title: Macworld Music and Sound Bible / Christopher Yavelow Publisher: IDG books, 1993 (probably out of print) Subjects: Computer sound processing. (faqs.org)
Subjects: Computer music--Instruction and study. (faqs.org)
The idea behind The Analogue Café stems from Malamud's experience at Muscle Shoals Studios, Alabama, the place where many famous artists have recorded hit songs and legendary albums, and where he made the best music of his life. (izcorp.com)
Then, when I started working in moving image, I was looking at the early music videos by Chris Cunningham, Michel Gondry and the French directors Alex & Martin. (eyemagazine.com)
His early music was released on cassette by the UK label Mirage. (din.org.uk)
The history of computer music, including music synthesis and representation languages. (mit.edu)

If you are not in the US and want to see some even older Computers working then a visit to the UK TNMOC ( http://www.tnmoc.org/ ) is well worth it. (osnews.com)
They may operate by Internet protocol (IP) or by older technologies like analog or digital phone lines . (mitel.com)

They were made of several paper discs that created an analog computer, called volvelles. (lensrentals.com)
An economic decision was made early on as well. (medscape.com)

Slide rules and nomograms are the simplest, while naval gunfire control computers and large hybrid digital/analog computers were among the most complicated. (wikipedia.org)
The heart of a PBX is a specialized computer that evaluates the routing needs of large numbers of communication paths, correctly routes many links simultaneously, and makes efficient use of limited amounts of bandwidth. (mitel.com)

Even if the computer graphics were stunning, this doesn't make a fake lunar landing feasible and even if were feasible it doesn't mean it was faked . (stackexchange.com)
Next week, we'll talk more about motion graphics and animation after the development of personal computers and the effects it had visually and industrially. (professorbenjamin.biz)

Subjects: Computer sound processing. (faqs.org)
Subjects: MIDI (Standard) Computer sound processing. (faqs.org)

C (Computer program language) Midi programming ISBN: 0-8306-3637-4 (p) : $22.95 It has a C source disk for the PC available for $25. (faqs.org)
Bradley electrical engineering graduates have been involved in all of these endeavors, and it is the goal of the Bradley ECE program to continue to educate the next generation of electrical and computer engineers to meet the challenges of the future. (bradley.edu)
The electrical engineering program, including the computer option, consists of several curricular components that give the student the opportunity to build a solid foundation of basic physical principles and obtain experience in design as well as insight into the profession and practice of electrical engineering. (bradley.edu)
To investigate whether intensive treatment with methotrexate (MTX) according to a strict protocol and a computerised decision program is more beneficial compared to conventional treatment with MTX in early rheumatoid arthritis. (bmj.com)
Instrumental in the decision to release SPICE as a public-domain computer program was professor Donald Pederson of Berkeley, who believed that all significant technical progress happens when information is freely shared. (allaboutcircuits.com)
In embedded computer systems, which incessantly do not have disk drives, all of the required software program could also be stored in ROM. (pietepiet.net)
High degree languages are less associated to the workings of the goal computer than assembly language, and extra related to the language and construction of the problem to be solved by the ultimate program. (pietepiet.net)
The theoretical basis for the stored-program computer was laid by Alan Turing in his 1936 paper. (pietepiet.net)
And, once again, once we had hand-assembled our program, we would still have to enter it into our computer using our banks of toggle switches. (eejournal.com)

A combination of the planisphere and dioptra, the astrolabe was effectively an analog computer capable of working out several different kinds of problems in spherical astronomy. (wikipedia.org)
Yet, each of these early computing devices represents a primitive form of one of the two basic kinds of computers familiar today, analog and digital . (fsu.edu)

A host of technological advances are responsible for such a drastic change in capability and for making computers feasible for personal use. (fsu.edu)

I looked on CS SE, and their discussions of analog computing suggest that this type of question would not be a good fit there. (stackexchange.com)
Scaffolded LLMs are not just cool toys but actually the substrate of a new type of general-purpose natural language computer. (lesswrong.com)

Despite the additional power of version 3, I have chosen to use version 2g6 throughout this book because it seems to be the easiest version to acquire and run on different computer systems. (allaboutcircuits.com)
More recently, however, the Navy realized that the analog data processing and tactical systems the SSBNs were using were not only harder to maintain and operate, but would also be unsustainable past Fiscal Year 2018 due to the ability to get spare parts and other factors. (usni.org)

Solomonoff's early papers contain in veiled form suggestions about randomness of finite strings, incomputability of Kolmogorov complexity, computability of approximations to the Kolmogorov complexity, and resource-bounded Kolmogorov complexity. (cwi.nl)

What we have essentially done here is reinvented the von-Neumann architecture and, what is more, we have reinvented the general purpose computer. (lesswrong.com)

It showcases many of the qualities of early keyframe animation & the principles of animation that we'll talk more about next week. (professorbenjamin.biz)

An early episode at at my last company demonstrated one of the paradoxes of startup product development. (ribbonfarm.com)

As digital technologies creep into every aspect of our everyday lives, we see analog technologies taking a step back in retreat, causing major ripples in the way we live our lives. (cultureandcommunication.org)

The existence of a computer-generated lunar surface is not the same as being able to produce video evidence that stands up to scrutiny. (stackexchange.com)
Then for a while we concentrated on video and interactive artworks, including our 'Forever' installation (see ' Magic box: craft and the computer ', Eye 70) at the V&A Museum. (eyemagazine.com)
Video game designer Joel Billings was a wargame enthusiast from an early age and realized that contemporary strategy game companies were not dedicating resources to develop computer versions of their analog games. (museumofplay.org)

Analog computers used punched cards and paper tapes to input programs the machines used for performing their calculations. (bmc.com)
At the army's Advanced Research Projects Administration (ARPA), J.C.R Licklider and his protégé Bob Taylor would later co-author a paper called "The Computer as a Communications Device. (computerhistory.org)

They would be analog computers if implemented directly, rather than digitally simulated, Wikipedia gives some history . (stackexchange.com)

Radioactive thallium-201 (Tl-201), which acts as a potassium analog, was the original tracer used in stress testing. (msdmanuals.com)

The heuristics we currently use (such as vector search over embeddings) for when to retrieve specific memory is equivalent to the memory controller firmware in digital computers which handles accesses for specific memory from the CPU. (lesswrong.com)
As explained by Carol Wilder, the word analog comes from the Greek roots ana, meaning equivalent, and logos, meaning the structure of reality. (cultureandcommunication.org)
something that is analog in nature refers directly to the way things are in reality, or is equivalent with such reality. (cultureandcommunication.org)

Major sections of the control room, computer stations, sonars and more will be ripped out of the sub while in dock for the refueling, and new computer servers and other equipment will be installed. (usni.org)

Disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs (DMARDs) are started very early after disease onset, because this has proven to be more beneficial than a delayed start. (bmj.com)
The age-adjusted rate of drug overdose deaths involving synthetic opioids other than methadone (drugs such as fentanyl, fentanyl analogs, and tramadol) increased by 45% between 2016 and 2017, from 6.2 to 9.0 per 100,000. (cdc.gov)
Insurers have accepted the advantages of analog insulin over human insulin and impose very little on prescribers like myself to justify the use of these fairly expensive drugs. (medscape.com)

This radical idea led directly to the wide range of digital inventions so common today, from cell phones and CDs to cameras and computers. (invent.org)

The physical component consists of quality facilities equipped with modern instrumentation, components, computers, and software. (bradley.edu)
In digital computers, this occurs through 'drivers' or special hardware and software modules that allow the CPU to control external hardware such as monitors, printers, mice etc. (lesswrong.com)

This is a list of examples of early computation devices considered precursors of the modern computers. (wikipedia.org)
Some of them may even have been dubbed 'computers' by the press, though they may fail to fit modern definitions. (wikipedia.org)

Questions about the history of computer science are definitely appreciated. (stackexchange.com)
Just to increase the fun and frivolity, I pondered the possibility that this slippery timeslip also transported me into a parallel dimension in which computer science remained rooted in the analog domain. (eejournal.com)
Franke is a pioneer in many worlds, a border crosser between art and science who achieved breakthroughs early on in numerous disciplines. (digicult.it)

Unlike semiconductor memory, these alternative types of memory storage do not lose their data when a computer shuts down and provide a practical way for transferring data between machines. (fsu.edu)

This vision was in stark contrast to his Artificial Intelligence contemporaries, who wanted to create an alternate intelligence on computers rather than help turbo-charge the human kind. (computerhistory.org)

1960s4

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